CN112851800B - Preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin - Google Patents
Preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin Download PDFInfo
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- CN112851800B CN112851800B CN201911104024.0A CN201911104024A CN112851800B CN 112851800 B CN112851800 B CN 112851800B CN 201911104024 A CN201911104024 A CN 201911104024A CN 112851800 B CN112851800 B CN 112851800B
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/795—Porphyrin- or corrin-ring-containing peptides
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of extracting chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in spirulina by using isopropanol to make a structure cavitated; extracting phospholipid, lipid, intracellular lipid components, beta-carotene and carotenoid in the biomembrane by using n-hexane so as to destroy the structure of the biomembrane; extracting minerals and small molecular substances including calcium, magnesium and iron ions by using a slightly acidic ethanol solution; stirring and soaking with purified water under a slightly alkaline condition to break the walls and extract phycocyanin; carrying out nanofiltration concentration, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing precipitation; sixthly, dissolving the acid precipitate phycocyanin by adjusting the pH value, centrifuging and drying to obtain a phycocyanin product. The method has low cost, and can utilize different effective components of Spirulina step by step, and has high extraction and utilization rate and high product purity.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of separation, extraction and processing of algae natural products, and particularly relates to a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin, which is suitable for extraction of spirulina phycocyanin, fractional extraction of each functional component and high-added-value comprehensive utilization of spirulina.
Background
Spirulina (Spirulina) is an aquatic plant of Oscillatoriaceae of Chromophyta, cyanophyta, chlorophyceae, and is the earliest filamentous multicellular spiral prokaryotic alga capable of photosynthesis, and only two species, namely Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima, are produced at home and abroad and are distributed all over the world. According to analysis, the spirulina contains 40-70% of protein, 5-20% of phycocyanin, 0.1-0.5% of carotenoid including beta-carotene, 0.5-2.0% of chlorophyll, 0.3-2% of grease, 2-8% of polysaccharide, and abundant mineral elements, trace elements and multivitamins, wherein the content of calcium ions can reach 0.1-2%, the content of magnesium ions can reach 0.2-1.5%, and the content of potassium ions can reach 0.5-2%. Because of rich nutrition and high nutritive value, spirulina is called 'micro treasury of human nutrition' by nutriologists, is known as 'the best ideal food in the 21 st century' by the grain and agriculture organization (FAO) of the United nations, and is also judged as 'the best health care product in the 21 st century' by the World Health Organization (WHO). Modern medical research shows that the spirulina has high nutritive value due to rich nutrient components, and has physiological functions of resisting tumor, resisting cancer, oxidation, aging, radiation, immunity and the like due to the fact that the spirulina contains rich beta-carotene, phycocyanin, chlorophyll, spirulina polysaccharide and other bioactive substances. In recent years, research and development of spirulina foods have been actively carried out, and various types of spirulina foods or spirulina health-care products such as spirulina tablets, spirulina powder, spirulina protein, spirulina blue pigment, spirulina polypeptide, spirulina drink, spirulina oral liquid, spirulina baked food and the like have been developed.
Phycocyanin and phycocyanin are two different concepts that have been mixed by many literature and researchers. Phycocyanin (phycocyanobilin, CAS number: 20298-86-6), an open-chain tetrapyrrole compound containing two carboxyl groups; phycocyanin (CAS number 11016-15-2), also known as spirulina blue pigment, phycocyanin, is a phycocyanin-protein complex formed by binding methylene groups on the first and/or fourth pyrrole ring of phycocyanin with proteins (i.e., apoproteins) through thioether bonds (covalent bonds). While both phycocyanin and phycocyanin exhibit vivid blue colors, phycocyanin is a pyrrole-based pigment, and phycocyanin is a protein-bound pigment. Due to the different structures, phycocyanin is soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water, and phycocyanin is water-soluble but insoluble in organic solvents. Phycocyanin is a general name of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, and phycocyanin is composed of an alpha-subunit containing 1 phycocyanin and a beta-subunit containing 2 phycocyanins; while each subunit of allophycocyanin has only 1 phycocyanin, that is, allophycocyanin is composed of only 1 α -subunit containing phycocyanin. Phycocyanin and allophycocyanin form disc-stacked spirulina phycobiliprotein bodies in the form of aggregates, namely phycobiliprotein is a complex formed by phycocyanin subunit aggregates and allophycocyanin subunit aggregates. Phycocyanin can be used as natural pigment in food, cosmetics and medicine, and has multiple physiological functions of specifically nourishing, promoting iron absorption of human body, improving immunity, promoting blood cell regeneration, resisting oxidation of organism, etc.
China is the biggest spirulina dry powder producing country in the world. The general process of extracting phycocyanin by using spirulina as a raw material comprises the following steps: breaking cell wall, extracting with water, separating, refining, and drying to obtain the final product. The method for breaking the wall of Spirulina comprises swelling method, freezing method, mechanical shearing method, and pectinase enzymolysis method; the separation and refining method mainly comprises a salting-out method, a resin adsorption method, a membrane separation method and the like; the prior process technology for extracting phycocyanin by taking spirulina as a raw material mainly has the following problems: 1. the wall breaking effect is poor, and various wall breaking methods are often used in combination, so that the cost is high and the pollution is large; 2. ammonium sulfate is mostly used for separation and refining, the salting-out selectivity is poor, the product purity is low, the cost is high, the yield is low, the pollution to the environment is serious, and the sanitary safety of the product is poor; 3. other components in the spirulina are not systematically and comprehensively utilized, and the overall economic benefit is poor, so that the industrialization is difficult. Therefore, the research and exploration of new technology and technology for preparing phycocyanin, the development cost of the phycocyanin product which is low, high in purity, good in sanitary safety, mature and practical, and the phycocyanin product has important economic, social and environmental significance for the healthy development of the whole spirulina industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of insufficient utilization of spirulina processing and the defects of the existing processing technology of phycocyanin, the invention provides the preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin, which has the advantages of low cost, high product purity, capability of utilizing different active ingredients in spirulina step by step, good environmental protection, low energy consumption and high extraction utilization rate.
The technical concept of the invention is as follows: isopropanol is utilized to dissolve chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast, so that a spirulina cytoplasm structure is cavitated to form a sponge structure; the normal hexane can dissolve phospholipid and lipid components forming the spirulina biological membrane, lipid components in cells, beta-carotene and carotenoid, and destroy the structure of the spirulina biological membrane to form a bamboo basket type material inlet and outlet channel with destroyed biological membrane; the subacid ethanol solution can dissolve calcium magnesium iron ions and micromolecular substances in the spirulina so that the spirulina purifies and removes the combination of the calcium magnesium iron ions and the phycocyanin to improve the extraction rate of the phycocyanin; the alkalescence condition (pH7.0-8.0) can depolymerize phycobiliprotein complex and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunit aggregate to expand spirulina cytoplasm so as to promote cell wall rupture and extraction of phycocyanin; the phycocyanin is precipitated by blocking carboxyl of phycocyanin in phycocyanin molecules and carboxyl of protein in the phycocyanin molecules under the acidity (pH1.5-3.5), but the solubility of albumin and spirulina polysaccharide is not influenced by the acidity, thereby realizing the separation and purification of the phycocyanin.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical measures:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: adding isopropanol which is 2-8 times of the weight of the spirulina dry powder into the spirulina dry powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0-45 ℃, stirring, dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in the chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biomembrane structure, and hollowing the cytoplasm structure of the spirulina to form a sponge structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain cytoplasmic structure cavitated Spirulina mud, drying Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain cytoplasmic structure cavitated Spirulina powder;
the spirulina is Spirulina maxima, spirulina platensis and Spirulina subsalsa;
preferably, the spirulina is spirulina maxima and spirulina platensis;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: taking the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, adding n-hexane with the mass of 1.5-5.5 times of that of spirulina dry powder, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 0-45 ℃, stirring, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells to destroy the structure of the spirulina biomembrane, and forming a bamboo basket type material inlet and outlet channel with the damaged biomembrane; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud with damaged biological membrane structure, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: taking the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, adding ethanol water solution with the ethanol mass percentage concentration of 65-90% and the mass of 3-11 times of that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0-45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.0-4.0 by acid liquor after stirring, continuously stirring, dissolving and extracting mineral substances including calcium, magnesium and iron ions, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acid, small peptide and phycocyanin in the spiral spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, removing the mineral substances and the micromolecular substances from the spiral spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, avoiding the calcium ions, the magnesium ions and the iron ions from forming water-insoluble precipitate with phycocyanin to reduce the subsequent extraction of phycocyanin, and purifying the spiral spirulina powder; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud without minerals and small molecular substances, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution to obtain Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without mineral substances and small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass of 6-20 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0-45 ℃, and regulating the pH to be 7.0-8.0 by using alkali liquor under the condition of stirring to depolymerize phycobiliprotein complexes, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunit aggregates to expand spirulina cytoplasm; continuously stirring, maintaining the pH value of the mixed system to be 7.0-8.0 by using an alkaline solution, soaking the spirulina to ensure that the spirulina fully absorbs water to swell and the swelling cells break cell walls to promote the extraction of phycocyanin, and dissolving and extracting the phycocyanin; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/2-1/10 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution to be 0-45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 1.5-3.5 by acid liquor under the condition of stirring, sealing carboxyl of phycocyanin in phycocyanin molecules and carboxyl of protein in the phycocyanin molecules to precipitate the phycocyanin, continuing stirring to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and discarding supernatant fluid to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
the molecular weight cut-off of the nanofiltration membrane hole is 5000-10000 in the nanofiltration;
preferably, the molecular weight cut-off of the nanofiltration membrane holes of the nanofiltration membrane is 5000-7000;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 2-10 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 0-45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 4.5-7.0 by using alkali liquor under the stirring condition, dissociating carboxyl of phycocyanin in phycocyanin molecules and carboxyl of protein in phycocyanin molecules to dissolve phycocyanin, continuing stirring to fully dissolve phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and discarding the precipitate to obtain supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain a phycocyanin product;
the drying method is freeze drying, vacuum drying or spray drying;
preferably, the drying method is a freeze drying method or a spray drying method.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. firstly, the invention uses propanol to dissolve and extract solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in spirulina powder, so that the spirulina cytoplasm structure is cavitated to form a sponge structure, solves the technical problems and difficulties that the phycocyanin is difficult to extract and utilize the chlorophyll, the chlorophyllin and the like in the spirulina, and the combination of the phycocyanin and the chlorophyll and the formation of the sponge water absorption structure are convenient for the subsequent water absorption expansion of the spirulina.
2. Secondly, the normal hexane is used for dissolving and extracting the phospholipid and lipid components which form the main components of the spirulina biomembrane in the cavitated cytoplasm structure, and the lipid components, the beta-carotene and the carotenoid in the cells, so that the structure of the spirulina biomembrane including a cell membrane and a subcellular organelle membrane (such as chloroplast and phycobiliprotein) is damaged, and the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane is obtained. The bamboo basket type substance access channel formed after the biomembrane is damaged solves the technical problems and difficulties that the thin cell wall of the spirulina is closely adhered to the cytoplasm and the effective components of the spirulina are difficult to extract because no substance access channel exists, and the like, and achieves the technical effects that the physiological active components of phospholipid beta-carotene, carotenoid and the like in the spirulina can be extracted and utilized, the cell wall strength of the spirulina is reduced, and the bamboo basket type substance access channel is formed.
3. Thirdly, the invention dissolves and extracts the minerals including calcium, magnesium and iron ions, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acid, small peptide and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with the cavitated cytoplasm structure and the damaged biomembrane by using an ethanol solution under the slightly acidic condition, so that the spirulina powder with the cavitated cytoplasm structure and the damaged biomembrane has the minerals and the micromolecular substances removed, thereby not only purifying the spirulina powder, but also preventing the multivalent metal ions such as calcium ions, magnesium ions, iron ions and the like from forming water-insoluble precipitate with the phycocyanin to reduce the subsequent extraction of the phycocyanin, solving the technical problems and difficulties that the phycocyanin and the multivalent metal ions such as calcium ions, magnesium ions, iron ions and the like contained in the spirulina are combined to form water-insoluble phycocyanin-multivalent metal ion complexes, so that the phycocyanin is difficult to be fully extracted, and achieving the technical effects of removing the minerals and the micromolecular substances, thus purifying the spirulina, and removing the multivalent metal ions, thereby improving the extraction rate of the subsequent extraction of the phycocyanin.
4. Finally, the invention uses purified water to decompose phycobiliprotein complex and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunit aggregate, and spirulina cytoplasm expansion under the condition of alkalescence (pH7.0-8.0) to break cell wall and extract phycocyanin; the phycocyanin is precipitated by nanofiltration concentration and concentrated solution under the condition of acidity (pH1.5-3.5), the separation of phycocyanin, albumin and spirulina polysaccharide is realized, the technical problems and difficulties that the wall breaking of spirulina cell walls is difficult, the extraction rate of phycocyanin is not high, the volume of phycocyanin extracting solution is too large, the phycocyanin is difficult to separate and refine, the purity is not high and the like due to the fact that phycobiliprotein complexes, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunit aggregates are not easy to depolymerize and swell are solved, and the technical effects of knowing the phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunit aggregates, completely breaking the walls, improving the extraction rate and yield of phycocyanin, not using ammonium sulfate precipitation and improving the purity of phycocyanin are achieved.
5. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: in the prior art, the cell wall of the spirulina can be broken only by a swelling method, a freezing method, a mechanical shearing method, a pectinase enzymolysis method and a composite method thereof, the wall breaking effect is poor, the process is complicated and the cost is high; the method does not extract chlorophyll, phytol, chlorophyllin and other substances in the spirulina firstly, does not separate phospholipid, lipid and carotene components of the spirulina biomembrane firstly, does not remove calcium, magnesium and iron ions which can be combined with spirulina phycocyanin to generate water-insoluble substances firstly, can only extract phycocyanin by a direct water extraction method, and has low extraction rate and low yield; phycocyanin can be prepared only by separation refining methods such as salting-out method, resin adsorption method and membrane separation method, and the phycocyanin has low purity, complex process and high cost; the invention firstly extracts and separates chlorophyll, phytol, chlorophyllin and other substances, separates phospholipid, lipid and carotene components of the spirulina biomembrane, removes calcium, magnesium and iron ions which can be combined with phycocyanin to generate water-insoluble substances, realizes the extraction of phycocyanin while depolymerization and wall breaking and the direct separation and refining of phycocyanin by an acid method, and has the technical breakthrough of high extraction rate, high yield and high purity.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a method for preparing phycocyanin from Spirulina.
Detailed Description
The applicant shall now describe the process of the present invention in further detail with reference to specific examples.
Example 1:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 100 g of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 500 g of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 22.5 ℃, stirring for 3 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 350 g of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 22.5 ℃, stirring for 4 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding 7 times of ethanol water solution with the mass percentage concentration of 77.5% and the mass of 7 times of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 22.5 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 3.0 by using a hydrochloric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 3.5 hours to dissolve and extract mineral substances, vitamins, small molecular sugar, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structures, wherein the mineral substances comprise calcium, magnesium and iron ions; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
stirring and soaking purified water under slightly alkaline conditions and extracting phycocyanin: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water 13 times the mass of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 22.5 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.5 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; stirring for 2.5 hr, maintaining pH of the mixed system at 7.5 with sodium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking Spirulina to dissolve and extract phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/6 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and discarding nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution to be 22.5 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.5 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 6 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 22.5 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 5.7 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1.5 hours to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 12 g of phycocyanin product.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.7 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; after n-hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.5%; after the treatment of subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 99 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin isThe removal rate is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 98%, the yield is 12.5%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Measured) is 5.5, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 2:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 1.5 kg of spirulina maxima dry powder, adding 8.25 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system at 45 ℃, stirring for 3 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina maxima with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 4.5 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 0 ℃, stirring for 4.5 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding 65% ethanol aqueous solution with the mass percentage concentration of ethanol which is 6.5 times of the mass of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.8 by using a phosphoric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 4 hours to dissolve and extract mineral substances, vitamins, small molecular sugar, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, wherein the mineral substances comprise calcium, magnesium and iron ions; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
stirring and soaking purified water under slightly alkaline conditions and extracting phycocyanin: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass being 14 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 45 ℃, and adjusting the pH value to be 7.6 by using a sodium carbonate solution under the condition of stirring; stirring for 2 hr, maintaining pH of the mixed system at 7.6 with sodium carbonate solution, stirring and soaking Spirulina to dissolve and extract phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/5 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution to be 0 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.2 by using a phosphoric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and discarding supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 6.5 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 6.0 by using a sodium carbonate solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1.5 hours to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 183 g of phycocyanin product.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.8 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; after normal hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.4%; after being treated by subacid ethanol solution, calcium, magnesium and iron ions are separatedThe removal rate of the phycocyanin is 100 percent, and the removal rate of the phycocyanin is 98.9 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 98.3%, the yield is 12.6%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.65, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 3:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 2.5 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 15 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0 ℃, stirring for 2.5 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina platensis powder with a damaged biomembrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane extracts and destroys the biomembrane: adding 6.25 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 45 ℃, stirring for 5 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding 70% ethanol water solution with the mass percentage concentration of ethanol 6 times the mass of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.6 by using a hydrochloric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 3.5 hours to dissolve and extract mineral substances, vitamins, small molecular sugars, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, wherein the mineral substances include calcium, magnesium and iron ions; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water 15 times the mass of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.7 by using a potassium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; stirring for 2 hr, maintaining the pH of the mixed system at 7.7 with potassium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking Spirulina to dissolve and extract phycocyanin; centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/7 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 45 ℃, adjusting the pH to 2.0 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water 7 times the mass of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 0 ℃, adjusting the pH to 6.5 by using a potassium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1 hour to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 325 g of phycocyanin product.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.5 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; after being treated by normal hexane, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipid and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.1 percent; slightly acidicAfter the treatment of the sexual ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 99.5 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 98.6%, the yield is 12.7%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.7, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 4:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 8 kg of dried spirulina salina powder, adding 52 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system at 20 ℃, stirring for 2.5 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 16 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 20 ℃, stirring for 5 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding 75% ethanol water solution with the mass percentage concentration of ethanol being 5.5 times of the mass of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 20 ℃, stirring, adjusting the pH to be 2.4 by using a phosphoric acid solution, continuously stirring for 4 hours, and dissolving and extracting mineral substances including calcium, magnesium and iron ions, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acid, small peptide and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with the cavitated cytoplasm structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
stirring and soaking purified water under slightly alkaline conditions and extracting phycocyanin: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 16 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 20 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.8 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; stirring for 1.5 hr, maintaining pH of the mixed system at 7.8 with sodium bicarbonate solution, stirring and soaking Spirulina to dissolve and extract phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/4 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 20 ℃, adjusting the pH to 1.7 by using a phosphoric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuously stirring for 1.5 hours to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 7.5 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 20 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 7.0 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1 hour to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 1.032 kg of phycocyanin product.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.5 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; treating with n-hexane to obtain phospholipid and lipid in SpirulinaAnd the removal rate of carotenes is 99.1%; after the treatment of the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 99.4 percent, and the removal rate of the phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 98%, the yield is 12.9%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.7, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 5:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 13 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 91 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 35 ℃, stirring for 2 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biomembrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 19.5 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 35 ℃, stirring for 5 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina paste, drying Spirulina paste to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biomembrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding 80% ethanol water solution with the mass percentage concentration of ethanol which is 5 times of the mass of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 35 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.2 by using a hydrochloric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 3 hours to dissolve and extract minerals including calcium, magnesium and iron ions, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acid, small peptide and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water 17 times the mass of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 35 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.9 by using a potassium carbonate solution under the condition of stirring; continuously stirring for 1.5 hours, maintaining the pH of the mixed system to be 7.9 by using a potassium carbonate solution, stirring and soaking the spirulina, and dissolving and extracting phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/8 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and discarding nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 35 ℃, adjusting the pH to 1.5 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1.5 hours to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying phycocyanin in the acid precipitate: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 8 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 35 ℃, adjusting the pH to 5.5 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1.5 hours to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 1.69 kg of phycocyanin product.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.8 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; menstruation and menstruationAfter hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.1%; after being treated by the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 99.9 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 99%, the yield is 13%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.75, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 6:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 20 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 150 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system at 25 ℃, stirring for 2 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina paste, drying, and removing isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 80 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 25 ℃, stirring for 4 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding 85% ethanol water solution with the mass percentage concentration of ethanol being 4 times of the mass of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 25 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 2.0 by using a hydrochloric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 2.5 hours to dissolve and extract mineral substances, vitamins, small molecular sugar, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, wherein the mineral substances comprise calcium, magnesium and iron ions; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass being 18 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 25 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.4 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; continuously stirring for 3 hours, maintaining the pH value of the mixed system to be 7.4 by using a sodium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking the spirulina, and dissolving and extracting phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, carrying out acid precipitation on phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/3 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 25 ℃, adjusting the pH to 2.7 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 0.5 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the quality of 8.5 of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 25 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 5.0 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1.5 hours to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 2.46 kg of phycocyanin products.
Measuring, treating with isopropanol, and collecting chlorophyll and chlorophyllThe removal rate of alcohol and chlorophyllin is 99.4%; after n-hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.6%; after being treated by the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 99.9 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 97.8%, the yield is 12.3%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Measured) is 5.5, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 7:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 30 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 240 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 20 ℃, stirring for 2 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 135 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 20 ℃, stirring for 3.5 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
thirdly, extracting the subacid ethanol solution and removing calcium, magnesium and iron ions: adding 90% ethanol water solution with the mass percentage concentration of ethanol which is 3 times of the mass of the spirulina powder into the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 20 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 3.2 by using a hydrochloric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 4 hours to dissolve and extract minerals including calcium, magnesium and iron ions, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acid, small peptide and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: placing the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass being 12 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 20 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.3 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; continuously stirring for 3.5 hours, maintaining the pH of the mixed system to be 7.3 by using a sodium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking the spirulina, and dissolving and extracting phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/9 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 20 ℃, adjusting the pH to 3.0 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 0.5 hour to fully precipitate phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 9 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 20 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 5.7 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1.5 hours to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 3.66 kg of phycocyanin products.
According to measurement, after the treatment of isopropanol, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.4%; after normal hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.2 percent; after the treatment of the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 98.8 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 97.7%, the yield is 12.2%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.65, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 8:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 50 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 200 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system at 15 ℃, stirring for 3.5 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane extracts and destroys the biomembrane: adding 250 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 15 ℃, stirring for 3 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: taking the spirulina powder with the damaged biofilm structure obtained in the step II, adding an ethanol water solution with the ethanol mass percentage concentration of 70% and the ethanol mass ratio of 8 times of that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 15 ℃, after stirring, adjusting the pH to be 3.4 by using a hydrochloric acid solution, and continuously stirring for 4.5 hours to dissolve and extract minerals, vitamins, small molecular sugars, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin including calcium, magnesium and iron ions in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water 11 times of the mass of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 15 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.2 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; continuously stirring for 3.5 hours, maintaining the pH of the mixed system to be 7.2 by using a sodium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking the spirulina, and dissolving and extracting phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/6 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 15 ℃, adjusting the pH to 3.2 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass being 10 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 15 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 6.5 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the stirring condition, continuously stirring for 1 hour to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 6.05 kg of phycocyanin product.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.6 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; after being treated by normal hexane, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipid and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.7 percent; after the treatment of the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 98.7 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 98.2%, the yield is 12.1%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.65, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 9:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 70 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 210 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system at 30 ℃, stirring for 3.5 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 385 kilograms of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 30 ℃, stirring for 3 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: taking the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, adding 9 times of ethanol aqueous solution with the mass percentage concentration of 77.5% of that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 30 ℃, after stirring, adjusting the pH to be 3.6 by using hydrochloric acid solution, and continuously stirring for 4.5 hours to dissolve and extract minerals, vitamins, small molecular sugars, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin including calcium, magnesium and iron ions in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina paste, drying the Spirulina paste to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass of 10 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 30 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.1 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; continuously stirring for 3.5 hours, maintaining the pH of the mixed system to be 7.1 by using a sodium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking the spirulina, and dissolving and extracting phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/5 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 30 ℃, adjusting the pH to 3.5 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the stirring condition to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 5 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 30 ℃, adjusting the pH to 7.0 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the stirring condition, continuously stirring for 1 hour to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 8.4 kg of phycocyanin products.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.2 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; after n-hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.8%; after the treatment of the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 98.6 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking of purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 97.5%, the yield is 12%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.55, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
Example 10:
a preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: taking 90 kg of spirulina platensis dry powder, adding 180 kg of isopropanol, controlling the temperature of a mixed system at 25 ℃, stirring for 4 hours, and dissolving and extracting solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina platensis powder with a damaged biological membrane structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain Spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: adding 315 kg of n-hexane into the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasmic structures, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 25 ℃, stirring for 4 hours, dissolving and extracting lipid components and phospholipid in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting beta-carotene and carotenoid in spirulina cells; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: adding ethanol water solution with the ethanol mass percentage concentration of 77.5 percent, the ethanol water solution is 10 times of the mass of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 25 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 3.8 by using hydrochloric acid solution after stirring, and continuously stirring for 4.5 hours to dissolve and extract mineral substances, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acid, small peptide and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structures, wherein the mineral substances comprise calcium, magnesium and iron ions; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution, and obtaining Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
stirring and soaking purified water under slightly alkaline conditions and extracting phycocyanin: putting the spirulina powder without the mineral substances and the small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass of 9 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 25 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7.5 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring; continuously stirring for 3.5 hours, maintaining the pH of the mixed system to be 7.5 by using a sodium hydroxide solution, stirring and soaking the spirulina, and dissolving and extracting phycocyanin; carrying out centrifugal separation; extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/4 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution at 25 ℃, adjusting the pH to 2.5 by using a hydrochloric acid solution under the condition of stirring to precipitate phycocyanin, continuing stirring for 1 hour to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and removing supernatant to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 4 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 25 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 6.5 by using a sodium hydroxide solution under the condition of stirring, continuously stirring for 1 hour to fully dissolve the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and removing the precipitate to obtain a supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain 11.25 kg of phycocyanin products.
Through determination, the removal rate of chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin is 99.8 percent after the treatment of isopropanol; after n-hexane treatment, the removal rate of phospholipids, lipids and carotenes in the spirulina is 99.4%; after the treatment of the subacid ethanol solution, the removal rate of calcium, magnesium and iron ions is 98.3 percent, and the removal rate of phycocyanin is 100 percent; the wall breaking rate after the mild alkaline soaking in purified water is 100 percent; the obtained phycocyanin is dark blue powder, the extraction rate is 98.1%, the yield is 12.5%, and the purity is (by A) 620 /A 280 Calculated) is 5.65, the fluorescence excitation wavelength of the phycocyanin product is 591nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 652nm.
The specific embodiments described in this specification are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A preparation method of spirulina phycocyanin comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) isopropanol extraction and cytoplasm voiding: adding isopropanol which is 2-8 times of the mass of the spirulina dry powder into the spirulina dry powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0-45 ℃, stirring and dissolving solid chlorophyll, phytol and chlorophyllin in chloroplast of the spirulina powder with a damaged biological membrane structure to extract, so that the cytoplasm structure of the spirulina is cavitated to form a sponge structure; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with isopropanol for the second and third times to obtain cytoplasmic structure cavitated Spirulina mud, drying Spirulina mud to remove isopropanol to obtain cytoplasmic structure cavitated Spirulina powder;
the n-hexane is extracted and the biomembrane is destroyed: taking the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, adding n-hexane with the mass being 1.5-5.5 times of that of spirulina dry powder, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 0-45 ℃, stirring, dissolving and extracting phospholipid and lipid components in spirulina cell membranes and organelle membranes, and dissolving and extracting lipid components, beta-carotene and carotenoid in the spirulina cells to destroy the structure of the spirulina biomembrane, and forming a bamboo basket type material inlet and outlet channel with the damaged biomembrane; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with n-hexane for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud with damaged biological membrane structure, drying the Spirulina mud to remove n-hexane to obtain Spirulina powder with damaged biological membrane structure;
performing subacid ethanol solution extraction and calcium, magnesium and iron ion removal: taking the spirulina powder with the damaged biomembrane structure obtained in the step II, adding an ethanol water solution with the ethanol mass percentage concentration of 65-90% and the weight of 3-11 times of that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixing system to be 0-45 ℃, after stirring, adjusting the pH to be 2-4 by using an acid solution, continuing stirring, dissolving and extracting mineral substances including calcium, magnesium and iron ions, vitamins, micromolecular sugar, amino acids, small peptides and phycocyanin in the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, removing the mineral substances and the micromolecular substances from the spirulina powder with cavitated cytoplasm structure, preventing the calcium, magnesium and iron ions and the phycocyanin from forming water-insoluble precipitate to reduce the subsequent extraction of the phycocyanin, and purifying the spirulina powder; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with ethanol water solution for the second and third times to obtain Spirulina mud without minerals and small molecular substances, drying the Spirulina mud to remove ethanol water solution to obtain Spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances;
step four, stirring and soaking the purified water and extracting phycocyanin under the slightly alkaline condition: putting the spirulina powder without minerals and small molecular substances obtained in the step three into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass of 6-20 times that of the spirulina powder, controlling the temperature of a mixed system to be 0-45 ℃, and adjusting the pH to be 7~8 by using alkali liquor under the condition of stirring to depolymerize phycobiliprotein complexes, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunit aggregates to expand spirulina cytoplasm; continuously stirring, maintaining the pH of the mixed system to be 7~8 with alkaline solution, soaking the spirulina to ensure that the spirulina fully absorbs water to swell and burst cells to destroy cell walls so as to promote the extraction of phycocyanin, and dissolving and extracting the phycocyanin; centrifuging, extracting the precipitate with purified water for the second and third times, removing the precipitate, and mixing the three supernatants to obtain phycocyanin extractive solution;
fifthly, acid precipitation of phycocyanin and washing: concentrating the phycocyanin extracting solution obtained in the step four to 1/2-1/10 of the original volume by using nanofiltration concentration equipment with a cooling device, and abandoning nanofiltration permeating liquid to obtain nanofiltration concentrated liquid; controlling the temperature of the nanofiltration concentrated solution to be 0-45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 1.5-3.5 by acid liquor under the condition of stirring, sealing carboxyl of phycocyanin in phycocyanin molecules and carboxyl of protein in the phycocyanin molecules to precipitate the phycocyanin, continuing stirring to fully precipitate the phycocyanin, carrying out centrifugal separation, and discarding supernatant fluid to obtain precipitate; washing the precipitate with purified water under stirring for 2 times to obtain purified phycocyanin precipitate;
sixthly, dissolving and drying acid precipitate phycocyanin: placing the purified phycocyanin precipitate obtained in the step fifthly into an extraction tank, adding purified water with the mass 2-10 times that of the purified phycocyanin precipitate, controlling the temperature to be 0-45 ℃, adjusting the pH to be 4.5-7.0 by using alkali liquor under the stirring condition, dissociating carboxyl of phycocyanin in phycocyanin molecules and carboxyl of protein in phycocyanin molecules to dissolve phycocyanin, continuing stirring to fully dissolve phycocyanin, performing centrifugal separation, and discarding the precipitate to obtain supernatant; drying the supernatant into powder by a drying method to obtain the phycocyanin product.
2. The method for preparing phycocyanin in spirulina according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the spirulina in the step is giant spirulina, blunt top spirulina or salt spirulina.
3. The method for preparing phycocyanin in spirulina according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: during the nanofiltration in the step fifthly, the intercepted molecular weight of the nanofiltration membrane hole is 5000-10000.
4. The method for preparing phycocyanin in spirulina according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the drying method in the step sixteenth is freeze drying, vacuum drying or spray drying.
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| Title |
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| "seawater-cultured spirulina subsalsa as a more promising host for phycocyanin production than Arthrospira platensis";Liqun Jiang等;《Algal Research》;20211004;第60卷;第102545页 * |
| "太湖蓝藻水样中藻蓝蛋白提取方法比较";张静等;《湖泊科学》;20131231;第25卷(第2期);第283-288页 * |
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