CN112715303A - Breeding method for resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus - Google Patents
Breeding method for resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for breeding resistance of tetranychus cinnabarinus by cassava, belonging to the technical field of crop breeding. The method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a seed production land; (2) performing hybridization combination pairing on the parents; (3) artificial pollination; (4) harvesting fruits; (5) seedling and transplanting; (6) identifying the mite resistance; (7) and (4) screening excellent resistant strains. The method has the characteristics of simple breeding process, small blindness and high selection efficiency. In cassava hybrid F1In the early-generation traits, through mite resistance identification and excellent strain screening, individual plants which can become excellent varieties in the future are selected in advance, and target traits and inferiority are eliminatedThe quality character of the single plant selectively breeds the carmine spider mite resistant cassava variety, the breeding period is shortened, the breeding cost is greatly saved, the breeding efficiency is improved, the cassava yield is also improved, and the sustainable development of the cassava industry is promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop breeding, and particularly relates to a method for breeding tetranychus cinnabarinus resistance by cassava.
Background
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a crop of cassava of Euphorbiaceae, grows starch-rich root tuber underground, can obtain high biomass, is called pioneer crop and abandoned crop, is one of three potato crops in the world, is also one of seven crops producing more than hundred million tons each year, and is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan and Fujian in China. Guangxi is the biggest cassava production and processing base in China, and the cassava planting area and the cassava yield all account for more than 60% of the whole country. Most of the planted varieties are introduced from foreign countries and Hainan, and some varieties slowly degrade along with the lapse of time due to single varieties. Therefore, the development of cassava crossbreeding, the screening of high-quality cassava germplasm resources with high yield, strong stress resistance and wide adaptability, the provision of new varieties for meeting market demands, and the development of the Guangxi cassava industry at present are important subjects.
Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisdivaval) is a red spider which is commonly known as Tetranychus urticae, belongs to Tetranychus of Tetranychidae, and is a harmful mite which is the most widely generated in domestic cassava, and is mainly characterized in that adult mites and mites gather on the back of cassava leaves and absorb juice, the early leaves are in a small glowing spot and then become grey white, when the mites are seriously damaged, the whole leaves are withered and yellow and like a burnt shape, early leaf fall and early plant senescence are caused, the growth vigor of the plants is weakened or even die, and the yield is reduced. The occurrence peak period of tetranychus cinnabarinus in southwestern Guangxi is generally 7-8 months, and the tetranychus cinnabarinus is more serious when the temperature is high and the humidity is low and the precipitation is low below 35 ℃. On the other hand, tetranychus cinnabarinus generates generations of about 15 years, the generations are overlapped, the drug control is difficult, and the drug resistance is easy to generate, so that the cultivation and screening of the cassava varieties (systems) resisting tetranychus cinnabarinus is an effective measure for preventing and controlling mite damage, and is also an important way for promoting the sustainable development of the cassava industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a method for breeding tetranychus cinnabarinus resistance, which breeds out a cassava variety with excellent resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus through the processes of selection of seed production plots, combination and pairing of parent hybridization, artificial pollination, fruit harvesting, seedling transplantation, mite resistance identification and excellent resistance strain screening, and the method has the advantages of simple breeding flow, short breeding period and low breeding cost, greatly improves the breeding efficiency and promotes the sustainable development of the cassava industry.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for breeding resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting seed production plots: selecting dry slope land with sufficient sunlight, poor soil and sunny slope surface as cassava seed making land;
(2) parent hybridization combination pairing: selecting a middle-early-maturing variety or strain with high matching force and easy flower opening as a hybridization parent, wherein when the hybridization parent is matched in a combined way, at least one parent has resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus;
(3) artificial pollination: collecting the male flowers which just bloom on the same day on the inflorescence of the male parent, and lightly smearing the pollen on the anther on the stigmas of the female parent which just bloom;
(4) harvesting fruits: harvesting when the epicarp slowly changes from green to light yellow to yellow, placing the harvested epicarp in an indoor ventilated and dry place for natural drying in the shade, and storing the hybrid seeds of the same parent in a centralized way;
(5) seedling and transplanting: soaking the harvested hybrid seeds in warm soup, placing the soaked hybrid seeds in a nutrition bag for seedling culture to obtain seedlings, and transplanting the seedlings with soil to a field after the seedlings grow for a period of time;
(6) and (3) mite resistance identification: after 3-4 months of transplanting, selecting a summer season to investigate the mite damage condition of each individual plant, calculating a mite damage index, eliminating the individual plants with high sensitivity and high sensitivity, and keeping the individual plants with medium resistance to continue growth investigation;
(7) excellent resistant strain selection: cutting and harvesting the retained cassava single plants after the planting for 250-280 days, and performing subsequent clone progeny evaluation on the single plants with the root tuber more than 1.8kg and the harvest index more than 0.5.
Preferably, in the step (6), the time for investigating the mite damage condition of each individual plant is from the middle and last ten days of the year 7 to 8 months, 2 leaves are randomly selected from the upper, middle and lower 3 parts of each individual plant as a representative, 6 leaves are selected for each plant in total, and the damage degree is investigated;
the damage measure and grading criteria were as follows:
grade 0, no yellow spots in the leaves;
stage 1, the macula accounts for less than 10% of the blade area;
grade 3, the macula lutea accounts for 10-25% of the blade area;
stage 5, the macula accounts for 26-50% of the blade area;
stage 7, macula lutea accounts for 51-70% of leaf area, and leaf local atrophy;
grade 9, yellow spots account for more than 71% of the area of the leaves, and the leaves are scorched and shed when serious;
calculating the mite damage index according to the damage level:
mite damage index ═ Σ [ (leaf damage rank × number of leaves of the rank)/(survey total number of leaves × 9) ] × 100
According to the mite damage index and the following standards, the resistance of the carmine spider mites of the individual plants is determined:
the resistance of cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is classified into 5 grades according to mite damage indexes:
grade 1 is High Resistance (HR): mite damage index < 10.0;
grade 3 is anti (R): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 10.0 and less than 25.0;
grade 5 Medium (MR): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 25.0 and less than 50.0;
grade 7 is feeling (S): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 50.0 and less than 70.0;
grade 9 is high-sensitivity (HS): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 70.0.
Preferably, after the cassava is planted in the step (1), no fertilizer is applied during the growth period of the cassava, thinning is carried out at the early growth stage, and mixed solution of butyrylhydrazine and mepiquat chloride according to the mass ratio of 1:5-7 is sprayed at the middle growth stage, and then 3000-fold liquid is diluted for controlling the seedling so as to artificially control the growth of the cassava.
Preferably, the harvest index in step (7) is the ratio of root tuber weight to total biomass, and represents a trait that can be inherited to offspring.
Preferably, in the step (3), the just opened male flowers are stamens which are not infected by wind or entomophily, the sepals of the male flowers are light yellow, the edges of the sepals are purplish red, and when the male flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of the sepals are light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the pollen is scattered immediately; the just-opened female flowers are pistils which are not pollinated by wind or entomophily, and when the female flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of the sepals are changed into light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the sepals can be opened completely by lightly pinching with fingers.
Preferably, in the step (3), the artificial pollination time is arranged from the first ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 9 months, the period is 15-30 days, the pollination time is 12:00-13:00 at noon, female flowers of the female parent are sleeved with the bag after pollination, the bag opening is sealed, and the bag is removed after 2-4 days.
Preferably, in the step (5), the treatment of the mesophilic acid is to soak the seeds in a thermostatic water bath for 5-8 hours at the temperature of 25-30 ℃.
Preferably, in the step (4), after pollination is carried out for 60-70 days, the fruits are covered by a mesh bag; the harvesting time is 90-110 days after pollination, the fruit stem length of each fruit is 1.5-2cm when harvesting, and the fruits are placed in a mesh bag for airing.
Preferably, in the step (5), soil with sufficient sunlight, loose soil and moderate fertility is selected from the land of the field, and when the seedling is 20-25cm high, the seedling is transplanted to the field and then is subjected to conventional management.
Preferably, in the step (4), the seeds are naturally dried in the shade and stored in a ventilated, cold and dry place.
The evaluation of the clone offspring of the invention comprises primary line ratio, intermediate line ratio, high line ratio, region test and productivity test, and is carried out by adopting the existing method.
In the invention, the bag for sheathing the female flowers of the female parent is a white paper bag with the length of 12-15cm and the width of 8-10 cm; the mesh bag for covering the fruits has a length of 20-25cm and a width of 13-15 cm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. the invention has the characteristics of simple breeding process, small blindness and high selection efficiency. In cassava hybrid F1Individual plants which can become good varieties in the future are selected in the early-generation characters in advance, the individual plants without target characters and inferior characters are eliminated, the carminespider mite resistant cassava varieties are bred, the breeding period is shortened, the breeding cost is greatly saved, the breeding efficiency is improved, the cassava yield is also improved, and the sustainable development of the cassava industry is promoted.
2. The method comprises the steps of grading according to the percentage of the cassava leaves subjected to the mite damage symptoms, calculating the mite damage index, then carrying out objective grading according to the mite damage index, and meanwhile improving the grading requirement coefficient. The method provides a systematic objective evaluation standard for breeding the resistance of the cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus, quantifies the damage of leaves, greatly reduces errors caused by artificial subjective factors, improves the breeding efficiency of cassava varieties, and avoids the problems that the breeding cycle is too long and new variety screening is not facilitated due to too low grading requirements.
3. In the invention, after cassava is planted, fertilizer is not applied all the life, thinning is carried out in the early growth stage, and butyryl hydrazine and mepiquat chloride are sprayed in the middle growth stage to control the seedling, wherein, the butyryl hydrazine can inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellin, thereby inhibiting cell elongation and stem leaf growth, but does not influence reproduction, promote plant dwarfing, make the stem thick and strong, make the leaf color dark green, and improve resistance; the mepiquat chloride can promote plant development, promote flowering in advance, enhance chlorophyll synthesis, inhibit elongation of main stems and branches, and improve plant resistance; the growth vigor of the cassava is controlled in a manual mode, the cassava branches are promoted, the pregnant flowers are promoted to bloom and artificial pollination is promoted, the uncontrollable and unstable breeding caused by the cassava natural pollination under natural conditions are avoided, and the mite resistance identification result and the reliability of the excellent resistant strain screening result of the cassava seedlings obtained in the later stage are ensured.
4. According to the method for breeding the resistance of the tetranychus cinnabarinus, the middle-early-maturing variety or strain with high matching force and easiness in flowering is selected as the hybridization parent, and when the hybridization parent is matched in a combined mode, at least one parent has resistance to the tetranychus cinnabarinus, so that excellent genes and target characters of cassava can be effectively polymerized through the method, the genotype of cassava variety resources for resisting the tetranychus cinnabarinus is enriched, and the bred cassava seeds have excellent resistance to the tetranychus cinnabarinus.
5. The cassava variety bred by the method disclosed by the invention has the effect of resisting tetranychus cinnabarinus, so that the damage of the cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is reduced, the healthy growth of the cassava is ensured, meanwhile, the use of an insecticide is reduced, the production cost of cassava planting is greatly reduced, the environmental pollution caused by chemical agents is reduced, the environment-friendly planting is promoted, and the method has high economic and ecological benefits.
6. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the obtained target seeds are subjected to warm water seed soaking treatment, the dormant period of the seeds is broken, the germination of the seeds is promoted, the sterilization, disease resistance and disease prevention can be realized, the stress resistance of the seeds is enhanced, and the biological activity of the seeds is improved, so that an excellent cassava variety is obtained.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are provided only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for breeding resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting seed production plots: selecting dry slope land with sufficient sunlight, poor soil, slope of 15 degrees and sunny slope surface as cassava seed making land; after planting cassava, applying no fertilizer during the growth period of the cassava, thinning the cassava at the early growth stage, spraying a 4000-fold diluted solution after mixing butyrylhydrazine and mepiquat chloride according to the mass ratio of 1:6 in the middle growth stage, and controlling the cassava growth by people;
(2) parent hybridization combination pairing: selecting a south China No. 5 variety which is premature and resistant to tetranychus cinnabarinus as a female parent, and selecting a tree-sticking variety which is premature and resistant to tetranychus cinnabarinus as a male parent;
(3) artificial pollination: collecting the male flowers which just bloom on the same day on the inflorescence of the male parent, and lightly smearing the pollen on the anther on the stigmas of the female parent which just bloom; the just opened male flowers are stamens which are not infected by wind or entomophily, the sepals of the male flowers are light yellow, the edges of the sepals are purplish red, and when the male flowers are full and the volume is enlarged, the edges of the sepals are light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the pollen is scattered immediately; the just opened female flowers are pistils which are not pollinated by wind or entomopathogenic agents, when the female flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of calyces are changed into light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the sepals can be opened completely by lightly pinching with fingers, and then artificial pollination is carried out, and marks are made;
the artificial pollination time is arranged from the first ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 9 months, the period is 25 days, the pollination time is 12:00 at noon, after pollination, a white paper bag with the bag length of 12cm and the width of 8cm is used for covering female parent flowers, the bag opening is sealed by a clip, and after 4 days, the bag is removed, the operation can be used for pollination at the first time after the flowers are opened, so that the twistability and the hybridization success rate are improved;
(4) harvesting fruits: covering fruits with a mesh bag after pollination for 65 days, harvesting when the epicarp slowly changes from green to light yellow to yellow, namely harvesting for 100 days after pollination, keeping the stem length of each fruit 1.8cm during harvesting, placing the fruits in the mesh bag for airing to prevent the seeds from bursting and splashing by oneself after the fruits are sufficiently dried, placing the fruits in a ventilated and dried place for natural drying in the shade, placing the seeds of the same parent together, naturally drying in the shade, and storing in a ventilated, cold and dry place;
(5) seedling and transplanting: soaking the seeds in a constant-temperature water bath at 28 ℃ for 6h, wherein the water absorption speed of the seeds can be increased by soaking the seeds in a warm soup, the germination and seedling emergence time is shortened, and then placing the seeds in a nutrition bag for seedling culture;
selecting soil with sufficient sunlight, loose soil and moderate fertility, transplanting the seedlings with the soil to a field when the seedlings are 23cm high, and then carrying out conventional management;
(6) and (3) mite resistance identification: after transplanting, investigating the mite damage condition of each individual plant, calculating a mite damage index, eliminating the individual plants with high sensitivity and high sensitivity, and reserving the individual plants with medium resistance;
the method comprises the following steps of surveying the mite damage condition of each individual plant, namely transplanting from the middle and last ten days of 7 months to the last ten days of 8 months in the current year, randomly selecting 2 leaves from the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of each individual plant as representatives, surveying 6 leaves for each plant in total, and surveying the damage degree;
the damage degree survey and grading criteria were referenced as follows:
grade 0, no yellow spots in the leaves;
stage 1, the macula accounts for less than 10% of the blade area;
grade 3, the macula lutea accounts for 10-25% of the blade area;
stage 5, the macula accounts for 26-50% of the blade area;
stage 7, macula lutea accounts for 51-70% of leaf area, and leaf local atrophy;
grade 9, yellow spots account for more than 71% of the area of the leaves, and the leaves are scorched and shed when serious;
calculating the mite damage index according to the damage level:
mite damage index ═ Σ [ (leaf damage rank × number of leaves of the rank)/(survey total number of leaves × 9) ] × 100
According to the mite damage index and the following standards, the resistance of the carmine spider mites of the individual plants is determined:
the resistance of cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is classified into 5 grades according to mite damage indexes:
grade 1 is High Resistance (HR): mite damage index < 10.0;
grade 3 is anti (R): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 10.0 and less than 25.0;
grade 5 Medium (MR): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 25.0 and less than 50.0;
grade 7 is feeling (S): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 50.0 and less than 70.0;
grade 9 is high-sensitivity (HS): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 70.0;
the resistance of the screened individual plant to tetranychus cinnabarinus is high;
(7) excellent resistant strain selection: and (3) cutting and harvesting the single plant which has high resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus after being planted for 265 days, and then carrying out subsequent clonal offspring evaluation on the single plant which has more than 1.8kg of root tuber and more than 0.5 of harvest index, wherein the harvest index is the ratio of the weight of the root tuber to the total biomass and represents the character which can be inherited to offspring.
The cassava seeds for resisting tetranychus cinnabarinus bred by the method are planted, in the whole planting process, the gnawing rate of tetranychus cinnabarinus is below 10.7%, the yellow spots of leaves are below 8.5%, the cost of pesticide sprayed per mu is reduced by 15.8%, the yield per mu can be increased by 37.4%, and the economic benefit per mu can be increased by 28.6%.
Example 2
A method for breeding resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting seed production plots: selecting dry slope land with sufficient sunlight, poor soil, slope of 15 degrees and sunny slope surface as cassava seed making land; after cassava is planted, no fertilizer is applied during the growth period of the cassava, thinning is carried out at the early growth stage, and mixed solution with butyrylhydrazine and mepiquat chloride according to the mass ratio of 1:5 is sprayed at the middle growth stage, and 3000 times of solution is diluted for controlling the seedling so as to artificially control the growth vigor of the cassava;
(2) parent hybridization combination pairing: selecting HB60 with the variety of being early-maturing and resisting to tetranychus cinnabarinus as a female parent, and selecting a tree-sticking variety with the variety of being early-maturing and resisting to tetranychus cinnabarinus as a male parent;
(3) artificial pollination: collecting the male flowers which just bloom on the same day on the inflorescence of the male parent, and lightly smearing the pollen on the anther on the stigmas of the female parent which just bloom; the just opened male flowers are stamens which are not infected by wind or entomophily, the sepals of the male flowers are light yellow, the edges of the sepals are purplish red, and when the male flowers are full and the volume is enlarged, the edges of the sepals are light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the pollen is scattered immediately; the just opened female flowers are pistils which are not pollinated by wind or entomopathogenic agents, when the female flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of calyces are changed into light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the sepals can be opened completely by lightly pinching with fingers, and then artificial pollination is carried out, and marks are made;
the artificial pollination time is arranged from the first ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 9 months, the period is 15 days, the pollination time is 12:00 at noon, after pollination, a white paper bag with the bag length of 12cm and the width of 8cm is used for covering female parent flowers, the bag opening is sealed by a clip, and after 2 days, the bag is removed, the operation can be used for pollination at the first time after the flowers are opened, so that the twistability and the hybridization success rate are improved;
(4) harvesting fruits: covering the fruits with a mesh bag after pollination for 60 days, harvesting when the epicarp slowly changes from green to light yellow to yellow, namely harvesting for 90 days after pollination, keeping the fruit stem length of each fruit 1.5cm during harvesting, placing the fruits in the mesh bag for airing to prevent the seeds from bursting and splashing by oneself after the fruits are sufficiently dried, placing the fruits in a ventilated and dried place for natural drying in the shade, placing the seeds of the same parent together, naturally drying in the shade, and storing the seeds in the ventilated, cold and dried places;
(5) seedling and transplanting: soaking the seeds in a constant-temperature water bath at 25 ℃ for 8h, wherein the water absorption speed of the seeds can be increased by soaking the seeds in a warm soup, the germination and seedling emergence time is shortened, and then placing the seeds in a nutrition bag for seedling culture;
selecting soil with sufficient sunlight, loose soil and moderate fertility, transplanting the seedlings with the soil to a field when the seedlings are 20cm high, and then performing conventional management;
(6) and (3) mite resistance identification: after transplanting, investigating the mite damage condition of each individual plant, calculating a mite damage index, eliminating the individual plants with high sensitivity and high sensitivity, and reserving the individual plants with medium resistance;
the method comprises the following steps of surveying the mite damage condition of each individual plant, namely transplanting from the middle and last ten days of 7 months to the last ten days of 8 months in the current year, randomly selecting 2 leaves from the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of each individual plant as representatives, surveying 6 leaves for each plant in total, and surveying the damage degree;
the damage degree survey and grading criteria were referenced as follows:
grade 0, no yellow spots in the leaves;
stage 1, the macula accounts for less than 10% of the blade area;
grade 3, the macula lutea accounts for 10-25% of the blade area;
stage 5, the macula accounts for 26-50% of the blade area;
stage 7, macula lutea accounts for 51-70% of leaf area, and leaf local atrophy;
grade 9, yellow spots account for more than 71% of the area of the leaves, and the leaves are scorched and shed when serious;
calculating the mite damage index according to the damage level:
mite damage index ═ Σ [ (leaf damage rank × number of leaves of the rank)/(survey total number of leaves × 9) ] × 100
According to the mite damage index and the following standards, the resistance of the carmine spider mites of the individual plants is determined:
the resistance of cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is classified into 5 grades according to mite damage indexes:
grade 1 is High Resistance (HR): mite damage index < 10.0;
grade 3 is anti (R): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 10.0 and less than 25.0;
grade 5 Medium (MR): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 25.0 and less than 50.0;
grade 7 is feeling (S): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 50.0 and less than 70.0;
grade 9 is high-sensitivity (HS): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 70.0;
the screened individual plant is resistant to tetranychus cinnabarinus;
(7) excellent resistant strain selection: and (3) chopping and harvesting the single plant which resists to tetranychus cinnabarinus after the single plant is planted for 250 days, and then carrying out subsequent clonal offspring evaluation on the single plant with a root tuber of more than 1.8kg and a harvest index of more than 0.5, wherein the harvest index is the ratio of the weight of the root tuber to the total biomass and represents the character which can be inherited to offspring.
The cassava seeds for resisting tetranychus cinnabarinus bred by the method are planted, in the whole planting process, the gnawing rate of tetranychus cinnabarinus is below 12.5%, the yellow spots of leaves are below 10.6%, the cost of pesticide sprayed per mu is reduced by 15.2%, the yield per mu can be increased by 35.2%, and the economic benefit per mu can be increased by 27.8%.
Example 3
A method for breeding resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting seed production plots: selecting dry slope land with sufficient sunlight, poor soil, 20 degrees of slope and sunny slope surface as cassava seed making land; after planting cassava, applying no fertilizer during the growth period of the cassava, thinning the cassava at the early growth stage, spraying a solution prepared by mixing butyrylhydrazine and mepiquat chloride according to the mass ratio of 1:7 and diluting by 5000 times in the middle growth stage to control the cassava growth vigor artificially;
(2) parent hybridization combination pairing: selecting No. 5 south China with the variety of precocity and resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus as a female parent, and selecting No. 4 Guire with the variety of precocity and resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus as a male parent;
(3) artificial pollination: collecting the male flowers which just bloom on the same day on the inflorescence of the male parent, and lightly smearing the pollen on the anther on the stigmas of the female parent which just bloom; the just opened male flowers are stamens which are not infected by wind or entomophily, the sepals of the male flowers are light yellow, the edges of the sepals are purplish red, and when the male flowers are full and the volume is enlarged, the edges of the sepals are light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the pollen is scattered immediately; the just opened female flowers are pistils which are not pollinated by wind or entomopathogenic agents, when the female flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of calyces are changed into light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the sepals can be opened completely by lightly pinching with fingers, and then artificial pollination is carried out, and marks are made;
the artificial pollination time is arranged from the first ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 9 months, the period is 30 days, the pollination time is 13:00 at noon, after pollination, a white paper bag with the bag length of 15cm and the width of 10cm is used for covering female parent flowers, the bag opening is sealed by a clip, and after 4 days, the bag is removed, the operation can be used for pollination at the first time after the flowers are opened, so that the twistability and the hybridization success rate are improved;
(4) harvesting fruits: covering fruits with a mesh bag after pollination for 70 days, harvesting when the epicarp slowly changes from green to light yellow to yellow, namely harvesting for 110 days after pollination, keeping the stem length of each fruit for 2cm during harvesting, placing the fruits in the mesh bag for airing to prevent the seeds from bursting and splashing automatically after the fruits are sufficiently dried, placing the fruits in a ventilated and dried place for natural drying in the shade, placing the seeds of the same parent together, naturally drying in the shade, and storing in a ventilated, cold and dry place;
(5) seedling and transplanting: soaking the seeds in a constant-temperature water bath at 30 ℃ for 5h, wherein the water absorption speed of the seeds can be increased by soaking the seeds in a warm soup, the germination and seedling emergence time is shortened, and then placing the seeds in a nutrition bag for seedling culture;
selecting soil with sufficient sunlight, loose soil and moderate fertility, transplanting the seedlings with the soil to a field when the seedlings are 25cm high, and then carrying out conventional management;
(6) and (3) mite resistance identification: after transplanting, investigating the mite damage condition of each individual plant, calculating a mite damage index, eliminating the individual plants with high sensitivity and high sensitivity, and reserving the individual plants with medium resistance;
the method comprises the following steps of surveying the mite damage condition of each individual plant, namely transplanting from the middle and last ten days of 7 months to the last ten days of 8 months in the current year, randomly selecting 2 leaves from the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of each individual plant as representatives, surveying 6 leaves for each plant in total, and surveying the damage degree;
the damage degree survey and grading criteria were referenced as follows:
grade 0, no yellow spots in the leaves;
stage 1, the macula accounts for less than 10% of the blade area;
grade 3, the macula lutea accounts for 10-25% of the blade area;
stage 5, the macula accounts for 26-50% of the blade area;
stage 7, macula lutea accounts for 51-70% of leaf area, and leaf local atrophy;
grade 9, yellow spots account for more than 71% of the area of the leaves, and the leaves are scorched and shed when serious;
calculating the mite damage index according to the damage level:
mite damage index ═ Σ [ (leaf damage rank × number of leaves of the rank)/(survey total number of leaves × 9) ] × 100
According to the mite damage index and the following standards, the resistance of the carmine spider mites of the individual plants is determined:
the resistance of cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is classified into 5 grades according to mite damage indexes:
grade 1 is High Resistance (HR): mite damage index < 10.0;
grade 3 is anti (R): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 10.0 and less than 25.0;
grade 5 Medium (MR): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 25.0 and less than 50.0;
grade 7 is feeling (S): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 50.0 and less than 70.0;
grade 9 is high-sensitivity (HS): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 70.0;
the screened individual plant is resistant to tetranychus cinnabarinus;
(7) excellent resistant strain selection: the method comprises the steps of chopping and harvesting a single plant with resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus after the single plant is planted for 280 days, and then carrying out subsequent clonal offspring evaluation on the single plant with a root tuber of more than 1.8kg and a harvest index of more than 0.5, wherein the harvest index is the ratio of the weight of the root tuber to the total biomass and represents the character which can be inherited to offspring.
The cassava seeds for resisting tetranychus cinnabarinus bred by the method are planted, in the whole planting process, the gnawing rate of tetranychus cinnabarinus is below 13.1%, the yellow spots of leaves are below 11.3%, the cost of pesticide sprayed per mu is reduced by 13.5%, the yield per mu can be increased by 34.2%, and the economic benefit per mu can be increased by 26.7%.
Example 4
A method for breeding resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting seed production plots: selecting dry slope land with sufficient sunlight, poor soil, 20 degrees of slope and sunny slope surface as cassava seed making land; after planting cassava, applying no fertilizer during the growth period of the cassava, thinning the cassava at the early growth stage, spraying a solution prepared by mixing butyrylhydrazine and mepiquat chloride according to the mass ratio of 1:5 in the middle growth stage, diluting the solution by 5000 times, and controlling the seedlings so as to artificially control the growth vigor of the cassava;
(2) parent hybridization combination pairing: selecting a sticky wood species with the variety of precocity and resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus as a female parent, and selecting the ECU83 with the variety of precocity and resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus as a male parent;
(3) artificial pollination: collecting the male flowers which just bloom on the same day on the inflorescence of the male parent, and lightly smearing the pollen on the anther on the stigmas of the female parent which just bloom; the just opened male flowers are stamens which are not infected by wind or entomophily, the sepals of the male flowers are light yellow, the edges of the sepals are purplish red, and when the male flowers are full and the volume is enlarged, the edges of the sepals are light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the pollen is scattered immediately; the just opened female flowers are pistils which are not pollinated by wind or entomopathogenic agents, when the female flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of calyces are changed into light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the sepals can be opened completely by lightly pinching with fingers, and then artificial pollination is carried out, and marks are made;
the artificial pollination time is arranged from the first ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 9 months, the period is 25 days, the pollination time is 13:00 at noon, after pollination, a white paper bag with the bag length of 15cm and the width of 10cm is used for covering female parent flowers, the bag opening is sealed by a clip, and after 3 days, the bag is removed, the operation can be used for pollination at the first time after the flowers are opened, so that the twistability and the hybridization success rate are improved;
(4) harvesting fruits: covering fruits with a mesh bag after pollination for 65 days, harvesting when the epicarp slowly changes from green to light yellow to yellow, namely harvesting for 110 days after pollination, keeping the stem length of each fruit for 2cm during harvesting, placing the fruits in the mesh bag for airing to prevent the seeds from bursting and splashing automatically after the fruits are sufficiently dried, placing the fruits in a ventilated and dried place for natural drying in the shade, placing the seeds of the same parent together, naturally drying in the shade, and storing in a ventilated, cold and dry place;
(5) seedling and transplanting: soaking the seeds in a constant-temperature water bath at 25 ℃ for 7h, wherein the water absorption speed of the seeds can be increased by soaking the seeds in a warm soup, the germination and seedling emergence time is shortened, and then placing the seeds in a nutrition bag for seedling culture;
selecting soil with sufficient sunlight, loose soil and moderate fertility, transplanting the seedlings with the soil to a field when the seedlings are 23cm high, and then carrying out conventional management;
(6) and (3) mite resistance identification: after transplanting, investigating the mite damage condition of each individual plant, calculating a mite damage index, eliminating the individual plants with high sensitivity and high sensitivity, and reserving the individual plants with medium resistance;
the method comprises the following steps of surveying the mite damage condition of each individual plant, namely transplanting from the middle and last ten days of 7 months to the last ten days of 8 months in the current year, randomly selecting 2 leaves from the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of each individual plant as representatives, surveying 6 leaves for each plant in total, and surveying the damage degree;
the damage degree survey and grading criteria were referenced as follows:
grade 0, no yellow spots in the leaves;
stage 1, the macula accounts for less than 10% of the blade area;
grade 3, the macula lutea accounts for 10-25% of the blade area;
stage 5, the macula accounts for 26-50% of the blade area;
stage 7, macula lutea accounts for 51-70% of leaf area, and leaf local atrophy;
grade 9, yellow spots account for more than 71% of the area of the leaves, and the leaves are scorched and shed when serious;
calculating the mite damage index according to the damage level:
mite damage index ═ Σ [ (leaf damage rank × number of leaves of the rank)/(survey total number of leaves × 9) ] × 100
According to the mite damage index and the following standards, the resistance of the carmine spider mites of the individual plants is determined:
the resistance of cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is classified into 5 grades according to mite damage indexes:
grade 1 is High Resistance (HR): mite damage index < 10.0;
grade 3 is anti (R): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 10.0 and less than 25.0;
grade 5 Medium (MR): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 25.0 and less than 50.0;
grade 7 is feeling (S): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 50.0 and less than 70.0;
grade 9 is high-sensitivity (HS): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 70.0;
the screened individual plant is resistant to tetranychus cinnabarinus;
(7) excellent resistant strain selection: the method comprises the steps of chopping and harvesting a single plant with resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus after the single plant is planted for 280 days, and then carrying out subsequent clonal offspring evaluation on the single plant with a root tuber of more than 1.8kg and a harvest index of more than 0.5, wherein the harvest index is the ratio of the weight of the root tuber to the total biomass and represents the character which can be inherited to offspring.
The cassava seeds for resisting tetranychus cinnabarinus bred by the method are planted, in the whole planting process, the gnawing rate of tetranychus cinnabarinus is below 12.8%, the yellow spots of leaves are below 11.2%, the cost of pesticide sprayed per mu is reduced by 13.1%, the yield per mu can be increased by 35.4%, and the economic benefit per mu can be increased by 26.3%.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and the like that are within the spirit and principle of the present invention are included in the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for breeding resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting seed production plots: selecting dry slope land with sufficient sunlight, poor soil and sunny slope surface as cassava seed making land;
(2) parent hybridization combination pairing: selecting a middle-early-maturing variety or strain with high matching force and easy flower opening as a hybridization parent, wherein when the hybridization parent is matched in a combined way, at least one parent has resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus;
(3) artificial pollination: collecting the male flowers which just bloom on the same day on the inflorescence of the male parent, and lightly smearing the pollen on the anther on the stigmas of the female parent which just bloom;
(4) harvesting fruits: harvesting when the epicarp slowly changes from green to light yellow to yellow, placing the harvested epicarp in an indoor ventilated and dry place for natural drying in the shade, and storing the hybrid seeds of the same parent in a centralized way;
(5) seedling and transplanting: soaking the harvested hybrid seeds in warm soup, placing the soaked hybrid seeds in a nutrition bag for seedling culture to obtain seedlings, and transplanting the seedlings with soil to a field after the seedlings grow for a period of time;
(6) and (3) mite resistance identification: after 3-4 months of transplanting, selecting a summer season to investigate the mite damage condition of each individual plant, calculating a mite damage index, eliminating the individual plants with high sensitivity and high sensitivity, and keeping the individual plants with medium resistance to continue growth investigation;
(7) excellent resistant strain selection: cutting and harvesting the retained cassava single plants after the planting for 250-280 days, and performing subsequent clone progeny evaluation on the single plants with the root tuber more than 1.8kg and the harvest index more than 0.5.
2. The breeding method for resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein the time for investigating the pest condition of each individual plant in step (6) is from the middle-late ten day of 7 months to the upper ten day of 8 months of the year of transplantation, 2 leaves are randomly selected from the upper, middle and lower 3 parts of each individual plant as representatives, 6 leaves are selected from each plant in total, and the degree of damage is investigated;
the damage measure and grading criteria were as follows:
grade 0, no yellow spots in the leaves;
stage 1, the macula accounts for less than 10% of the blade area;
grade 3, the macula lutea accounts for 10-25% of the blade area;
stage 5, the macula accounts for 26-50% of the blade area;
stage 7, macula lutea accounts for 51-70% of leaf area, and leaf local atrophy;
grade 9, yellow spots account for more than 71% of the area of the leaves, and the leaves are scorched and shed when serious;
calculating the mite damage index according to the damage level:
mite damage index ═ Σ [ (leaf damage rank × number of leaves of the rank)/(survey total number of leaves × 9) ] × 100
According to the mite damage index and the following standards, the resistance of the carmine spider mites of the individual plants is determined:
the resistance of cassava to tetranychus cinnabarinus is classified into 5 grades according to mite damage indexes:
grade 1 is High Resistance (HR): mite damage index < 10.0;
grade 3 is anti (R): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 10.0 and less than 25.0;
grade 5 Medium (MR): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 25.0 and less than 50.0;
grade 7 is feeling (S): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 50.0 and less than 70.0;
grade 9 is high-sensitivity (HS): the mite damage index is more than or equal to 70.0.
3. The breeding method for cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus resistance according to claim 1, wherein no fertilizer is applied during the growth period after cassava is planted in step (1), thinning is carried out at the early growth stage, and mixed liquid of butyrylhydrazine and mepiquat chloride according to the mass ratio of 1:5-7 is sprayed at the middle growth stage, and then 3000-fold liquid is diluted for seedling control, so as to artificially control the growth vigor of cassava.
4. The breeding method for resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein the harvest index in step (7) is a ratio of the weight of the root tuber to the total biomass, and represents a trait that can be inherited to offspring.
5. The breeding method for resistance of carmine spider mites according to claim 1, characterized in that the newly opened male flowers in step (3) are stamens which are not infected by wind or insect media, the sepals of the male flowers are light yellow, and the edges of the sepals are purplish red, and when the male flowers are full, the volume is increased, the edges of the sepals are pale pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the pollen is scattered immediately; the just-opened female flowers are pistils which are not pollinated by wind or entomophily, and when the female flowers are full and have enlarged volumes, the edges of the sepals are changed into light pink, and tiny gaps are formed among the sepals, the sepals can be opened completely by lightly pinching with fingers.
6. The breeding method for resistance to tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein the artificial pollination time in step (3) is arranged from the first ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 9 months, the period is 15-30 days, the pollination time is 12:00-13:00 at noon, female flowers of female parents are sleeved with bags after pollination, the bag openings are sealed, and the bags are removed after 2-4 days.
7. The breeding method for resistance of tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein the step (5) of warm water treatment comprises soaking the seeds in a constant temperature water bath for 5-8h at a temperature of 25-30 ℃.
8. The breeding method for resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein the fruits are covered with a mesh bag 60-70 days after pollination in step (4); the harvesting time is 90-110 days after pollination, the fruit stem length of each fruit is 1.5-2cm when harvesting, and the fruits are placed in a mesh bag for airing.
9. The breeding method for resistance of tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein soil with sufficient sunlight, loose soil and moderate fertility is selected from the land of the field in the step (5), and when the height of the seedling is 20-25cm, the seedling is transplanted to the field and then is subjected to conventional management.
10. The breeding method for resistance of cassava tetranychus cinnabarinus according to claim 1, wherein the seeds in the step (4) are naturally dried in the shade and stored in a ventilated, cold and dry place.
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