CN112771139A - 用于从藻类生物质中提取生物油的方法 - Google Patents

用于从藻类生物质中提取生物油的方法 Download PDF

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CN112771139A
CN112771139A CN201980059677.3A CN201980059677A CN112771139A CN 112771139 A CN112771139 A CN 112771139A CN 201980059677 A CN201980059677 A CN 201980059677A CN 112771139 A CN112771139 A CN 112771139A
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阿尔贝托·雷纳托·德·安吉利斯
菲洛梅纳·卡斯塔多
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Abstract

本发明的目的是从藻类生物质、特别是产油微藻中提取生物油的方法,该方法使用由低共熔溶剂(DES)组成的溶剂,能够生产具有低含量的磷脂和无机盐(主要为氯化钠)的生物油。

Description

用于从藻类生物质中提取生物油的方法
本发明涉及从藻类生物质、特别是产油微藻(油性微藻,oily microalgae)中提取生物油的方法,该方法使用包含低熔点共熔物(低共熔溶剂(III型DES))的溶剂,能够生产具有低含量的磷脂和无机盐(主要是氯化钠)的生物油。然后,这种生物油可以方便地用于涉及利用金属催化剂的加氢步骤的工业过程中。
通过培养产油微藻,CO2可以通过叶绿素的光合作用转化为有机衍生物如糖或脂肪,从而减少这种温室气体的全球含量。
这些微生物是通过叶绿素的光合作用以植物油的形式积聚来自太阳的能量作为储备的植物,其能量效率比自然界中所有其它产油植物(最常见的是诸如种子、花生、橄榄、向日葵、玉米、以及油菜籽、棕榈和麻风树)都更高;它们积聚高达它们质量的50%作为油。正是这些微生物,与动物有机体一起,在数千年间形成了石油储备。这些微藻可以在食物性植物无法生长:在水(海水,淡水)以及在干旱和多岩石的土壤上并且甚至在沙漠中生长不太好的地方生长。干燥土壤也可以用作用于在水中培养微藻的罐的被动支撑。因此,如同利用来自小麦、大米、马铃薯等的乙醇的情况一样,培养它们对正常的农业是无害的。
产生的藻类可能含有大量的生物油,其是用于生产生物柴油的最有希望的来源之一。
尽管技术问题可能因为存在的水可以间接地影响所使用系统的提取能力的事实极大地不同,但是从湿和干藻类生物质中使用化学和物理两种方法都提取了生物油。
Folch方法/程序(Folch J.,Lees,M.,Stanley G.H.S.;"A simple method forthe isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues(用于从动物组织中分离和纯化总脂质的简单方法)";J.Biol.Chem.,(1957)226;pp.497-509)包括2:1的氯仿/甲醇混合物,并且是通常用作分析参考的方法。
藻类生物质的提取需要进一步处理,以得到描述为生物柴油的级分,由于它含有三酰基甘油成分,该成分需要进行化学处理,因为它造成油中的高粘度以及表面泡沫的形成。
脂肪酸的酯交换对于获得生物燃料通常是必需的,因为它将甘油结合的脂肪酸转化为较低分子量的甲基/乙基酯(FAME,脂肪酸甲酯)。
可选地,获得的生物油可以经历称为Ecofining的过程,该过程涉及加氢和加氢异构化反应,最终转化为可以用作柴油燃料的烷烃混合物,如例如描述于国际专利申请WO2015/181744或国际专利申请WO2015/181279。
对于Ecofining过程而言,特别重要的是,经历加氢处理的油具有低含量的磷脂和无机盐二者,因为这些化合物可能导致加氢催化剂的快速失活。
还不知晓使磷脂或无机盐含量最小化的用于从藻类中提取生物油的商业方法,因为用于从藻类中提取生物油的大多数方法都旨在生产较低分子量的甲基/乙基酯(FAME,脂肪酸甲酯),并不关注减少可能的催化剂污染物。
本发明的目的是用于从藻类生物质中提取生物油的方法,包括以下阶段:
i)制备由低共熔溶剂DES组成的合适溶剂;
ii)制备藻类生物质;
iii)在20℃至120℃的温度下利用由低共熔溶剂(DES)组成的溶剂来处理藻类生物质;
iv)通过过滤或离心分离出固体残余物;
v)利用适当溶剂处理在阶段iv)中获得的滤液或离心液,和分离出油相;
vi)干燥,从而得到生物油。
由低共熔溶剂(DES)组成的共熔溶剂是通常由两种或三种安全且廉价的成分组成的流体,这些成分能够自缔合(通常经由氢键)而形成熔点比单个成分显著更低的共熔混合物。典型的低熔点共熔混合物(III型低共熔溶剂(DES))由季铵盐和氢键供体组成。它们用途广泛、经济、与环境兼容且可生物降解。
方便地使用III型低共熔溶剂(DES),其包括铵盐(如氯化胆碱、乙酸胆碱、硝酸胆碱、氯化甜菜碱、乙基氯化铵、四甲基氯化铵)和选自羧酸(如乙酸、甲酸、酒石酸、草酸、乙酰丙酸)、或胺(如脲、硫脲、1,3-二甲基脲、1,1-二甲基脲)、或多元醇(如乙二醇、丙二醇或甘油)的氢键供体。
在III型低共熔溶剂中,季铵盐和氢键供体以1:1至1:3的摩尔比混合在一起;将如此获得的混合物加热至80-100℃的温度持续30分钟,从而得到澄清的无色液体,一旦使DES恢复至接近于环境温度该液体会保持不变。
在提取过程中优选使用的藻类是微拟球藻属(Nannochloropsis)、小球藻属(Chlorella)或四爿藻属(Tetraselmis)。本专利中要求保护的方法可以直接应用于湿藻类生物质,例如通过从在水中或水溶液(例如海水)中的藻类悬浮液分离(例如通过微滤或离心)获得的湿藻类生物质,或用额外的干燥阶段从其中获得的干藻类生物质。与湿生物质的总重量相比,根据本发明的方法可以用DES处理的湿藻类生物质优选含有至多达90重量%,更优选大于5重量%至70重量%的水。
干燥阶段的一个优选方面是使用低压蒸汽(典型地可作为工业工厂中的废热获得)作为能量源。
干藻类生物质可以含有至多达5%,优选至多达3%的残余水分。
为了从藻类中提取生物油,将藻类物质用相对于藻类物质为1:1至5:1的DES的量来处理,在80至130℃的温度下将分散液搅动0.5小时至2小时的时段。
在此时段之后,将如此获得的分散液过滤,分离出不溶的固体,并在阶段(v)中用一定量的由充当反溶剂的液体构成的适当溶剂来处理其中溶解了DES的液相,该反溶剂即是使得混合物中的包含生物油的有机相由此形成为不溶的溶剂。该反溶剂液体方便地能够与DES混溶,并且与生物油基本上不混溶或极少地混溶。将这种液体以100至300重量%的重量比加入到在DES中的生物油溶液中,在环境温度下搅动,并分离出由生物油组成的上层有机相。优选的反溶剂是水,或极性强的醇如乙醇、甲醇或其混合物。
将加入反溶剂之后获得的其中溶解了反溶剂的相分离出来并通过蒸馏除去,同时回收使用DES。
如果需要处理干藻类生物质,则优选进行干燥DES的处理,而如果要处理湿藻类生物质,则可以原样回收使用DES。
如果反溶剂是水,则当添加水时,除了分离由生物油组成的上层相外,它使由微米尺寸的纤维素组成的固体相析出,还可将该固体相分离出来并在商业上使用。
这种纤维素可以有利地用作纤维素的工业衍生物(如硝化纤维素或乙酸纤维素)的前体,或原样使用以获得基于纤维素的成品,如过滤器或纸材料。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,使用螺旋式过滤器来实现溶解在DES中的生物油和残余藻类物质之间的分离。
作为结果,简化了方法,因为提取和分离二者在同一操作单元中进行。
因此,与使用已知方法可以获得的生物油相比,使用根据本发明的方法,可以有效地提取具有低含量的磷脂和无机盐二者的生物油。因此,本发明方法确保了长的催化剂寿命和用于工业过程的较低成本。
另外,这些已知方法中的一些旨在获得特别富含一些用于生产除柴油燃料以外并且例如定向于营养食品领域的产品的成分的生物油,因此使用了高成本的溶剂或从能量源角度看不能被经济地用于生产生物柴油的非常昂贵的过程,如用超临界CO2进行萃取。
本发明还涉及如上所述获得的生物油在燃料生产中的用途。
根据上述方法获得的生物油的优选用途是作为用于Ecofining过程的原料,其中生物油首先经历催化加氢反应,在该催化加氢反应中脂肪酸被转化为烷烃和水,同时在甘油三酯中存在的甘油被氢化为丙烷;在该方法的第二步中,将通过脂肪酸的氢化获得的烷烃在固体酸催化剂上异构化,从而得到熔点比直链烷烃低并且具有作为用于柴油的生物成分的更好性能的支化烷烃。
实施例
实施例1
制备III型DES(氯化胆碱-乙二醇摩尔比1:2)
将一摩尔的氯化胆碱(等于139.62g)放入玻璃烧杯中,并向其中加入124.14g的乙二醇(等于两摩尔),将分散液搅动并加热至80℃。形成无色透明的液体,其在冷却至环境温度时保持透明。这种在氯化胆碱和乙二醇之间的共熔物的熔点为-66℃,明显低于乙二醇(-13℃)和氯化胆碱(302℃)二者。
实施例2
用III型DES(氯化胆碱-乙二醇)来从藻类物质中提取生物油
将包含3.777g的氯化钠和1.227g的盐生藻类微拟球藻的5g干藻类物质放入玻璃反应器中,加入10g的DES氯化胆碱-乙二醇(如实施例1中所述并且以1:2摩尔比制备),将反应器封闭并在搅动下加热至80℃持续30分钟。
残余物形成并滤出。将由提取的生物油组成的所得液相放入第二反应器中,并向其中加入5g的蒸馏水。
然后形成上层油相和下面的DES-水相并分离。油相0.061g)通过13C NMR和元素分析二者进行分析,并获得以下结果:
Figure BDA0002969614440000041
由此获得的油相可以按原样或者甚至更优选地在干燥之后进行根据如在国际申请WO2015/181744和WO2015/181279中描述的方法的催化加氢处理,从而获得生物柴油。
实施例3
制备III型DES(氯化胆碱-甲酸摩尔比1:1)
将三摩尔的氯化胆碱(等于418.86g)放入玻璃烧杯中,并向其中加入138.09g的甲酸(等于三摩尔),将分散液振荡并加热至80℃。形成无色透明的液体,其在冷却至环境温度时仍保持透明。这种氯化胆碱和甲酸之间的共熔液体的熔点为-32℃,明显低于甲酸(8.4℃)和氯化胆碱(302℃)二者。
实施例4
用III型DES(氯化胆碱-甲酸)来从藻类物质中提取生物油
将由48.51g的氯化钠和51.49g的盐生藻类微拟球藻组成的100.09g干藻类物质放入玻璃反应器中,加入486g的DES氯化胆碱-甲酸(如实施例3中所述并且以1:1摩尔比制备),将反应器封闭并在搅动下加热至100℃持续30分钟。
残余物形成并滤出。将由提取的生物油组成的所得液相放入第二反应器中,并向其中加入500g的蒸馏水。
然后形成上层油相和下面的DES-水相并分离。油相(0.74g)通过13C NMR和元素分析二者进行分析,并获得以下结果:
Figure BDA0002969614440000051
由此获得的油相可以按原样或者甚至更优选地在干燥之后进行根据如在国际申请WO2015/181744和WO2015/181279中描述的方法的催化加氢处理,从而获得生物柴油。
实施例5
制备III型DES(氯化胆碱-草酸)
将一摩尔的氯化胆碱(等于139.62g)放入到玻璃烧杯中,并向其中加入90.03g的草酸(等于一摩尔),将分散液振荡并加热至80℃。形成无色透明的液体,其在冷却至环境温度时仍保持透明。这种氯化胆碱和草酸之间的共熔液体的熔点为34℃,明显低于草酸(190℃)和氯化胆碱(302℃)二者。
实施例6
用III型DES(氯化胆碱-草酸)来从藻类物质中提取生物油
将由3.4g的氯化钠和1.104g的盐生藻类微拟球藻组成的4.504g干藻类物质放入玻璃反应器中,加入20g的DES氯化胆碱-草酸(如实施例5中所述并且以1:1摩尔比制备),将反应器封闭并在搅动下加热至100℃持续30分钟。
残余物形成并滤出。将由提取的生物油组成的所得液相放入第二反应器中,并向其中加入10g的蒸馏水。
然后形成上层油相和下面的DES-水相并分离。油相(0.095g)通过13C NMR和元素分析二者进行分析,并获得以下结果:
Figure BDA0002969614440000061
由此获得的油相可以按原样或者甚至更优选地在干燥之后进行根据如在国际申请WO2015/181744和WO2015/181279中描述的方法的催化加氢处理,从而获得生物柴油。
实施例7
制备III型DES(氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸)
将一摩尔的氯化胆碱(等于139.62g)放入到玻璃烧杯中,并向其中加入116.11g的乙酰丙酸(等于一摩尔),将分散液振荡并加热至80℃。形成无色透明的液体,其在冷却至环境温度时仍保持透明。这种氯化胆碱和乙酰丙酸之间的共熔液体的熔点为-27℃,明显低于甲酸(35℃)和氯化胆碱(302℃)二者。
实施例8
用III型DES(氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸)来从藻类物质中提取生物油
将由1.889g的氯化钠和0.614g的盐生藻类微拟球藻组成的2.502g干藻类物质放入玻璃反应器中,加入10g的DES氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸(如实施例7中所述并且以1:1摩尔比制备),将反应器封闭并在搅动下加热至80℃持续30分钟。
残余物形成并滤出。将由提取的生物油组成的所得液相放入第二反应器中,并向其中加入10g的蒸馏水。
然后形成上层油相和下面的DES-水相并分离。油相(0.035g)通过13C NMR和元素分析二者进行分析,并获得以下结果:
Figure BDA0002969614440000071
由此获得的油相可以按原样或者甚至更优选地在干燥之后进行根据如在国际申请WO2015/181744和WO2015/181279中描述的方法的催化加氢处理,从而获得生物柴油。
实施例9
根据实施例3制备的藻类油的催化加氢
按照先前在国际申请WO2015/181744和WO2015/181279中所描述的,可以将实施例3中所述获得的生物油通过两个连续的催化反应转化为具有多种支化度的链烷烃的混合物:
1.在第一个反应中,实施例3中获得的甘油三酯混合物经历催化加氢脱氧反应,将混合物进料到填充有由在氧化铝上的混合钴硫化物和钼硫化物组成的催化剂(3重量%的钴含量,等于30重量%的钼含量)的固定床反应器中,反应在10MPa的压力下、在300℃下、在1h-1的LHSV下发生,其中H2/甘油三酯混合物摩尔比为20。在反应器出口处,获得两个相,并且将这些相分离为:由未反应的H2、CO2、H2S、水、丙烷和痕量的其它轻质烷烃组成的气相;和由链长度相当于得到它们的甘油三酯的直链烷烃组成的液相。
2.在第二个反应中,使直链烃的液体混合物经历加氢异构化反应,在350℃下,在5MPa的压力下,在2h-1的LHSV下,将其进料到具有固定床的反应器中,该固定床填充有由二氧化硅氧化铝或沸石组成的酸性催化剂,其中按体积计的H2/混合直链烷烃比等于200/1。
这产生支化烷烃的混合物,其比直链烷烃的混合物具有更好的低温特性。
实施例10(比较性)用离子液体氯化甲基辛基咪唑鎓盐来从藻类物质中提取生物
将由3.725g的氯化钠和1.337g的盐生藻类微拟球藻组成的5.062g干藻类物质放入玻璃反应器中,并加入10.13g氯化甲基辛基咪唑鎓盐。将反应器封闭并在搅动下加热至80℃持续30分钟。
残余物形成并滤出。将生物油在离子液体中的所得溶液转移到第二反应器中,并在搅动下加入5g的水。然后形成上层油相和下面的离子液体-水相并分离。油相(0.095g)通过13C NMR和元素分析二者进行分析,并获得以下结果:
Figure BDA0002969614440000081
如可以观察到的,当使用离子液体来处理藻类时,大量氯化钠与油一起提取出。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于从藻类生物质中提取生物油的方法,包括以下阶段:
i)制备由低共熔溶剂(DES)组成的共熔溶剂;
ii)制备所述藻类生物质;
iii)在20℃至120℃的温度下用所述由低共熔溶剂组成的溶剂处理所述藻类生物质;
iv)通过过滤或离心分离出固体残余物;
v)用适当溶剂处理在阶段(iv)中获得的滤液或离心液并分离出油相;
vi)干燥,从而得到所述生物油。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述共熔溶剂选自III型低共熔溶剂。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述共熔溶剂选自由包括以下各项的组:氯化胆碱,乙酸胆碱,硝酸胆碱,氯化甜菜碱,乙基氯化铵,四甲基氯化铵,以及氢键供体,所述氢键供体选自诸如乙酸、甲酸、酒石酸、草酸、乙酰丙酸的羧酸,或诸如脲、硫脲、1,3-二甲基脲、1,1-二甲基脲的胺,或诸如乙二醇、丙二醇或甘油的多元醇。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中使用的藻类属于微拟球藻属(Nannochloropsis)、小球藻属(Chlorella)、四爿藻属(Tetraselmis)。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法适用于湿藻类生物质和干藻类生物质两者。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中使用低压蒸汽作为能量源来进行干燥。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中用相对于所述藻类物质在1:1至5:1的量的DES来处理所述藻类物质,在80至130℃的温度下将分散液搅动0.5小时至两小时的时段。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法,其中将阶段(iii)中获得的所述藻类物质过滤,分离出不溶固体,并且用一定量的由充当反溶剂的液体构成的适当溶剂来处理其中溶解了DES的液相,该反溶剂是使得由生物油组成的有机相不溶的溶剂,将这种液体以100至300重量%的重量比添加到在DES中的生物油溶液中;在环境温度下对其进行搅动并分离出由生物油组成的上层有机相。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述反溶剂选自水、甲醇、乙醇或其混合物。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法,其中分离出在阶段v)中添加所述反溶剂之后获得的其中溶解了所述反溶剂的相,并且通过蒸馏除去所述反溶剂,同时回收使用所述DES。
11.一种用于生产柴油燃料的方法,包括使用根据权利要求1至10中任一项获得的生物油。
12.根据权利要求11所述的生产方法,其中所述生物油在第一步骤中经历催化氢化反应,其中将脂肪酸的甘油三酯转化为烷烃和水,同时将所述甘油三酯中存在的甘油氢化为丙烷;在所述方法的第二步骤中,在固体酸催化剂上使通过氢化所述脂肪酸获得的所述烷烃异构化,得到作为用于柴油燃料的生物成分的支化烷烃。
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