CN112823441B - 能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112823441B CN112823441B CN201980057945.8A CN201980057945A CN112823441B CN 112823441 B CN112823441 B CN 112823441B CN 201980057945 A CN201980057945 A CN 201980057945A CN 112823441 B CN112823441 B CN 112823441B
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Classifications
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Abstract
一种能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料及其制备方法和用途。所述多孔复合材料包含无机多孔骨架和负载于所述无机多孔骨架上的碳材料,其中所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.2‑1000μm。所述多孔复合材料具有优异的机械性能,并能够在微波场中产生电弧从而迅速产生高温,由此可以用于微波高温加热、生物质裂解、植物油处理、废旧高分子材料裂解、石油化工裂解、碳纤维复合材料回收、垃圾处理、VOC废气治理、COD污水治理、高温催化、废电路板全组分回收利用以及制备氢气等领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及微波加热、微波高温裂解和废旧资源利用领域,具体地,涉及能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料及其制备方法和用途,以及裂解和/或回收利用包含有机化合物的物质的方法。
背景技术
超过90%的化工原料来自于石油、页岩气和煤等化石能源。但是,化石能源不可再生并且其使用中会产生CO2,因此开发环境友好的可再生能源成为当前能源领域的热点之一。为了经济和社会的更可持续发展,迫切需要用可再生的生物质能源来代替化石能源。其中,植物油因其价格低廉、可大规模种植等特点成为研究的热点。2012至2013年,世界共生产棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油等主要的植物油4.62亿吨。近年来热解技术的迅速发展使其成为生物质利用技术中较为高效和成熟的技术之一。
另一方面,20世纪50年代以来,人类已生产83亿吨塑料,其中63亿吨已成为废弃物。这63亿吨废塑料中,9%被回收,12%被焚烧,其余79%(近55亿吨)被埋在垃圾填埋场中或在自然环境中积累。人类还在不断加快塑料的生产速度,目前塑料产量每年已达到4亿吨,预计到2050年,全球将有120亿吨废塑料。每年有超过800万吨塑料进入海洋,如不加以限制,到2050年,海洋里的塑料垃圾将比鱼类还多。近年来,国际顶级刊物相继发表了塑料微粒对海洋、河流中的生物和饮用水的污染,引起了全社会对塑料污染的关注。2018年,联合国环境署首次聚焦一次性塑料污染问题,发布世界环境日的主题为“塑战速决”,呼吁全世界向塑料污染“宣战”。
就解决塑料污染问题,科研工作者已经做出了许多不懈的努力。从1970年开始,就有大量研究致力于制备在自然环境中可降解的塑料,但是可降解塑料只在生物医药、农业地膜和垃圾袋等方面有重要应用,并且,在需要回收再利用的场合,可降解塑料的存在会严重影响回收塑料制品的性能;同时,可降解塑料在非理想的自然环境中依然需要较长时间才能降解,无法有效解决白色污染问题。
目前,机械回收是唯一被广泛采用的处理废旧塑料的技术方案,主要步骤依次是去除有机残渣、洗涤、粉碎、熔融再加工,在熔融再加工的过程中通常需要共混新料来维持性能。不同塑料对加工过程的响应不同,使得机械回收的技术方案适用的塑料种类很少,目前实际采用该技术进行回收再生的只有聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚乙烯(PE),分别占每年塑料产量的9%和37%。温度敏感塑料、复合材料、和升温不熔融流动的塑料(如热固性塑料)都无法通过该方法来处理。
将废塑料通过化学转化或热转化制成小分子烃(气体、液态油或固体蜡)的化学回收法被认为是可以超越机械回收的技术方案,所得产物可以用作燃料或化工原料。但是,目前该技术方案并没有被广泛应用,主要是由于成本太高。一方面,化学回收过程大多需要昂贵的催化剂,并且催化剂的选择性要求原料必须是纯的聚合物,这需要对废旧塑料进行耗时耗力的分类;另一方面,化学回收过程需要较大能耗。
另一方面,随着世界经济的快速发展,橡胶材料被广泛运用于各个行业,橡胶制品的需求量也随之越来越高。汽车的产生给人类的生产和生活带来了极大的便利,推动了社会的进步,但同时也带来了一些难以忽视的隐患,即环境和资源问题的加剧。随着汽车制造量的逐年增长,资源的消耗量和轮胎的废弃量也持续增多。我国幅员辽阔、人口众多,是一个轮胎使用大国。废弃的轮胎占用了大量的土地资源和环境空间,加上废旧轮胎分解所需时间的未知性,它们不但不便于进行压缩清理,而且也很难发生生物降解。废旧轮胎对环境造成了巨大的危害,并且难以治理,因此被称为“黑色污染”。废旧橡胶资源化利用已经到了刻不容缓的地步。
另一方面,碳纤维复合材料具有轻质高强、耐腐蚀性好等优异性能,在航空航天、新能源、汽车工业、体育用品等高新技术领域都有着广泛的应用。随着碳纤维复合材料的广泛应用,所产生的碳纤维复合材料废旧物与日俱增,大量碳纤维复合材料废弃物引起了人们的关注,这对环境保护以及经济效益产生了巨大的影响。随着人们对环境保护的日益重视和国际形势引起的能源、资源危机,以及碳纤维复合材料中碳纤维价格昂贵、综合性能优异,进行碳纤维回收技术的研究是未来重要的发展趋势。
目前的碳纤维回收技术方法主要有物理回收法和化学回收法。物理回收法是将碳纤维复合材料废弃物粉碎或熔融作为新材料的原材料使用。但这种方法会对复合材料的各组分性能造成破坏,特别是我们并不能从中得到碳纤维,无法实现可循环。化学回收是利用热分解或有机溶剂分解的方法从碳纤维复合材料废弃物回收碳纤维。有机溶剂分解回收得到干净的碳纤维,但是回收过程中使用大量的有机溶剂,可能对环境产生污染,使用后的溶剂分离(分液、萃取、蒸馏等)操作过程复杂,导致回收成本较高,并且该方法中对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料基体树脂的种类、甚至固化剂的种类有选择性,并非适合所有的基体树脂。现有技术中已经公开的最具有工业化可行性的是热分解处理碳纤维复合材料,但是传统的加热形式效率普遍较低,使得能耗成本太高。
印刷电路板(PCB)是几乎所有电子信息产品的必备元件,被广泛应用于电子元件与电动控制等多种工业领域。作为PCB制造中的基板材料,覆铜板主要由基板、铜箔和粘合剂三部分构成。基板由高分子合成树脂和增强材料组成。粘合剂通常为酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂、聚苯醚树脂等。早在2000年我国年产覆铜板就已经达到16.01万吨,2006年我国印刷电路板的产量超越日本,成为世界上产值最大的印刷电路板生产国。到目前为止,全球约40%的PCB都在中国生产,随之而来的废印刷电路板(WPCB)数量也十分巨大。机械处理、酸溶等现有的WPCB处理方法多侧重于电路板中金属的回收,较少涉及线路板中非金属成分的有效回收利用,且这些方法大多对环境安全构成严重了威胁。因此,发明一种清洁高效的WPCB处理方法是当前研究的热点问题之一。
微波是指波长介于红外线和特高频(UHF)无线电波之间的电磁波,具有非常强的穿透能力,其波长在l m到l mm之间,所对应的频率为300GHz-300MHz。微波发生器的磁控管接受电源功率而产生微波,通过波导输送到微波加热器,需要加热的物料在微波场的作用下被加热。微波的加热方式与普通的热传递有较大不同,高频电场以每秒几亿级的速度周期性改变外加电场和方向,使物料中的极性分子随电场作高频振动,分子间摩擦挤压作用使物料迅速发热,从而使物料内部和表面温度同时迅速升高。
新近开发了不采用催化剂的微波热裂解技术,该技术能量效率高,能够同时处理不同种类和受到一定污染的废旧塑料,例如目前使用最多的聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯,使之裂解成化工原料。另外,也采用微波热裂解技术将废旧橡胶裂解成单体并然后重新聚合后使用。因此,微波热裂解技术有望成为解决塑料污染问题和橡胶资源化利用的关键。
已有较多的专利公开了利用微波的这一特性进行热裂解的技术,如中国专利申请公开CN102585860A、CN103252226A、CN106520176A等,但它们都是用碳化硅等普通微波敏感材料在微波场中产生热并将热量传给要裂解的物料,从而达到热裂解目的,这种方式的工作温度不高,效率和产物组成不理想。因此,仍然需要开发一种在微波场中能够迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料的微波加热材料,开发一种高效的微波高温裂解废旧塑料、废旧橡胶或生物质或植物油的方法,开发一种高效的微波高温裂解碳纤维复合材料并回收碳纤维的方法,一种微波高温裂解电路板实现资源有效回收利用的方法。开发此类材料和方法具有巨大的应用前景。
发明内容
鉴于现有技术中存在的问题,本发明的目的是提供一种多孔复合材料及其制备方法和用途,所述多孔复合材料能在微波场中产生电弧,从而可迅速(例如几十秒到几分钟内)产生高温(特别是1000℃以上),使得可实现有效的微波高温加热或微波裂解包含有机化合物的物质(例如塑料,例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯;橡胶;植物油;生物质;碳纤维复合材料;电路板)并可回收裂解产物中的有价值物质用于循环利用作为化工原料或其他方面的应用。另外,该多孔复合材料本身可以耐高温,适宜工业化应用。
本发明的另一目的是,所述多孔复合材料的制备方法可简单易行,和易于实现规模化制备。
本发明的另一目的是,利用所述多孔复合材料微波高温加热或微波裂解包含有机化合物的物质的方法可以实现高效运行,并且裂解产物可以实现高附加值,尤其是主要为较轻组分(尤其是气相或小分子气体)。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种微波高温裂解电路板实现资源有效回收利用的方法。裂解气体产物可以为回收利用价值高的气体,固体残渣可易于实现金属与非金属组分的分离,实现金属与玻璃纤维的高效回收,从而实现废电路板全组分的清洁高效回收。
上述本发明的目的可通过一种能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料而实现,所述能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料包括:无机多孔骨架和负载于无机多孔骨架上的碳材料。
具体地,本发明的第一方面提供一种能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料,包含无机多孔骨架和负载于所述无机多孔骨架上的碳材料,其中所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.2-1000μm。
本文中,所述负载是指碳材料通过一定的结合力固定于无机多孔骨架的表面和/或结构中。所述表面是指多孔骨架所有可以接触到气相的界面,“固定于结构中”指的是镶嵌或者锚定于多孔骨架本身的内部,而不是孔道的内部。
电弧是指一种气体放电现象,是一束高温电离气体,也是一种等离子体。
所述碳材料为石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、石墨、炭黑、碳纤维、碳点、碳纳米线、由可碳化的有机物碳化得到的产物或由可碳化有机物的混合物碳化后的产物中的至少一种,优选为石墨烯、碳纳米管、由可碳化的有机物碳化得到的产物和由可碳化有机物的混合物碳化后的产物中的至少一种。
所述的碳化是指在一定的温度、气氛条件下处理有机物的过程,其中有机物中的氢、氧、氮、硫等全部或大部挥发掉,从而得到一种含碳量很高的合成材料。
所述可碳化有机物是指有机高分子化合物,包括
-合成有机高分子化合物,优选为橡胶,或塑料,包括热固性塑料和热塑性塑料,更优选选自环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物、聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、丁苯橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶中的至少一种;和
-天然有机高分子化合物,优选为淀粉、粘胶纤维、木质素和纤维素中的至少一种。
所述包含可碳化有机物的混合物是指可碳化有机物与其他不含金属的有机物和/或不含金属的无机物的混合物;优选选自煤、天然沥青、石油沥青或煤焦沥青中的至少一种。
所述碳材料的比例可以为基于所述多孔复合材料总质量计的0.001%-99%,优选0.01%-90%,更优选0.1%-80%。
所述无机多孔骨架是指具有多孔结构的无机材料。所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.2-1000μm,优选0.2-500μm,更优选0.5-500μm,特别优选为0.5-250μm,或者0.2-250μm。所述无机多孔骨架的孔隙率可以为1%-99.99%,优选10%-99.9%,更优选为30%-99%。
本文中所述平均孔径通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测定。首先,通过SEM照片中穿过单个孔隙中心的直线与该孔隙的轮廓的两个交点之间的距离中最短的值来确定该单个孔隙的孔径;然后,通过SEM照片中显示的所有孔隙的孔径值的数均值来确定平均孔径。
孔隙率参考GB/T 23561.4-2009测定。
所述无机材料可以选自碳、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、磷酸盐、锗酸盐、钛酸盐、氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅化物和卤化物中一种或多种的组合;优选选自碳、硅酸盐、钛酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、硼化物中一种或多种的组合。所述氧化物可以选自氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化铈和氧化钛中的至少一种。所述氮化物可以选自氮化硅、氮化硼、氮化锆、氮化铪和氮化钽中的至少一种。所述碳化物可以选自碳化硅、碳化锆、碳化铪和碳化钽中的至少一种。所述硼化物可以选自硼化锆、硼化铪和硼化钽中的至少一种。所述无机多孔骨架的无机材料更优选为碳、硅酸盐、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锆、碳化硅、氮化硼、钛酸钾中的至少一种。
优选地,所述无机多孔骨架为选自以下骨架中的至少一种:聚合物海绵碳化后得到的碳骨架、无机纤维构成的多孔骨架、无机海绵骨架、无机颗粒堆积构成的骨架、陶瓷前驱体海绵焙烧后得到的陶瓷海绵骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架;优选三聚氰胺海绵碳化后的骨架、酚醛树脂海绵碳化后的骨架、硅酸铝纤维的多孔骨架(如硅酸铝岩棉)、莫来石纤维的多孔骨架、氧化铝纤维的多孔骨架(如氧化铝纤维板)、氧化锆纤维的多孔骨架、氧化镁纤维的多孔骨架、氮化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硅纤维的多孔骨架、钛酸钾纤维的多孔骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架。
所述无机多孔骨架的多孔结构可以来自骨架材料本身的孔结构,例如海绵状结构形式;也可以来自纤维材料堆积而成的孔结构,例如纤维棉、纤维毡和纤维板等结构形式;也可以来自颗粒材料堆积而成的孔结构,例如沙堆结构形式;还可以来自以上多种形式的组合。优选来自纤维材料堆积而成的孔结构。特别说明的是,以上所述的无机纤维构成的多孔骨架,其中的多孔是由纤维材料堆积的骨架构成的孔结构,并不是指纤维本身具有多孔。
根据本发明的多孔复合材料能够在微波场中产生高温电弧,例如在900w微波场中能够产生使多孔复合材料升温至1000℃以上的电弧,并且所述多孔复合材料本身耐高温,最高可耐3000℃的高温。根据本发明的能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料是一种高效的微波加热材料。
制备方法
本发明的第二方面提供根据本发明的多孔复合材料的制备方法。根据本发明的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将所述无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体浸入所述碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体的溶液或分散体中,使无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体的孔隙充满该溶液或分散体;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的多孔材料加热干燥,使得碳材料或碳材料前驱体析出或固化并负载于无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体上;
(3)如果采用碳材料前驱体或者无机多孔骨架前驱体中的至少一种作为原料,则进一步进行以下步骤:惰性气体气氛下加热步骤(2)得到的多孔材料,使得无机多孔骨架前驱体转化为无机多孔骨架,和/或碳材料前驱体还原或碳化。
步骤(1)中碳材料或其前驱体的溶液或分散体可以包含选自以下的溶剂:苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三氯苯、三氯甲烷、环己烷、己酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二硫化碳、甲酮、丙酮、环己酮、四氢呋喃、二甲基甲酰胺、水和醇类中的一种或组合;其中,所述醇类优选选自丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、1,4–丁二醇、异丙醇、乙醇中的至少一种。
根据本发明的制备方法中使用的负载用碳材料前驱体优选负载前可以溶解或分散于对人体和环境友好的溶剂中的前驱体,使制备过程“绿色”。所述的对人体和环境友好的溶剂选自乙醇、水和两者混合物中的至少一种,即步骤(1)中的溶剂更优选为包含水和/或乙醇的溶剂;进一步优选水和/或乙醇。
所述溶液或分散体实现碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体在溶剂中充分溶解或是充分分散即可,通常其浓度可以为0.001-1g/mL,优选为0.002-0.8g/mL,再优选为0.003g-0.5g/mL。
步骤(2)中的加热干燥可以在50-250℃,优选60-200℃,更优选80-180℃的温度下进行;优选通过微波加热。微波的功率可以为1W~100KW,优选为500W-10KW。微波加热时间可以为2-200min,优选为20-200min。
所述的无机多孔骨架前驱体是可转化为无机多孔骨架的多孔材料;可以选自陶瓷前驱体、可碳化的有机物的多孔材料或可碳化有机物的混合物的多孔材料中的至少一种。
所述碳材料前驱体可以是氧化石墨烯、改性碳纳米管、改性碳纳米纤维、改性石墨、改性炭黑、改性碳纤维和可碳化的有机物或包含可碳化有机物的混合物中的至少一种。改性碳纳米管、改性碳纳米纤维、改性石墨、改性炭黑、改性碳纤维是指为了提高这些碳材料在水或有机溶剂中的分散性,得到稳定的分散体,进行预处理的碳材料,例如采用分散剂、表面活性剂进行预处理,或是接枝亲水基团进行预处理等;这些预处理手段均采用现有技术中的改善分散性的预处理手段。进行上述预处理的碳材料如石墨烯水分散体、石墨烯乙醇分散体、石墨烯水性浆料、石墨烯油性浆料、氧化石墨烯水分散体、氧化石墨烯乙醇分散体、氧化石墨烯N-甲基吡咯烷酮分散体、碳纳米管水分散体、羧基化碳纳米管水分散体、碳纳米管乙醇分散体、碳纳米管二甲基甲酰胺分散体、碳纳米管N-甲基吡咯烷酮浆料等,也均可以通过市售而得。
步骤(3)的加热温度可以为400-1800℃,优选600-1500℃,更优选800-1200℃,优选通过微波加热。微波的功率可以为100W~100KW,优选700W~20KW。微波加热的时间可以为0.5-200min,优选为1-100min。
在一种实施方案中,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
a、制备负载用碳材料或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散体;
b、将无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体浸入步骤a的溶液或分散体中,使无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体的孔隙充满该溶液或分散体;碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体占无机多孔骨架材料或无机多孔骨架材料前驱体与碳材料和/或碳材料前躯体的总质量的0.001%-99.999%,优选0.01%-99.99%,更优选0.1%-99.9%;
c、取出步骤b得到的多孔材料,加热,烘干,碳材料或碳材料前驱体析出或固化,负载于无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体上;加热烘干温度50-250℃,优选60-200℃,更优选80-180℃;
如果以上原料采用的是碳材料和无机多孔骨架,则经过步骤c后即得到所述能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料;如果所述的原料采用碳材料前驱体或者无机多孔骨架前驱体中的至少一种,则需要继续以下步骤d:
d、惰性气体气氛下加热步骤c得到的多孔材料,无机多孔骨架前驱体转化为无机多孔骨架,和/或碳材料前驱体还原或碳化,得到所述能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料;加热温度400-1800℃,优选600-1500℃,更优选800-1200℃。
当根据本发明的制备方法中所述的负载于无机多孔骨架的碳材料为石墨烯时,步骤(1)或步骤a中优选用氧化石墨烯水溶液。
当所述的负载于无机多孔骨架的碳材料为碳纳米管时,步骤(1)或步骤a中优选用碳纳米管分散体。
当所述的负载用碳材料前驱体选用热固性塑料时,步骤(1)或步骤a中需要根据所选热固性塑料的现有技术中常用固化配方配制成合适的固化体系;该固化体系中,可以加入任选的一种或多种选自以下的添加剂:固化促进剂、染料、颜料、着色剂、抗氧化剂、稳定剂、增塑剂、润滑剂、流动改性剂或助剂、阻燃剂、防滴剂、抗结块剂、助粘剂、导电剂、多价金属离子、冲击改性剂、脱模助剂、成核剂等。所用添加剂用量可以为常规用量,或根据实际情况的要求进行调整。当在负载用碳材料前驱体选用热固性塑料时,后续的步骤c中加热后作为碳材料前驱体的热固性树脂固化,负载于无机多孔骨架。
当所述的负载用碳材料前驱体选用热固性塑料时,步骤(1)或步骤a中选取现有技术中相应的良溶剂将上述热固性塑料及其固化体系溶解,得到负载用碳材料前驱体溶液。
当所述的负载用碳材料前驱体选用热塑性塑料时,负载用碳材料前驱体的溶液中可以加入如抗氧化剂、助抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、臭氧稳定剂、加工助剂、增塑剂、软化剂、防粘连剂、发泡剂、染料、颜料、蜡、增量剂、有机酸、阻燃剂、和偶联剂等塑料加工过程中现有技术的常用助剂。所用助剂用量可以为常规用量,或根据实际情况的要求进行调整。
根据本发明的制备方法中可以通过挤压数次或完全不挤压使无机多孔骨架的孔隙充满负载用碳材料或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散体。
根据本发明的制备方法的步骤(2)中取出步骤(1)得到的多孔材料后可以采取或者不采取措施去除步骤(1)得到的多孔材料中的多余的负载用碳材料或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散体,上述措施包括但不限于挤压和离心操作中的一种或两种。
根据本发明的制备方法的步骤(2)和(3)中所述加热可以优选为微波加热,微波加热不仅效率高而且受热均匀,具体地:
步骤(2)微波的功率可以为1W~100KW,优选为500W-10KW,微波照射时间为2-200min,优选为20-200min。
步骤(3)的微波功率可以为100W~100KW,优选700W~20KW;微波照射时间为0.5-200min,优选为1-100min。
根据本发明的制备方法的步骤(3)中所述加热需要在惰性气体气氛下进行,选自现有技术中常用的惰性气体气氛,优选氮气。
根据本发明的制备方法中所采用的设备均为常用设备。
应用
根据本发明的多孔复合材料由于将无机多孔骨架和碳材料相结合而具有优异的机械性能,并预料不到地能够在微波场中产生电弧从而迅速产生高温,例如在900w微波场中能够产生使多孔复合材料升温至1000℃以上的电弧,从而可以用于微波高温加热、生物质裂解、植物油处理、废旧高分子材料裂解、石油化工裂解、碳纤维复合材料回收、垃圾处理、VOC废气治理、COD污水治理以及高温催化等领域。同时,所述多孔复合材料本身耐高温,其制备工艺流程简单易行,易于实现规模化制备。
因此,本发明的第三方面提供根据本发明的多孔复合材料用于微波高温加热、包含有机化合物的物质(例如有机物、包含有机物的混合物或包含有机物的复合材料)的裂解和回收利用和高温催化等领域中的用途,尤其用于生物质裂解、植物油处理、废旧高分子材料裂解、石油化工裂解、碳纤维复合材料回收、垃圾处理、VOC废气治理或COD污水治理的用途。
石油化工裂解是指在石油化工生产过程中,常用石油分馏产品(包括石油气)作原料,采用比裂化更高的温度,使具有长链分子的烃断裂成各种短链的气态烃和少量液态烃,以提供有机化工原料。
根据本发明的多孔复合材料可尤其适合用于裂解和/或回收利用包含有机化合物的物质。
因此,本发明的第四方面提供裂解和/或回收利用包含有机化合物的物质的方法,其中将包含有机化合物的物质与根据本发明的多孔复合材料接触,在惰性气氛下或抽真空,对上述包含有机化合物的物质与多孔复合材料施加微波场,多孔复合材料在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速达到高温而使所述包含有机化合物的物质裂解。
所述包含有机化合物的物质包括有机物、包含有机物的混合物和包含有机物的复合材料,可以例如选自:
-废旧塑料,在此所述的废旧塑料指在民用、工业等用途中使用过且最终淘汰或替换下来的塑料及其混合物,包括但不限于聚烯烃,聚酯(聚酯及其混合物,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯和聚芳酯中的至少一种),聚酰胺,丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物,聚碳酸酯,聚乳酸,聚氨酯,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,聚甲醛,聚苯醚和聚苯硫醚中的至少一种,优选为聚乙烯及其混合物(包括但不限于低密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯、中密度聚乙烯、高密度聚乙烯和超高分子量聚乙烯中的至少一种,优选低密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯和高密度聚乙烯中的至少一种)、聚丙烯及其混合物、聚氯乙烯及其混合物、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯及其混合物(包括但不限于普通聚苯乙烯、发泡聚苯乙烯、高抗冲聚苯乙烯和间规聚苯乙烯中的至少一种)、聚酰胺、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物、聚碳酸酯、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚甲醛中的至少一种,更优选为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯和聚酰胺中的至少一种;所述废旧塑料可以无需分拣而直接混合在一起处理,从而简化废旧塑料的处理程序,除非如果对分解产物有特殊要求的话需要按照种类处理;
-废旧橡胶,在此所述的废旧橡胶指在民用、工业等用途中使用过且最终淘汰或替换下来的橡胶及其混合物;优选为天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、异戊橡胶、乙丙橡胶、丁基橡胶、氯丁橡胶、苯乙烯系嵌段共聚物和硅橡胶中的至少一种;更优选为天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶、异戊橡胶和乙丙橡胶中的至少一种;所述废旧橡胶可以无需分拣而直接混合在一起处理,从而简化废旧橡胶的处理程序;除非如果对分解产物有特殊要求的话需要按照种类处理;
-生物质,在此所述的生物质指通过光合作用产生的各种动植物和藻类,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素组成,包括但不限于秸秆、蔗渣、树枝、树叶、木屑、稻壳、稻杆、稻草、花生壳、椰子壳、棕榈籽壳、核桃壳、夏威夷果壳、开心果壳、麦秆、玉米杆和玉米芯中的至少一种;和
-植物油,在此所述的植物油指从植物的果实、种子、胚芽中得到的油脂及其混合物,所述的从植物的果实、种子、胚芽中得到的油脂包括但不限于棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油、亚麻油和蓖麻油中的至少一种,优选棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油中的至少一种;
和
-碳纤维复合材料,在此所述的碳纤维复合材料优选现有技术中的碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料,所述与碳纤维复合的聚合物基体包括但不限于聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、酚醛树脂、环氧树脂中的至少一种;以及
-电路板,在此所述的电路板可为目前技术条件下生产的各种电路板。
在碳纤维复合材料的情况下,在惰性气氛下或真空中,对碳纤维复合材料与多孔复合材料施加微波场,其中多孔复合材料在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速达到高温而使得碳纤维复合材料中的聚合物基体裂解,而碳纤维得到保留并被回收再利用。
在电路板的情况下,将电路板与多孔复合材料接触,在惰性气氛下或真空,对上述电路板与多孔复合材料施加微波场,多孔复合材料在微波下产生电弧并迅速达到高温,使电路板中高分子合成树脂等有机材料裂解,会得到大量气体产物及固体残渣;所述气体为高热值的可燃性气体;所述固体残渣包括结构疏松易分离的金属组分与以玻璃纤维混合物等为主的非金属组分。
所述包含有机化合物的物质与所述多孔复合材料的重量比可以为1:99-99:1,优选1:50-50:1,更优选1:30-30:1,更优选1:10-10:1。
所述微波场的微波功率可以为1W-100KW,更优选100W-50KW,更优选200W-50KW,更优选500W-20KW,最优选700W-20KW,特别是例如700W、900W或1500W。微波照射的时间可以为0.1-200min;更优选0.5-150min,最优选1-100min。微波场中产生电弧,可以迅速达到700-3000℃,优选800-2500℃,更优选800-2000℃,使得所述包含有机化合物的物质中的有机化合物裂解。
例如,裂解棕榈油的微波功率可以为200W-80KW,优选为300W-50KW;微波照射时间可以为0.2-200min;优选为0.3-150min。裂解菜籽油的微波功率可以为100W-50KW,优选为200W-30KW;微波照射时间可以为0.1-150min;优选为0.2-130min。裂解葵花籽油的微波功率可以为80W-60KW,优选为200W-40KW;微波照射时间可以为0.3-120min;优选为0.4-100min。裂解大豆油的微波功率可以为120W-40KW,优选为200W-30KW;微波照射时间可以为0.2-100min;优选为0.5-90min。裂解花生油的微波功率可以为100W-10KW,优选为300W-8KW;微波照射时间可以为0.3-100min;优选为0.5-90min。裂解亚麻油的微波功率可以为150W-80KW,优选为300W-50KW;微波照射时间可以为0.1-80min;优选为0.3-70min。裂解蓖麻油的微波功率可以为200W-50KW,优选为300W-40KW;微波照射时间可以为0.5-70min,优选为0.6-60min。裂解秸秆的微波功率可以为100W-70KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-150min。裂解蔗渣的微波功率可以为80W-50KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-120min。裂解树枝的微波功率可以为120W-100KW,微波照射时间可以为0.5-200min。裂解树叶的微波功率可以为50W-40KW,微波照射时间可以为0.1-80min。裂解木屑的微波功率可以为100W-10KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-100min。裂解稻壳的微波功率可以为80W-80KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-120min。裂解稻杆的微波功率为100W~70KW,微波照射时间为0.2~100min。裂解稻草的微波功率可以为50W-60KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-60min。裂解花生壳的微波功率可以为100W-50KW,微波照射时间可以为0.3-70min。裂解椰子壳的微波功率可以为200W-80KW,微波照射时间可以为0.5-150min。裂解棕榈籽壳的微波功率可以为100W-50KW,微波照射时间可以为0.3-100min。裂解玉米芯的微波功率可以为80W-50KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-70min。裂解天然橡胶的微波功率可以为100W-50KW,微波照射时间可以为0.5-150min。裂解顺丁橡胶的微波功率可以为120W-60KW,微波照射时间可以为0.5-120min。裂解丁苯橡胶的微波功率可以为150W-80KW,微波照射时间可以为0.6-200min。裂解异戊橡胶的微波功率可以为100W-60KW,微波照射时间可以为0.5-150min。裂解乙丙橡胶的微波功率可以为200W-70KW,微波照射时间可以为0.2-100min。
所述微波场可采用现有技术中的各种微波设备,例如家用微波炉、工业化微波设备(如微波热裂解反应器)等产生。
惰性气氛为现有技术中通常用的惰性气体气氛,例如氮气、氦气、氖气、氩气、氪气或氙气,优选氮气。
所述包含有机化合物的物质与多孔复合材料可以各种方式接触。如果包含有机化合物的物质是固体,例如废旧塑料,则可将该物质放置于多孔复合材料上,放置于多孔复合材料构成的腔体内、或被多孔复合材料盖在下部等;优选将固体物质(例如电路板)进行破碎后与多孔复合材料接触。如果包含有机化合物的物质是液体,例如植物油,则可采用的方式之一是间歇方式,也就是先将植物油加到多孔复合材料上,多孔复合材料会自动将植物油吸到孔道内部,然后再进行微波裂解;另一种是连续的,也就是在微波裂解的同时,用泵(例如蠕动泵)通过石英管道持续添加到多孔材料表面。以上所述的泵送速度能保障植物油和多孔复合材料的混合物在微波场下停留的时间即可。如果包含有机化合物的物质是固体和液体的混合物,则可相应采用上述接触方式的混合形式。
本发明的方法中用于放置或承载所述包含有机化合物的物质和多孔复合材料的装置可以是微波可以穿透且耐1200℃以上高温的各种容器或管道,如石英坩埚、石英反应器、石英管、氧化铝坩埚、氧化铝反应器、氧化铝管等。
本发明的方法中所述包含有机化合物的物质在裂解后气化。可将裂解后得到的气体收集用于后续处理或回收利用,例如将气体分离后作为燃料或是作为化学工业原料进行后续反应和生产;将裂解后的残渣作为废弃物处理,或者如对于碳纤维复合材料,裂解后的残渣主要是碳纤维,可以将其收集后去除杂质再利用,或者对于电路板,可处理所述电路板裂解得到的固体残渣,将其中的金属与非金属组分分离,分别回收再利用。以上有关固体残渣的分离可采用现有技术中的各种分离的办法和设备。
所述的气体收集为现有技术中通常的方法,可采用气体收集装置进行,优选在惰性气氛下进行。例如,如采用家用式微波炉作为微波场,则气体收集方式为:在氮气保护的手套箱中将承载包含有机化合物的物质和多孔复合材料的石英坩埚装入真空袋中后密封,微波下反应后隔着真空袋拧开坩埚,用针筒扎进真空袋取样。如果采用工业式的有进气口和出气口的微波炉(如微波热裂解反应器等),则气体收集方式为:反应过程用氮气吹扫,出气口用集气袋取样收集。
本发明的方法利用所述多孔复合材料在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温,使包含有机化合物的物质裂解,可以将裂解产物作为化工原料以回收利用,或将裂解后留下的碳纤维或金属等有价值残渣回收再利用,尤其可实现废电路板全回收。该过程高效,产物组成附加值高。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,进一步举例说明本发明;但本发明的范围不受这些实施例的限制。
实施例中的实验数据使用以下仪器及测定方法测定:
1、实施例中所得多孔复合材料中负载的碳材料质量百分含量的测定:
(1)原料中采用无机多孔骨架材料的情况下,先测定原料无机多孔骨架材料重量,在实验结束后测定所得多孔复合材料重量,两者重量差即为负载的碳材料重量,由此确定负载的碳材料在多孔复合材料的质量百分含量;
(2)原料中采用无机多孔骨架前驱体的情况下,取两个重量一致的无机多孔骨架前驱体试样,其中一个试样用于根据本发明的实施例;另一个用于参比实施例,其中只实施如上文所述的制备方法的步骤c和步骤d;在实验结束后,称量根据本发明的实施例所得多孔复合材料的重量,并称量参比实施例所得的试样最后的重量,两者重量差即为负载的碳材料重量,由此确定负载的碳材料在多孔复合材料中的质量百分含量。
2、除非另外说明,以下实施例和对比例中对裂解出的气体进行的色谱分析采用美国Agilent公司生产的Agilent 6890N气相色谱在如下条件下进行。
所用美国Agilent公司生产的Agilent 6890N气相色谱配备有FID检测器,使用色谱柱:HP-PLOT AL2O3毛细管色谱柱(50m×0.53mm×15μm);载气:He,平均线速度41cm/s;进样口温度200℃;检测器温度:250℃;分流比15:1;进样量:0.25ml(气态);升温程序:初始温度55℃,保持3min,以4℃/min升至120℃,保持4min,再以20℃/min升至170℃,保持10min。
3、无机多孔骨架和多孔复合材料的平均孔径通过如下方式确定:通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片中穿过单个孔隙中心的直线与该孔隙的轮廓的两个交点之间的距离中最短的值来确定单个孔隙的孔径,然后通过SEM照片中显示的所有孔隙的孔径值的数均值来确定平均孔径。采用的SEM为Hitachi S-4800,日本日立,放大率为200倍。
4、孔隙率的测定方法:参考GB/T 23561.4-2009测定孔隙率。
实施例中使用的原料均为商购获得的。
多孔复合材料的制备
实施例1
(1)量取500ml氧化石墨烯水分散体(JCGO-95-1-2.6-W,10mg/ml,南京吉仓纳米科技有限公司),将其置于烧杯中;
(2)取2g由酚醛树脂构成的多孔骨架(酚醛泡沫,平均孔径300μm,孔隙率99%,常熟绿洲花卉泡沫有限公司),将其浸泡入氧化石墨烯水分散体,使分散体充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热1小时,由此烘干并预还原;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入家用微波炉(700w,型号M1-L213B,美的)中并在高火下微波处理2min,将预还原的氧化石墨烯还原成石墨烯,酚醛树脂骨架碳化成碳骨架(平均孔径200μm,孔隙率99%),得到能在微波场中产生电弧的石墨烯负载碳多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中石墨烯占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
实施例2
(1)量取500ml碳纳米管分散体(XFWDM,100mg/ml,南京先丰纳米材料科技有限公司),将其置于烧杯;
(2)取2g由酚醛树脂构成的多孔骨架(酚醛泡沫,平均孔径200μm,孔隙率99%,常熟绿洲花卉泡沫有限公司),将其浸泡入碳纳米管分散体中,使碳纳米管分散体充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于80℃烘箱中加热5小时,烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于800℃碳化1h,得到能在微波场中能产生电弧的碳纳米管负载碳多孔骨架的多孔复合材料(碳骨架的平均孔径140μm,孔隙率99%),其中碳纳米管占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为30%。
实施例3
(1)量取500ml碳纳米管分散体(XFWDM,100mg/ml,南京先丰纳米材料科技有限公司),将其置于烧杯中;
(2)取5g由硅酸盐构成的纤维棉状多孔骨架(平均孔径150μm,孔隙率90%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司)浸泡入碳纳米管分散体中,挤压数次,使分散体充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于150℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的碳纳米管负载硅酸盐纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳纳米管占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
实施例4
(1)称取30g粉末酚醛树脂(2123,新乡市伯马风帆实业有限公司)和3.6g六亚甲基四胺固化剂,将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml乙醇,将混合物用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取5g由硅酸盐构成的纤维棉状多孔骨架(平均孔径150μm,孔隙率90%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,挤压数次,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于1000℃碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载硅酸盐纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为5%。
实施例5
(1)称取50g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工),将其置于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由氧化铝构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率85%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于900℃碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载氧化铝纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为6%。
实施例6
(1)称取30g水溶性淀粉(药用级,货号:S104454,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml去离子水,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由氧化铝构成的纤维毡状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率85%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),在功率10KW下微波处理2min,使得将多孔材料烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于1200℃碳化1h,使得水溶性淀粉碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的淀粉碳化产物负载氧化铝纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.1%。
实施例7
(1)称取50g水溶性淀粉(药用级,货号S104454,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml去离子水,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由氧化铝构成的纤维棉状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率85%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,挤压数次,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),在功率500W下微波处理2h,使得将多孔材料烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于1000℃碳化1h,使得淀粉碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的淀粉碳化产物负载氧化铝纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.2%。
实施例8
(1)称取2kg液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工),将其置于烧杯中,倒入4L乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取2g由酚醛树脂构成的多孔骨架(酚醛泡沫,平均孔径500μm,孔隙率99%,常熟绿洲花卉泡沫有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于150℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),在功率20KW下氮气气氛下微波处理100min,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载碳多孔骨架的多孔复合材料(碳骨架的平均孔径350μm,孔隙率99%),其中负载于无机碳骨架上的碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为80%。
实施例9
(1)称取0.3g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工),将其置于烧杯中,倒入100ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取300g活性氧化铝(平均孔径0.05μm,孔隙率30%,山东凯欧化工科技有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入活性氧化铝的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于150℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于1000℃碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载活性氧化铝(多孔骨架)的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.05%。
实施例10
(1)称取30g粉末酚醛树脂(2123,新乡市伯马风帆实业有限公司)和3.6g六亚甲基四胺固化剂,将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g由氧化镁构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于1000℃下碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载氧化镁纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为3%。
实施例11
(1)称取100g水溶性淀粉(药用级,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml去离子水,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由氧化锆构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径150μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),在功率3KW下微波处理20min,使得多孔材料烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于900℃碳化2h,使得淀粉碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的淀粉碳化产物负载氧化锆纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.5%。
实施例12
(1)称取50g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工),将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由氮化硼构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于900℃下碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载氮化硼纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为5%。
实施例13
(1)称取100g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工),将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由碳化硅构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干以除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于800℃下碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载碳化硅纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
实施例14
(1)称取100g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工),将其置于烧杯中,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由钛酸钾构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液中,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于800℃下碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化,得到能在微波场中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载钛酸钾纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,其中碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
微波裂解废旧塑料:
实施例15
剪取或称取各0.5g的饮料瓶身(PET)、饮料瓶盖(HDPE)、大棚膜(LLDPE)、PP粒料、PP饭盒碎片、包装聚苯乙烯(PS)泡沫、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物托盘(ABS)、尼龙管子碎片(PA6)以及透明水杯(PC)和0.5g聚氯乙烯(PVC)软管分别置于1g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料上,用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解30s。在实施例1得到的多孔复合材料的辅助下,所有物料经过家用微波炉(700w)短短30s微波处理后都裂解气化,几乎未见残留,只是在聚氯乙烯(PVC)软管的情况下仅有少量黑色物质残留,所有过程中有剧烈的电弧放电现象。该多孔复合材料在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
采用实施例2-14得到的样品进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。实施例2-14得到的多孔复合材料都能在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
实施例16
剪取50g饮料瓶盖(HDPE)、50g PP饭盒碎片、50g丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物托盘(ABS)、50g尼龙管子碎片(PA6)以及50g透明水杯(PC)、3g包装泡沫(PS)、10g大棚膜(LLDPE)、50g饮料瓶身(PET)、50g一次性透明塑料杯(PS)碎片和50g聚氯乙烯(PVC)软管碎片,分别置于30g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,用氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以1500W功率处理5min。所有物料几乎未见残留,只是在聚氯乙烯软管的情况下物料仅有少量黑色物质残留。
待裂解物料置于微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部的具体操作如下:先将一部分多孔复合材料放置于石英反应器的底部和周围形成上开口的腔体,随后将物料放置于腔体内部,最后将剩余的多孔复合材料盖于物料上部。
采用实施例2-14得到的样品进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。实施例2-14得到的多孔复合材料都能在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
对比例1
将0.5g饮料瓶盖(HDPE)碎片、0.5g PP饭盒碎片、0.5g PET瓶身碎片、PS泡沫和0.5g PVC软管分别置于1g碳化硅粉末(98.5%,国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司)上,用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波过程都没有任何火花,微波处理之后HDPE瓶盖、PP饭盒碎片、PET碎片、PS泡沫和PVC软管都没有发生变化,只有石英坩埚底部有些温热。
对比例2
将0.5g饮料瓶盖(HDPE)碎片置于1g活性炭粉末(AR,≥200目,货号C112223,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)上,用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波过程时而有电弧出现,微波处理之后HDPE瓶盖熔化,但并没有完全消失,称重发现HDPE有25%失重。
实施例17
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例15:
取实施例1得到的1g样品用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以700W功率30s分别裂解(或用家用微波炉(700W)高火30s裂解)0.5g的HDPE、0.5g的PP和0.5g的LLDPE,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表1-1中。
取实施例1得到的1g样品用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以700W功率30s裂解(或用家用微波炉(700W)高火30s裂解)0.5g的PET,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表1-2中。
取实施例1得到的1g样品用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以700W功率30s裂解(或用家用微波炉(700W)高火30s裂解)0.5g的PS,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表1-3中。
取实施例1得到的1g样品用家用微波炉(700W)高火30s裂解0.5g的PVC,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表1-4中。
表1-1
表1-2
表1-3
表1-4
实施例18
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例15:
取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率10min裂解50g HDPE、50g PP和50g LLDPE,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表2-1中。
取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率20min裂解50g PET,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表2-2中。
取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率40min裂解3g PS,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表2-3中。
取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率15分钟裂解50g的一次性透明塑料杯(PS)碎片,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表2-4。
取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率15分钟裂解50g的PVC软管碎片,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表2-5。
表2-1
表2-2
表2-3
表2-4
表2-5
对比例3
(1)称取50g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)置于烧杯中,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至所有组分溶解;
(2)取8g由氧化铝构成的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100nm,合肥普元纳米科技有限公司),将其浸泡入配制好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱中加热2小时,烘干除去溶剂,使得酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下于900℃碳化1h,使得酚醛树脂碳化。
将0.5g饮料瓶盖(HDPE)碎片置于1g步骤(4)得到的材料上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波处理过程中没有任何出现火花,微波处理之后HDPE瓶盖并没有发生变化。由此可见,在无机多孔骨架的孔径较小的情况下,没有获得能在微波场中产生电弧而实现有效裂解的多孔复合材料。
微波裂解植物油:
实施例19
取0.5g的棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油中的每一种,分别置于1g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料上,所述油被多孔复合材料自动吸入,在用氮气保护后,将混合材料在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解30s(或微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以700W功率30s裂解),然后称重显示多孔复合材料中几乎没有物料残留。在实施例1得到的多孔复合材料的辅助下,所有物料经过微波(700w)短短30s微波处理后都裂解气化,在此过程中有剧烈的电弧放电现象。该多孔复合材料在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料使物料快速裂解。裂解后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表3-1中。
表3-1
实施例20
取100g棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油中的每一种,分别置于烧杯,将30g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料置于石英反应器,用500ml/min氮气吹扫10min后将流量调至100ml/min,以1500W功率启动微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),采用蠕动泵(兰格BT100-2J精密蠕动泵)以约2g/min的速度通过石英细管将上述植物油持续添加到石英反应器内的多孔复合材料表面,物料被源源不断的裂解成气体,操作结束之后几乎没有物料残留。
采用实施例2-14得到的多孔复合材料进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。
对比例4
将0.5g棕榈油滴加于1g碳化硅粉末(98.5%,国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司)上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波过程没有任何火花,只有石英坩埚底部有些温热,微波处理之后称重显示棕榈油质量未发生明显变化。
实施例21
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例19:
取实施例6得到的30g的样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率及2g/min进料速度分别裂解100g棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表3-2中。
表3-2
微波裂解生物质:
实施例22
分别取0.5g秸秆、蔗渣、树枝、树叶、木屑、稻壳、稻草、花生壳、椰子壳、棕榈籽壳和玉米芯,分别置于1g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解30s。在实施例1得到的多孔复合材料的辅助下,所有物料经过家用微波炉(700w)短短30s微波处理后都裂解气化,仅剩黑色物质,该过程中有剧烈的电弧放电现象。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
分别取50g秸秆、蔗渣、树枝、树叶、木屑、稻壳、稻草、花生壳、椰子壳、棕榈籽壳和玉米芯,分别置于30g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,在用氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以1500W功率处理5min。所有物料仅剩黑色物质。
待裂解物料置于所述多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部具体操作如下:先将一部分所述多孔复合材料放置于石英反应器的底部和周围形成上开口的腔体,随后将物料放置于腔体内部,最后将剩余的多孔复合材料盖于物料上部。
采用实施例2-14得到的样品进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。
对比例5
将0.5g稻壳置于1g碳化硅粉末(98.5%,国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司)上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波处理过程没有任何火花,微波处理之后稻壳并没有发生变化,只有石英坩埚底部有些温热。
实施例23
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例22:
取实施例1得到的1g的样品用家用微波炉(700W)高火30s分别裂解0.5g的秸秆和稻壳,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的除CO和CO2之外的主要成分列于表4-1中。
取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率15min分别裂解50g秸秆和稻壳,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的除CO和CO2之外的主要成分列于表4-2中。
表4-1
表4-2
微波裂解废旧橡胶:
实施例24
取0.5g汽车轮胎(韩泰)碎片、丁苯橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)和乙丙橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)样品分别置于1g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解30s。在实施例1得到的多孔复合材料的辅助下,所有物料经过家用微波炉(700w)短短30s微波处理后都裂解气化,对于汽车轮胎碎片仅剩一捏就碎的黑色物质,对于丁苯橡胶和乙丙橡胶样品没有留下残留物,该过程中有剧烈的电弧放电现象。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
取50g汽车轮胎(韩泰)碎片、丁苯橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)和乙丙橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)样品分别置于30g实施例1得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,在用氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以1500W功率处理5min。所有物料经过家用微波炉(700w)短短30s微波处理后都裂解气化,对于汽车轮胎碎片仅剩一捏就碎的黑色物质,丁苯橡胶和乙丙橡胶样品没有留下残留物。
待裂解物料置于所述多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部的具体操作如下:先将一部分所述多孔复合材料放置于石英反应器的底部和周围形成上开口的腔体,随后将物料放置于腔体内部,最后将剩余的多孔复合材料盖于物料上部。
采用实施例2-14得到的多孔复合材料进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。
对比例6
将0.5g丁苯橡胶样品置于1g碳化硅粉末(98.5%,国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司)上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波处理过程没有任何火花,微波处理之后丁苯橡胶样品并没有发生变化,只有石英坩埚底部有些温热。
实施例25
取0.5g汽车轮胎(韩泰)碎片、丁苯橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)和乙丙橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)样品分别置于1g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料上,在用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解30s,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的除CO和CO2之外主要成分列于表5-1、表5-2和表5-3中。
同以上步骤,取实施例6得到的30g样品用微波热裂解反应器以1500W功率15分钟分别裂解50g汽车轮胎(韩泰)碎片、丁苯橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)和乙丙橡胶(北京橡胶制品厂)样品,然后将得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的除CO和CO2之外的主要成分列于表5-4、表5-5和表5-6中。
表5-1
表5-2
表5-3
表5-4
表5-5
表5-6
微波裂解碳纤维复合材料:
实施例26
取2g碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(常州市华碳纤维复合材料有限公司)置于1g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料上,用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解40s后,取出碳纤维复合材料,称量发现失重,碳纤维已经可以轻易剥离;微波过程中有剧烈的电弧放电现象。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并将热量传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
取50g碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(常州市华碳纤维复合材料有限公司)置于30g实施例1得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,用氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以1500W功率处理5min。取出碳纤维复合材料,称量发现失重,碳纤维已经可以轻易从织物中剥离。
待裂解物料置于微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部具体操作如下:先将一部分微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料放置于石英反应器的底部和周围形成上开口的腔体,随后将物料放置于腔体内部,最后将剩余的多孔复合材料盖于物料上部。
对实施例2-14得到的样品进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。实施例2-14得到的多孔复合材料都能在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。
对比例7
取2g碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(常州市华碳纤维复合材料有限公司)置于1g碳化硅粉末(98.5%,国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司)上,用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波处理30s。微波处理过程没有出现任何火花,微波处理之后物料并没有发生变化,只有石英坩埚底部有些温热。
实施例27
取2g碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(常州市华碳纤维复合材料有限公司)置于1g实施例1得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料上,用氮气保护后,在家用微波炉(700w)中采用高火微波裂解40s后,取出碳纤维复合材料,称量发现失重36%,碳纤维已经可以轻易从织物中剥离。对收集得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表6。
取30g碳纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料(常州市华碳纤维复合材料有限公司)置于30g实施例6得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,用氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以1500W功率处理5min。称量发现失重38%,碳纤维已经可以轻易从织物中剥离。对收集得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表6中。
取50g碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料(常州市华碳纤维复合材料有限公司)置于30g实施例7得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,用氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司)以2000W功率处理10min。称量发现失重39%,碳纤维已经可以轻易从织物中剥离。对收集得到的气体进行色谱分析,其中检测到的主要成分列于表6中。
物料置于微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部具体操作如下:先将一部分微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料放置于石英反应器的底部和周围形成上开口的腔体,随后将物料放置于腔体内部,最后将剩余的多孔复合材料盖于物料上部。
表6
微波裂解电路板:
在以下实施例中,收集的气体通过如下方式进行色谱分析:将裂解后收集的气体产物根据ASTM D1945-14方法,使用炼厂气分析仪(HP Agilent 7890A,配置有3个通道,包括1个FID和2个TCD(热导率检测器))进行分析。在FID通道上分析烃。应用一个采用氮气载气的TCD来测定氢气含量,这是因为在氢气和氦气载气的传导率方面存在小的差异。另一个采用氦气作为载气的TCD用于检测CO、CO2、N2和O2。为了进行定量分析,通过使用RGA(炼厂气分析)校准气体标准来测定响应因子。
实施例28
取10g废电路板(废电路板已预破碎成小块,面积约为1cm2大小的不规则小块,该电路板拆自废旧电脑主板,品牌技嘉),置于50g实施例1得到的多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部,随后将其整体置于微波裂解反应器(青岛迈可威仪器制造有限公司,型号MKX-R1C1B)中,氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器以900W功率处理5min。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。将收集所得到的气体组分进行气相色谱分析。裂解气体产物主要成分列于表7-1。反应结束后固体残渣质量为裂解前的30%,包括结构疏松易分离的金属组分与以玻璃纤维混合物等为主的非金属组分,通过简单破碎后就可以分离回收其中的金属与非金属部分(主要为玻璃纤维)。
待裂解电路板置于所述多孔复合材料组成的腔体内部的具体操作如下:先将一部分在所述多孔复合材料放于石英反应器内部,将多孔复合材料依次摆放形成一个中空的开口向上的腔体,随后将废电路板放置于腔体内部,最后将剩余的多孔复合材料盖于物料上部。
对实施例2-14得到的样品进行与上述过程相同的实验,得到类似的实验现象和结果。反应结束后固体残渣质量约为裂解前的28%~35%。实施例2-14得到的多孔复合材料都能在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使其快速裂解。
对比例8
将10g废电路板与50g碳化硅粉末(98.5%,国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司)均匀混合后置于石英反应罐内,随后将其整体置于微波反应器(MKX-R1C1B,青岛迈可威仪器制造有限公司)中,氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器以900W功率处理5min。微波过程没有任何火花,微波处理之后废电路板并没有发生变化,只有石英反应罐底部有些温热。
实施例29
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例28:
取10g废电路板,与30g实施例6得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料均匀混合后置于石英反应罐内,随后将其整体置于微波裂解反应器中,氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器以1200W功率处理10min。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。将收集所得到的气体组分进行气相色谱分析。热解气体产物主要成分列于表7-2。反应结束后固体残渣质量为热解前的32%,且金属与基板之间结构松散,通过简单破碎后就可以分离回收其中的金属与非金属部分。
实施例30
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例28:
取10g废电路板,与15g实施例2得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料均匀混合后置于石英反应罐内,随后将其整体置于微波裂解反应器中,氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器以900W功率处理20min。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。将收集所得到的气体组分进行气相色谱分析。热解气体产物主要成分列于表7-3。反应结束后固体残渣质量为热解前的30%,且金属与基板之间结构松散,通过简单破碎后就可以分离回收其中的金属与非金属部分。
实施例31
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例28:
取2g废电路板,与60g实施例11得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料均匀混合后置于石英反应罐内,随后将其整体置于微波裂解反应器中,氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器以900W功率处理5min。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。将收集所得到的气体组分进行气相色谱分析。热解气体产物主要成分列于表7-4。反应结束后固体残渣质量为热解前的30%,且金属与基板之间结构松散,通过简单破碎后就可以分离回收其中的金属与非金属部分。
实施例32
除以下参数外,其他参数和步骤同实施例28:
取20g废电路板,与5g实施例8得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料均匀混合后置于石英反应罐内,随后将其整体置于微波裂解反应器中,氮气保护后,用微波热裂解反应器以1000W功率处理30min。该多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温并传递给物料使物料快速裂解。将收集所得到的气体组分进行气相色谱分析。热解气体产物主要成分列于表7-5。反应结束后固体残渣质量为热解前的31%,且金属与基板之间结构松散,通过简单破碎后就可以分离回收其中的金属与非金属部分。
表7-1
气体产物组成 | 体积占比(vol.%) |
氢气 | 20.36 |
一氧化碳 | 53.25 |
二氧化碳 | 12.72 |
甲烷 | 3.81 |
乙烷 | 0.39 |
乙烯 | 5.02 |
丙烷 | 0.14 |
丙烯 | 0.90 |
乙炔 | 1.35 |
1-丁烯 | 0.42 |
1,3-丁二烯 | 0.05 |
苯 | 0.09 |
其它 | 1.50 |
表7-2
气体产物组成 | 体积占比(vol.%) |
氢气 | 18.00 |
一氧化碳 | 42.80 |
二氧化碳 | 6.90 |
甲烷 | 14.90 |
乙烷 | 2.00 |
乙烯 | 6.00 |
丙烷 | 1.00 |
丙烯 | 4.70 |
乙炔 | 1.10 |
1-丁烯 | 0.20 |
1,3-丁二烯 | 0.60 |
苯 | 0.10 |
其它 | 1.70 |
表7-3
气体产物组成 | 体积占比(vol.%) |
氢气 | 15.00 |
一氧化碳 | 49.60 |
二氧化碳 | 9.10 |
甲烷 | 13.50 |
乙烷 | 2.30 |
乙烯 | 4.20 |
丙烷 | 0.80 |
丙烯 | 2.20 |
乙炔 | 0.90 |
1-丁烯 | 0.10 |
1,3-丁二烯 | 0.60 |
苯 | 0.10 |
其它 | 1.60 |
表7-4
气体产物组成 | 体积占比(vol.%) |
氢气 | 19.47 |
一氧化碳 | 48.80 |
二氧化碳 | 7.25 |
甲烷 | 8.80 |
乙烷 | 1.0 |
乙烯 | 8.80 |
丙烷 | 0.10 |
丙烯 | 3.20 |
乙炔 | 0.80 |
1-丁烯 | 0.30 |
1,3-丁二烯 | 0.07 |
苯 | 0.08 |
其它 | 1.33 |
表7-5
气体产物组成 | 体积占比(vol.%) |
氢气 | 16.20 |
一氧化碳 | 47.32 |
二氧化碳 | 8.68 |
甲烷 | 10.1 |
乙烷 | 1.80 |
乙烯 | 6.60 |
丙烷 | 2.32 |
丙烯 | 4.10 |
乙炔 | 0.80 |
1-丁烯 | 0.08 |
1,3-丁二烯 | 0.10 |
苯 | 0.20 |
其它 | 1.70 |
从表中数据还可以看出,裂解产物中含有较高比例的氢气,因此可以收集其中的氢气用作燃料。
Claims (62)
1.能在微波场中产生电弧的多孔复合材料,包含无机多孔骨架和负载于所述无机多孔骨架上的碳材料,其中所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.2-1000μm;
其中所述无机多孔骨架是具有多孔结构的无机材料,所述无机材料选自碳、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、磷酸盐、锗酸盐、钛酸盐、氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅化物和卤化物及其组合;并且
所述无机多孔骨架为选自以下中的至少一种:聚合物海绵碳化后得到的碳骨架、无机纤维构成的多孔骨架、无机颗粒堆积构成的骨架和陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架;
所述碳材料选自碳纳米管、石墨、炭黑、碳纤维、碳点、碳纳米线、由可碳化有机物或包含可碳化有机物的混合物的碳化得到的产物以及它们的组合;
所述无机多孔骨架的孔隙率为1%-99.99%;
所述碳材料的比例为基于所述多孔复合材料总质量计的0.001%-99%。
2.根据权利要求1的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.2-500μm。
3.根据权利要求2的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.5-500μm。
4.根据权利要求2的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.5-250μm。
5.根据权利要求2的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述无机多孔骨架的孔隙率为10%-99.9%。
6.根据权利要求2的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述无机多孔骨架的孔隙率为30%-99%。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳材料的比例为基于所述多孔复合材料总质量计的0.01%-90%。
8.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳材料的比例为基于所述多孔复合材料总质量计的0.1%-80%。
9.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述多孔复合材料在微波场中产生的电弧使得多孔复合材料达到1000℃以上的温度。
10.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纤维是碳纳米纤维。
11.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述可碳化有机物为有机高分子化合物,包括合成有机高分子化合物和天然有机高分子化合物。
12.根据权利要求11的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述合成有机高分子化合物为橡胶,或塑料,包括热固性塑料和热塑性塑料。
13.根据权利要求12的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述合成有机高分子化合物选自环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物、聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、丁苯橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶及其组合。
14.根据权利要求11的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述天然有机高分子化合物为淀粉、粘胶纤维、木质素和纤维素中的至少一种。
15.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述包含可碳化有机物的混合物为可碳化有机物与其他不含金属的有机物和/或不含金属的无机物的混合物。
16.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述包含可碳化有机物的混合物选自煤、天然沥青、石油沥青或煤焦沥青及其组合。
17.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述氧化物选自氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化铈和氧化钛及其组合。
18.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述氮化物选自氮化硅、氮化硼、氮化锆、氮化铪和氮化钽及其组合。
19.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳化物选自碳化硅、碳化锆、碳化铪和碳化钽及其组合。
20.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述硼化物选自硼化锆、硼化铪和硼化钽及其组合。
21.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的多孔复合材料,其特征在于,所述无机多孔骨架为选自以下中的至少一种:三聚氰胺海绵碳化后的骨架、酚醛树脂海绵碳化后的骨架、硅酸铝纤维的多孔骨架、莫来石纤维的多孔骨架、氧化铝纤维的多孔骨架、氧化锆纤维的多孔骨架、氧化镁纤维的多孔骨架、氮化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硅纤维的多孔骨架、钛酸钾纤维的多孔骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架。
22.制备根据权利要求1-21中任一项的多孔复合材料的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将所述无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体浸入所述碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体的溶液或分散体中,使无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体的孔隙充满该溶液或分散体;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的多孔材料加热干燥,使得碳材料或碳材料前驱体析出或固化并负载于无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体上;
(3)如果采用碳材料前驱体或者无机多孔骨架前驱体中的至少一种作为原料,则进一步进行以下步骤:惰性气体气氛下加热步骤(2)得到的多孔材料,使得无机多孔骨架前驱体转化为无机多孔骨架,和/或碳材料前驱体还原或碳化。
23.根据权利要求22的方法,其特征在于,
步骤(1)中碳材料或其前驱体的溶液或分散体包含选自以下的溶剂:苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三氯苯、三氯甲烷、环己烷、己酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二硫化碳、甲酮、丙酮、环己酮、四氢呋喃、二甲基甲酰胺、水和醇及其组合;和/或
步骤(1)的溶液或分散体的浓度为0.001-1g/mL。
24.根据权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,所述醇选自丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、1,4–丁二醇、异丙醇、乙醇及其组合。
25.根据权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,所述溶剂包含水和/或乙醇的溶剂。
26.根据权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,所述溶剂是水和/或乙醇。
27.根据权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)的溶液或分散体的浓度为0.002-0.8g/mL。
28.根据权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)的溶液或分散体的浓度为0.003g-0.5g/mL。
29.根据权利要求22-28中任一项的方法,其特征在于,
步骤(2)中的加热干燥在50-250℃的温度下进行。
30.根据权利要求29的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中的加热干燥在60-200℃的温度下进行。
31.根据权利要求29的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中的加热干燥在80-180℃的温度下进行。
32.根据权利要求29的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中的加热干燥通过微波加热实现。
33.根据权利要求32的方法,其特征在于,微波的功率为1W~100KW,并且微波加热时间为2-200min。
34.根据权利要求32的方法,其特征在于,微波的功率为500W-10KW,并且微波加热时间为20-200min。
35.根据权利要求22-28中任一项的方法,其特征在于,
所述的无机多孔骨架前驱体选自陶瓷前驱体、可碳化有机物的多孔材料或包含可碳化有机物的混合物的多孔材料及其组合;和/或
所述碳材料前驱体是改性碳纳米管、改性石墨、改性炭黑、改性碳纤维和可碳化有机物或包含可碳化有机物的混合物及其组合;和/或
步骤(3)的加热在400-1800℃的温度下进行。
36.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于,所述改性碳纤维是改性碳纳米纤维。
37.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)的加热在600-1500℃的温度下进行。
38.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)的加热在800-1200℃的温度下进行。
39.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)的加热通过微波加热实现。
40.根据权利要求39的方法,其特征在于,微波的功率为100W~100KW并且微波加热的时间为0.5-200min。
41.根据权利要求39的方法,其特征在于,微波的功率为700W~20KW并且微波加热的时间为1-100min。
42.根据权利要求1-21中任一项的多孔复合材料或根据权利要求22-41中任一项的方法制备的多孔复合材料用于微波高温加热、包含有机化合物的物质的裂解和回收利用或高温催化领域中的用途。
43.根据权利要求42的用途,其特征在于,所述包含有机化合物的物质是有机物、包含有机物的混合物或包含有机物的复合材料。
44.根据权利要求42的用途,其特征在于,所述多孔复合材料用于生物质裂解、植物油处理、废旧高分子材料裂解、石油化工裂解、碳纤维复合材料回收、垃圾处理、VOC废气治理或COD污水治理。
45.裂解和/或回收利用包含有机化合物的物质的方法,其中将包含有机化合物的物质与根据权利要求1-21中任一项的多孔复合材料或根据权利要求22-41中任一项的方法制备的多孔复合材料接触,在惰性气氛下或抽真空,对上述包含有机化合物的物质与多孔复合材料施加微波场,多孔复合材料在微波场中产生电弧,从而迅速达到高温而使所述物质中包含的有机化合物裂解。
46.根据权利要求45的方法,其特征在于,所述包含有机化合物的物质为有机物、包含有机物的混合物或包含有机物的复合材料。
47.根据权利要求46的方法,其特征在于,所述包含有机化合物的物质选自
-废旧塑料;
-废旧橡胶;
-生物质;
-植物油;
-碳纤维复合材料;和
-电路板。
48.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于,废旧塑料为聚烯烃,聚酯,聚酰胺,丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物,聚碳酸酯,聚乳酸,聚氨酯,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,聚甲醛,聚苯醚和聚苯硫醚中的至少一种。
49.根据权利要求48的方法,其特征在于,所述聚酯是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯和聚芳酯中的至少一种。
50.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于,废旧塑料为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物、聚碳酸酯、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚甲醛中的至少一种。
51.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于,废旧橡胶为天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、异戊橡胶、乙丙橡胶、丁基橡胶、氯丁橡胶、苯乙烯系嵌段共聚物和硅橡胶中的至少一种。
52.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于,生物质为秸秆、蔗渣、树枝、树叶、木屑、稻壳、稻杆、稻草、花生壳、椰子壳、棕榈籽壳、核桃壳、夏威夷果壳、开心果壳、麦秆、玉米杆和玉米芯中的至少一种。
53.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于,植物油为棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油、亚麻油和蓖麻油中的至少一种。
54.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于,碳纤维复合材料包含选自以下的聚合物基体:聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、酚醛树脂和环氧树脂。
55.根据权利要求45-54中任一项的方法,其特征在于,
所述包含有机化合物的物质与所述多孔复合材料的重量比为1:99-99:1;和/或,
所述微波场的微波功率为1W-100KW;和/或,
微波照射的时间为0.1-200min。
56.根据权利要求55的方法,其特征在于,所述包含有机化合物的物质与所述多孔复合材料的重量比为1:50-50:1。
57.根据权利要求55的方法,其特征在于,所述包含有机化合物的物质与所述多孔复合材料的重量比为1:30-30:1。
58.根据权利要求55的方法,其特征在于,所述微波场的微波功率为100W-50KW;和微波照射的时间为0.5-150min。
59.根据权利要求55的方法,其特征在于,所述微波场的微波功率为700W-20KW;和微波照射的时间为1-100min。
60.根据权利要求45-54中任一项的方法,其中所述包含有机化合物的物质是碳纤维复合材料,并且在碳纤维复合材料中的聚合物基体裂解后,将留下的碳纤维回收再利用。
61.根据权利要求45-54中任一项的方法,其中所述包含有机化合物的物质是电路板,并且处理所述电路板裂解得到的固体残渣,将其中的金属与非金属组分分离,分别回收再利用;和/或收集所述电路板裂解得到的气体产物。
62.根据权利要求61的方法,其中收集裂解产物中的氢气。
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CN201811264454.4A CN111100326B (zh) | 2018-10-29 | 2018-10-29 | 一种微波高温裂解废旧橡胶的方法 |
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