CN112654244B - 端粒酶全酶复合体及其使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本公开内容描述了纯化的端粒酶全酶及其向细胞(例如T细胞)的递送,以用于延长端粒长度、提高细胞增殖和阻止细胞衰老。
Description
优先权声明
本申请要求于2018年9月6日提交的美国临时申请序列号62/727,743的优先权权益,其全部内容通过引用在此并入。
背景
1.技术领域
本公开内容涉及细胞生物学、分子生物学、蛋白质生物学和医学的领域。更具体地,其描述了端粒酶全酶复合体(telomerase holoenzyme complex)的产生及其向细胞的递送,以减慢或纠正端粒变短。
2.背景技术
端粒是加帽于线性染色体末端以保扩它们免于降解并防止染色体融合的串联重复序列[1]。在正常的人增殖细胞中,端粒随着每次细胞分裂逐渐地变短[2],最终导致DNA损伤应答、复制性衰老或凋亡[3]。增殖的一个结果是端粒长度随年龄而缩短[4]并且被认为是生物学(非时序)年龄的生物标志物[5],所述生物学(非时序)年龄也与多种与年龄相关的病理状况,包括癌症[3]、痴呆[6,7]和心血管病[5]相关。最近在小鼠中的研究已表明,通过防止端粒变短(衰老的单一标志),健康寿命和寿限二者均会提高[8,9]。
端粒酶,即参与在端粒末端从头添加端粒TTAGGG重复序列的逆转录酶,是包含两种主要组分,催化蛋白亚基(TERT)和模板RNA(TR或TERC)的一种核糖核蛋白酶复合体。在人中,TERT仅在正常地能够长期增殖的细胞(例如,增殖的非静止干细胞)中表达,但不在正常分化的体细胞中表达,活化的淋巴细胞除外[10,11]。
T淋巴细胞(T细胞)是免疫系统中主要以静止的非增殖状态循环,但在被抗原或非特异性刺激活化时迅速分裂的核心细胞类型[11]。在体外,T细胞可响应于特异性抗原或非特异性(促分裂的抗CD3和抗CD28抗体)刺激而活化并增殖[11]。在体外和体内两种情况下,端粒酶活性在活化的人T细胞中瞬时上调,但该端粒酶不足以抵消迅速细胞扩增期间端粒的损失,最终导致复制性衰老[11,12]。因此,端粒长度和再激活端粒酶活性的能力是确定T细胞寿限以及肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)的抗肿瘤活性的关键因素,所述TIL在具有健康免疫应答的患者中介导肿瘤的消退[13,14]。实际上,具有较长端粒的TIL能够在体内持续更长时间并介导更稳健的抗肿瘤作用[15]。
人抗原特异性T细胞由于其抗肿瘤能力正越来越多地用作过继免疫治疗的主要工具以治疗多种形式的癌症和感染性疾病,例如AIDS[16,17]。现在,可用癌症抗原特异性T细胞受体基因修饰患者的自体T-细胞,随后将经修饰且经体外扩增的T细胞过继转移回宿主。然而,在长时期的体外培养和扩增之后,经修饰的T细胞在体内的复制潜能有限,并且最终进入衰老状态(T细胞耗竭),这是端粒DNA逐渐损失的结果。由于衰老细胞具有用于免疫治疗的相当有限的潜能,因此提供在体外迅速扩增期间高效地保护T细胞免于端粒损失的手段的技术对于抗原特异性T细胞以及许多其他类型的细胞的成功临床应用将是高度有利的。
发明内容
如下所述,本发明人已经成功地改造了经生物素标记的重组hTERT,并使其与hTR(端粒酶的功能性RNA组分)一起在人细胞系H1299中过表达。他们还开发了3步纯化操作策略,以从细胞裂解物中纯化重组端粒酶。这种多步纯化操作允许本发明人获得高度富集的催化活性酶。重要地,本发明人使用了其开发的生物素标签,该标签不仅使端粒酶(hTERT+hTR)牵出(pull down),而且还使包含其他必需端粒酶相关蛋白(例如角化不良蛋白(DKC1)、核糖核蛋白NOP 10和NHP2)的完整重组端粒酶全酶复合体牵出。通过使用细胞穿透肽(cell-penetrating peptide)与由NaCl介导的高渗量诱导的主动摄取机制的组合,本发明人将纯化的端粒酶全酶递送至正常的年轻和衰老的人细胞(例如,经抗原刺激的外周血单个核细胞和肺成纤维细胞)。所递送的端粒酶在细胞质和核区室二者中均保持强活性。本发明人还表明在体外端粒酶的三次连续递送(每3天)足以显著延长端粒长度和细胞复制寿限二者。重要地,该处理不能使细胞永生或转化,其最终经历衰老,并且所递送的端粒酶全酶在有限的时间窗(至多24至36小时)内保持活性。该人重组端粒酶全酶可用于瞬时延长端粒,并因此延长衰老人细胞的复制寿限。
因此,根据本公开内容,提供了延长端粒长度和/或提高细胞增殖能力的方法,其包括:(i)提供细胞群;(ii)使所述细胞群的至少第一部分与纯化的重组端粒酶全酶接触;以及(iii)测量来自所述第一部分的细胞中受端粒长度调节的一个或更多个靶基因的表达。该方法可还包括(iv)当与未处理细胞(例如来自所述细胞群的第二部分的未处理细胞)相比,一个或更多个所述靶基因显示出指示端粒酶活性的表达谱时,将来自所述第一部分的第二细胞引入到对象中。
该方法可还包括在步骤(ii)之前,测量所述细胞群的第三细胞中受端粒长度调节的一个或更多个靶基因的表达。一个或更多个靶基因可以是ISG15、TEAD4、PD-1和/或BAX。细胞群可以是PBMC。细胞群可以是T细胞,例如CD3+/CD28+T细胞。该方法可还包括在步骤(i)之前从对象中取出所述细胞群。对象可以是人对象或人源化小鼠,例如具有脐带血干细胞的NOD SCIDγ小鼠。端粒酶全酶可以与细胞穿透肽偶联。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了提高细胞增殖能力的方法,其包括:(i)提供细胞群;(ii)使所述细胞群的所述第一部分与重组端粒酶全酶接触;(iii)测量来自所述第一部分的第一细胞在触发衰老或凋亡之前进行的细胞分裂总次数;(iv)测量来自所述细胞群的第二但未经端粒酶处理的部分的细胞在触发衰老或凋亡之前进行的细胞分裂总次数;以及(v)确定来自所述第一部分的第二细胞是否不表现出癌症特征。该方法可还包括当步骤(iii)中测量的细胞分裂总次数大于步骤(iv)中的时,并且当来自所述第一部分的所述第二细胞不表现出癌症特征时,将来自所述第一部分的第三细胞引入到对象中。
该方法可还包括测量端粒长度和/或受端粒长度调节的一个或更多个靶基因的表达,(a)作为步骤(iii)的一部分,或者(b)在步骤(ii)之前如果有来自所述细胞群的第四细胞的话。一个或更多个靶基因可以是ISG15、TEAD4、PD-1和/或BAX。细胞群可以是PBMC。细胞群可以是T细胞,例如CD3+/CD28+T细胞。该方法可还包括在步骤(i)之前从对象中取出所述细胞群。对象可以是人对象或人源化小鼠,例如具有脐带血干细胞的NOD SCIDγ小鼠。端粒酶全酶可以与细胞穿透肽偶联。
考虑了本文中所述的任何方法或组合物可相对于本文中所述的任何其他方法或组合物来实施。
当在权利要求和/或说明书中与术语“包含/包括”结合使用时,没有数量词修饰的名词的使用可意指“一个/种”,但是其也符合“一个/种或更多个/种”、“至少一个/种”和“一个/种或多于一个/种”的含义。词语“约/大约”意指所指示数字的正负5%。
根据以下详细描述,本公开内容的其他目的、特征和优点将变得明显。然而,应理解,详细描述和具体实施例尽管指出了本公开内容的一些具体实施方案,但仅通过举例说明的方式给出,因为根据该详细描述,在本公开内容的精神和范围内的多种改变和修改对于本领域技术人员而言将变得明显。
附图说明
以下附图形成本说明书的一部分,并且被包括在内以进一步表明本公开内容的某些方面。通过参考这些附图中的一个或更多个结合本文中给出的一些具体实施方案的详细描述,可更好地理解本公开内容。
图1A至B:(图1A)在用抗CD3/抗CD28 Dynabead刺激之后,针对经刺激的T细胞通过ddTRAP测量的端粒酶活性。(图1B)在10天时期内在经刺激的T细胞中通过TeSLA(端粒最短长度测定(Telomere Shortest Length Assay))进行的端粒长度测量。
图2:在来自114名28至113岁志愿者(未公布数据)的外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)中,在刺激之后第3天的端粒酶活性(峰值)与10天时期内的最大细胞数目(细胞分裂速率的代表)之间的相关性。
图3A至B:(图3A)人TERT基因(hTERT)。(图3B)在N端结构域中携带生物素标签的重组hTERT。
图4:人重组端粒酶全酶的纯化。
图5A至C:(图5A)通过ddTRAP测量的纯化的重组端粒酶全酶的体外活性。(图5B)通过Western印迹进行的在主要纯化复合体中TERT和其他端粒酶相关蛋白二者的鉴定。(图5C)通过Western印迹的示出了端粒酶相关蛋白的组分的单独凝胶(角化不良蛋白=DKC1)。
图6A至D:(图6A)PBMC组成。(图6B)用抗CD3/抗CD28 Dynabead体外刺激T细胞模拟了由抗原呈递细胞(Antigen Presenting Cell,APC)进行的体内生理刺激。(图6C)未经刺激的PBMC在体外显示很少或无增殖活性。(图6D)用抗CD3/抗CD28 Dynabead刺激的PBMC在体外迅速分裂。
图7A至C:(图7A)在10天时期内,针对来自年轻供体的经刺激PBMC进行的基于凝胶的TRAP。(图7B)针对来自图a的相同供体的经刺激PBMC的ddTRAP。与基于凝胶的TRAP相比,更容易地检测到第3天之后的端粒酶活性降低。(图7C)微滴式数字PCR(Droplet DigitalPCR)的工作流程。
图8A至B:(图8A)通过TRF测量的端粒长度指示了在10天时期内,经刺激的PBMC中端粒长度无变化。(图8B)通过TeSLA(端粒最短长度测定)测量的端粒长度指示了在10天时期内经刺激的PBMC中逐渐的端粒变短。
图9:在用或不用端粒酶全酶处理的情况下的端粒酶活性。对照细胞(柱1、3和5)已用细胞穿透肽(未与端粒酶缀合)和定制培养基等同处理。
图10:来自在用或不用端粒酶全酶处理的情况下的经刺激PBMC的细胞质级分(fraction)和核级分的端粒酶活性。对照细胞已用细胞穿透肽(未与端粒酶缀合)和定制培养基等同处理。*p<0.05相对于未经处理。
图11:在端粒酶的三次连续递送之后,在来自年轻健康成人的经刺激PBMC中,通过TeSLA测量的平均端粒长度(Avg)和最短的20%端粒的长度(短.20%)。
图12:在端粒酶的三次连续递送之后,在来自老年健康个体的经刺激PBMC中,通过TeSLA测量的平均端粒长度(Avg)和最短的20%端粒的长度(短.20%)。
图13A至B:(图13A)来自四名年轻成年志愿者的经刺激PBMC的生长曲线,所述志愿者在第3、6和9天连续三次用端粒酶全酶处理。年轻人(平均年龄32±2;n=4)中平均群倍增:15.9±3.1PD(对照)相对于22.0±3.0PD(+端粒酶)。(图13B)来自两名老年志愿者的经刺激PBMC的生长曲线,所述志愿者在第3、6和9天连续三次用端粒酶全酶处理。老年人(平均年龄65±3;n=2)中平均群倍增:10.1±0.5PD(对照)相对于16.0±1.6PD(+端粒酶)。
图14:每3天用端粒酶全酶处理的衰老人IMR-90的生长曲线。
图15:在用端粒酶全酶处理的经刺激PBMC中报道为受端粒长度调节的基因的表达水平。*p<0.05。
具体实施方式
如上所述,衰老细胞具有用于治疗例如过继免疫治疗的相当有限的潜能。因此,提供在体外迅速扩增期间高效地保护细胞免于端粒损失的手段的技术对于细胞(例如抗原特异性T细胞)的成功临床应用将是高度有利的。
已表明一种当前策略(被称为由逆转录病毒细胞感染进行的异位TERT表达(随机整合位点))显著延长了初级人细胞的复制寿限[18,19]。然而,许多限制阻碍了逆转录病毒载体在体内的成功使用,包括其无法转导非分裂细胞、免疫原性问题和插入诱变的高风险,这可能会导致癌基因激活或肿瘤抑制基因失活[20,21]。此外,由于大多数癌症与内源性端粒酶的稳定表达的密切相关性,用于组成型端粒酶再激活的策略引起了安全性关注[22]。
报道了一些药物药剂,例如性激素(例如睾酮和β-雌二醇)以及环黄芪醇(从中国黄芪根(Chinese root Astragalus)中提取),在一些而非全部人细胞中的使端粒酶活性略微上调[23-25]。然而,在经刺激PBMC/T细胞中进行的研究未能在体外证明由任何药物诱导的端粒酶活性的上调继而又促进了端粒的延长/维持。另外,在转录水平上激活TERT的化合物的潜在脱靶作用(例如,通过导致癌基因c-myc激活的促分裂途径的激活)可能会引发癌症[25,26]。
因此,尽管存在着在人志愿者中的有限初步纵向研究(其报道了经口施用性激素或环黄芪醇促进了外周免疫细胞中的端粒维持)[27,28],但端粒长度变化是否为仅免疫细胞独有以及为什么该治疗在一些情况下是成功的但在另一些情况下却不成功(还显示出副作用)尚不清楚[29]。最后,另一些独立研究发现了相反的结果,并报道了成熟的T细胞不响应于性激素而在端粒酶的表达和功能方面发生变化[30]。用于瞬时端粒酶激活的另一种途径涉及使用非整合型和无复制能力的AAV以获得TERT的瞬时表达[9,31,32]。该方法已经在小鼠中广泛研究,但从未在人中研究。AAV-TERT处理(通过尾静脉注射进行)导致寿限和端粒长度二者均提高。AAV-TERT处理还减轻/逆转了多种与年龄相关的疾病,包括再生障碍性贫血和肺纤维化,并对健康状况和健康(例如,胰岛素抵抗、骨质疏松和神经肌协调)产生了有益的作用[9,31,32]。综上所述,这些研究似乎提供了端粒酶再激活可代表多种衰老病症的有效治疗的初步原理证明。然而,必须指出的是,这些研究中使用的所有动物均是纯C57BL/6背景的[9,31,32]。C57BL/6小鼠(最广泛使用的近交系)对于肿瘤是高度难治性的。一般而言,可将AAV编程为大部分非整合型的。然而,当AAV载体整合到基因组中确实发生时,即使是罕见事件(例如,一百万个中的一个细胞),其也与染色体缺失和重排相关[33],并且整合主要发生在活性基因中[34],通常会导致癌症[35]。考虑到这一点,在人(肯定不是癌症抗性的)中的AAV-TERT治疗可能对患者/个体的总体健康构成高风险,尤其是可能已经积累了许多癌变前改变的老年群体。另外,在AAV-TERT处理之后至少8个月检测到高水平的外源性TERT表达[9,31,32],并且在这样的时间窗内端粒酶的稳定表达可能太广泛而不能被认为在人中是安全的。
总之,已通过缺失病毒载体基因组的一些区域对缺失病毒载体基因组进行了修饰,使其复制变得错乱,并且这使其更加安全,但是该体系具有一些问题,例如其显著的免疫原性,这会引起对炎性系统的诱导,从而导致经转导组织的退化;毒素产生,其继而引起细胞死亡和插入诱变[36]。
含经修饰核苷的mRNA被认为是非整合的,并且最近其已用于在体外瞬时提高由经转染mRNA编码的多种蛋白质的水平[37-39]。特别地,报道了,编码全长TERT的mRNA的体外递送(多至3次连续处理)瞬时(24至48小时)提高了端粒酶活性,延长了端粒并延长了正常人成纤维细胞和成肌细胞的复制寿限[40]。重要地,TERT mRNA的递送避免了细胞永生化并延缓了衰老标志物的表达[40]。与在诱导型启动子控制下进行的TERT的病毒递送和使用基于腺病毒或腺相关病毒的载体进行的TERT的递送相比,该技术看起来更安全。然而,尽管在体外在经刺激的T细胞中具有使用潜能,但hTERT mRNA的递送可能不是人干预(尤其是在体内)的理想策略。首先,为了成功,该策略需要可适当产生功能性酶的细胞:一旦TERT被翻译,所述酶需要进行适当的翻译后修饰、适当的折叠,以及不仅与hTR装配,而且还与对于端粒酶结合端粒末端并发挥其全部逆转录酶活性所必需的数种其他蛋白质(例如,DKCl(Dsykerin,角化不良蛋白)、NOP10、TCAB1、TPP1、RTEL1、PARN和NAF1)装配[41]。TERT是整个基因组中受最严格调节的基因之一,因为其表达与细胞生长以及在一些情况下与转化之间存在严格的相关性。因此,人体中许多细胞类型使编码对端粒酶活性重要的“辅助”蛋白质的基因下调或沉默是合理的。
另外,许多遗传病由端粒维持机制的缺陷引起[41]。这些病症(通常称为端粒病(telomeropathy))均以一种常见的因果分子机制为特征:对未保护的(严重变短的)端粒的不利响应。这些疾病源于不一定涉及TERT但通常涉及数种端粒酶相关蛋白(DKC1、NOP 10、TCAB1、TPP1、RTEL1、PARN和NAF1)之一的突变。另外,具有hTERC突变的患者在引入的TERTmRNA的情况下不会产生完全活性的端粒酶。因此,TERT mRNA的递送不会普遍促进所有细胞类型中端粒的延长,并且在治疗患有严重端粒病相关症状(例如免疫缺陷、肺纤维化、心血管病和骨髓衰竭)的一些患者中将是可能无效的[41]。
在理论上,在体外和体内两种情况下,蛋白质递送均代表了表达由于多种原因受损或缺乏的基因产物的活性的最安全方法。因此,活性端粒酶全酶(或最终hTERT蛋白)的胞内递送不仅代表安全的方法,而且还代表效力策略,由于它规避了复杂的调节步骤和与上述其他技术相关的限制中的大多数。本发明人是研究该途径的第一人,并且已经表明端粒酶全酶可成功地转移到细胞中以增强端粒酶功能,从而延长端粒。本公开内容的这些和其他方面在下文详细阐述。
I.端粒酶
端粒是存在于线性真核染色体末端,由TTAGGG DNA重复序列的多个拷贝组成的保护性结构。端粒与六种蛋白质缔合;端粒重复序列结合因子(telomeric repeat bindingfactor,TRF)1、TRF2、TIN2、Rap1、TPP1和POT1,其全部一起被称为端粒蛋白复合体(shelterin complex)[42]。保护人端粒免受通常会将线性DNA链的末端视为处于被破坏且需要修复状态的细胞机器的影响。两种主要的端粒结合蛋白TRF1和TRF2在所有人细胞中表达,并在整个细胞周期内与端粒重复序列DNA序列缔合[43]。已知TRF1和TRF2与hRap1和Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 DNA修复复合体缔合[44,45]。还已知TRF2与其他DNA损伤检测和修复因子(例如Ku70/80异二聚体)结合[46,47]。异质核RNP(heterogeneous nuclear RNP,hnRNP)、共济失调-毛细血管扩张突变(ataxia-telangiectasia mutated,ATM)激酶和聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,PARP)已被鉴定为对端粒长度具有作用[48-55]。包含端粒末端的远端3’端具有可形成被称为t环的更高阶结构的单链突出端[56]。这些共同的组分和DNA结构负责保护和维持DNA末端。
人端粒酶核糖核蛋白(ribonuclear protein,RNP)包含催化蛋白组分(hTERT)和451个碱基对的RNA组分,即人端粒酶RNA(hTR),这二者均负责端粒酶活性[57,58]。hTR的3’端与核仁小RNA(small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA)的box H/ACA家族相似,并且对于3’端加工是必要的,而5’端则包含用于向染色体末端添加端粒序列的模板[59,60]。5’端还包含可能对端粒酶功能重要的假结,以及与hnRNP C1和C2相互作用所需的6个碱基对的富U束(tract)[61,62]。
数种其他蛋白质已被鉴定为与人端粒酶RNP缔合。例如,首先鉴定了穹窿蛋白TEP1,以及snoRNA结合蛋白角化不良蛋白和hGAR1,其与hTR的3’端结合。分子伴侣蛋白p23/hsp90被鉴定为结合伴侣,并且其被认为参与活性端粒酶装配物的形成[63]。已表明参与其他RNA颗粒装配和tRNA成熟的La自身抗原与端粒酶RNP相互作用,并且具有与端粒长度相关的表达水平[64]。
由于末端复制问题,所有正常体细胞中的端粒随着每次细胞分裂经历逐渐变短,最终导致细胞衰老。末端复制问题由双向的DNA复制引起,而DNA聚合酶是单向的,并且必须启动来自引物的复制。因此,每轮DNA复制都会在形成染色体的每条DNA链的3’端留下约50至200个碱基对的DNA未复制物。如果不进行检查,在每轮DNA复制之后,染色体末端将逐渐变短。复制依赖性端粒变短可通过端粒酶抵消,端粒酶将TTAGGG重复序列添加至线性染色体的末端。
端粒酶是一种逆转录酶,因为其作用是将hTR中的短RNA模板序列拷贝到DNA中。与逆转录病毒逆转录酶不同,端粒酶专用于制造存在于染色体末端的短串联重复序列[65]。端粒酶的蛋白质组分hTERT包含逆转录酶基序,并且hTR组分的核心结构包含假结,其是与TERT蛋白组分强烈相互作用的RNA的一部分。
端粒酶表达在正常人细胞中受到严格调节,其中发现其在干细胞和生殖细胞中具有活性。在其他正常细胞类型中,端粒酶的水平通常太低而无法在普通人的整个一生中维持端粒长度[18,19]。
II.蛋白质纯化和递送
在一个方面中,本公开内容涉及端粒酶全酶复合体的产生和配制以及其向细胞、组织或对象的递送。一般而言,蛋白质的重组产生是公知的,并因此在此不再详细描述。
A.端粒酶全酶的产生和纯化
1.产生
关于重组人端粒酶(hTERT+hTR)的开发和过表达以及关于稳定细胞系“SuperH1299”的产生的详细信息见于以下实施例中。另外,应当指出,在一些实验中,在现在和将来,都将使用关于重组酶的开发、产生和纯化的修改。以下列表包括可能的修改:
1)用于重组端粒酶的过表达的另外的细胞系:
用于产生人重组蛋白质的经FDA批准的细胞系(例如,HEK293、PER.C6、CHO、巴斯德毕赤酵母(P.pastoris))。
2)用于纯化目的的另外的TERT TAG:a)3x Flag-GS10-TERT;b)HA-GS10-TERT;c)ZZ-TEV-SS-TERT;d)生物素-TEV-cMYC-TERT。
-所有标签均将具有正如针对我们开发的生物素标签所说明的N端定位。
-在一些实验中,标签将在通过蛋白酶特异性切割(TEV位点)纯化之后去除。
3)对TERT序列的另外的修饰:磷酸化位点(phospho-site)替换,以分析磷酸化事件或缺乏磷酸化事件对重组端粒酶活性、稳定性和端粒处可加工性的影响。
磷酸化(向氨基酸的侧链添加磷酸基团)是一种细胞用来激活蛋白质或者使其失活的作为一种调节形式的常见机制。在细胞内,蛋白质通常在丝氨酸、酪氨酸和苏氨酸处被磷酸化。一些未磷酸化的氨基酸(例如天冬氨酸)显示在化学上类似于磷酸化的氨基酸(例如磷酸丝氨酸)。因此,如果在如下蛋白质中,丝氨酸被天冬氨酸或谷氨酸替代:在该残基中的磷酸化增强了该蛋白质的活性、稳定性或可加工性,则作为结果,该蛋白质可组成性地维持较高水平的活性、稳定性或可加工性。随后,用丙氨酸替代丝氨酸、酪氨酸或苏氨酸消除了所述氨基酸残基处的磷酸化。
在一些实施方案中,重组端粒酶具有/将具有四个经修饰的残基:
i)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸227,
ii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸824,
iii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸921,和/或
iv)被丙氨酸替代的苏氨酸249。
2.纯化
将期望根据本公开内容纯化端粒酶全酶。蛋白质纯化技术是本领域技术人员公知的。这些技术在一个水平上涉及将细胞环境粗分级为多肽和非多肽级分。在使多肽与其他蛋白质分离之后,可使用色谱和电泳技术进一步纯化目的多肽,以实现部分或完全纯化(或纯化至均质)。特别适合于制备纯肽的分析方法是离子交换色谱、排阻色谱;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳;等电聚焦。纯化肽的一种特别高效的方法是快速蛋白质液相色谱或者甚至HPLC。
本公开内容的某些方面涉及编码的蛋白质或肽的纯化,并且在一些具体实施方案中,涉及基本纯化。本文中使用的术语“纯化的蛋白质”旨在指可与其他组分分离的组合物,其中蛋白质或肽被纯化至相对于其可天然获得状态的任何程度。因此,纯化的蛋白质或肽还指与其中其可天然存在的环境脱离的蛋白质或肽。
通常来说,“纯化的”是指已经进行分级以去除多种其他组分的蛋白质组合物,并且该组合物基本上保留了其表达的生物活性。在使用术语“基本上纯化的”的情况下,该指定是指这样的组合物:其中蛋白质形成该组合物的主要组分,例如构成组合物中蛋白质的约50%、约60%、约70%、约80%、约90%、约95%或更多。
根据本公开内容,用于量化蛋白质纯化程度的多种方法将是本领域技术人员已知的。这些包括,例如,确定活性级分的比活性,或者通过SDS/PAGE分析评估级分内的多肽量。用于评估级分纯度的一种优选方法是计算级分的比活性,以将其与初始提取物的比活性进行比较,并因此计算本文中通过“-纯化倍数”评估的纯度。当然,用于表示活性量的实际单位将取决于根据纯化而选择的特定测定技术以及所表达的蛋白质或肽是否表现出可检测活性。
适用于蛋白质纯化的多种技术将是本领域技术人员公知的。这些包括,例如,用硫酸铵、PEG、抗体等或通过热变性进行沉淀,随后离心;色谱步骤,例如离子交换、凝胶过滤、反相、羟基磷灰石和亲和色谱;等电聚焦;凝胶电泳;以及这样的技术和其他技术的组合。如本领域通常已知的,认为可改变进行多个纯化步骤的顺序,或者可省略某些步骤,并且仍然产生用于制备基本上纯化的蛋白质或肽的合适方法。
没有这样的基本要求:蛋白质始终以其最纯化的状态提供。实际上,考虑了基本上较不纯的产物在某些实施方案中将具有效用。可通过组合使用较少的纯化步骤或者通过利用相同通用纯化方案的不同形式来实现部分纯化。例如,应理解,利用HPLC装置进行的阳离子交换柱色谱相比于利用低压色谱系统的相同技术,通常将产生更大“-倍数”的纯化。表现出较低的相对纯化程度的方法可在蛋白质产物的总回收或维持所表达蛋白质的活性方面具有优势。
已知多肽的迁移可随着不同的SDS/PAGE条件而变化,有时显著变化[66]。因此,应理解,在不同的电泳条件下,纯化或部分纯化的表达产物的表观分子量可变化。
高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)以非常迅速的分离以及出色的峰分辨能力为特征。这是通过使用极细小的颗粒和高压来维持足够的流量来实现的。分离可以在约数分钟或至多一小时内完成。此外,需要仅很小体积的样品,因为颗粒是如此小且密堆积的,以致于外水体积是床体积的很小部分。而且,样品的浓度不需要很高,因为带如此窄,以致于样品的稀释度很小。
凝胶色谱或分子筛色谱是基于分子尺寸的分配色谱的特殊类型。凝胶色谱背后的理论是,由包含小孔的惰性物质的微小颗粒制备的柱在较大分子与较小分子通过或围绕孔时,依赖于它们的尺寸使它们分开。只要制成颗粒的材料不吸附分子,则决定流量的唯一因素就是尺寸。因此,只要形状相对恒定,分子就会以降低的尺寸从柱中洗脱。对于分离不同尺寸的分子,凝胶色谱是无与伦比的,因为分离独立于所有其他因素,例如pH、离子强度、温度等。实际上也无吸附,较少的区域扩展以及洗脱体积以简单的方式与分子量相关。
亲和色谱是依赖于待分离的物质与其可特异性结合的分子之间的特异性亲和力的一种色谱操作。这是受体-配体类型的相互作用。柱材料通过将结合伴侣之一与不溶性基质共价偶联来合成。然后,柱材料能够从溶液中特异性地吸附物质。洗脱通过将条件改变为其中将不发生结合的那些(改变pH、离子强度、温度等)来发生。
可用于纯化含碳水化合物的化合物的亲和色谱的一种特定类型是凝集素亲和色谱。凝集素是与多种多糖和糖蛋白结合的一类物质。凝集素通常通过溴化氰与琼脂糖偶联。与琼脂糖凝胶(Sepharose)偶联的伴刀豆球蛋白A是待使用的该种类的第一物质并且已广泛用于分离多糖和糖蛋白,另一些凝集素,包括扁豆凝集素、麦胚凝集素,其已用于纯化N-乙酰葡糖胺残基和玛瑙螺(Helix pomatia)凝集素。凝集素本身使用亲和色谱用碳水化合物配体来纯化。乳糖已用于从蓖麻和花生中纯化凝集素;麦芽糖已用于从扁豆和刀豆中提取凝集素;N-乙酰-D半乳糖胺用于从大豆中纯化凝集素;N-乙酰葡糖胺与来自麦胚的凝集素结合;D-半乳糖胺已用于从蛤中获得凝集素,并且L-岩藻糖将与来自莲的凝集素结合。
基质应是本身不会以任何显著的程度吸附分子并且具有广泛的化学、物理和热稳定性的物质。配体应以不影响其结合特性的这样的方式偶联。配体还应提供相对紧密的结合。并且应该可以在不破坏样品或配体的情况下洗脱物质。亲和色谱的最常见形式之一是免疫亲和色谱。下文讨论了将适合于根据本公开内容使用的抗体的产生。
在一个具体方面,如针对实施例更详细地描述的,端粒酶全酶通过以下通用方法来纯化。在培养之后裂解重组的、表达端粒酶的细胞,并收集上清液。进行梯度超速离心并使其分级成11个级分(每个1mL)。最后5个级分包含几乎所有端粒酶活性。将这些级分合并在一起,并将其与单体亲和素珠一起孵育,在此之后对珠进行microbiospin色谱。收集流通物(flow-through),并洗涤珠。然后将富集的端粒酶洗脱为3个级分,将其合并在一起并进行基于珠的色谱。收集流通物并洗涤珠,在此之后洗脱端粒酶。将洗脱级分(E2、E3和E4)合并在一起,并用于后续的测定和实验。
B.细胞递送
本公开内容考虑了与端粒酶连接的细胞穿透肽(cell permeability peptide,CPP,也称为细胞递送肽或细胞转导结构域)的用途。CPP的固有特性表明它们可以是未来药物和疾病诊断剂的潜在组分[67,68]。CPP的合成和表征相对简单,并且能够在细胞内递送缀合的生物活性蛋白,主要通过胞吞并以无毒性的方式进行。重要地,CPP是被动的和非选择性的(普遍适用于所有细胞类型),但也可被功能化或被化学修饰以创建靶向特定细胞或组织(或异质细胞群中的特定细胞类型,例如PBMC)的有效递送载体。因此,CPP为使用复杂蛋白质(例如端粒酶)进行医学治疗的可能发展提供了可用平台,所述端粒酶长期以来一直被认为不可能用于治疗。
本发明人已经使用CPP将纯化的端粒酶全酶瞬时递送至正常的年轻和衰老的经抗原刺激的人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)和肺成纤维细胞(IMR-90)。具体地,CPP的效力与最近开发的方法相组合,该方法报道了这样的主动摄取机制:其中NaCl介导的高渗量触发外源蛋白的巨噬细胞摄取和胞内释放[69](端粒酶全酶在以高渗量为特征的特定NaCl/HNa2PO4缓冲液中洗脱)。
CPP已经在本领域中进行了描述,并且通常被表征为短的两亲性或阳离子肽和肽衍生物,通常包含多个赖氨酸和精氨酸残基[70]。其他实例示于下表1中。
IV.处理细胞的方法
A.细胞和培养
如上所述,本公开内容提供了在细胞中延长端粒长度。一般而言,所处理的细胞可以是任何细胞,但是特别地,本发明人考虑处理经改造的T细胞以用于过继免疫治疗。然而,另一些特定的目的细胞类型包括骨髓来源造血干细胞、肺上皮细胞、肝细胞和未受精卵(在体外受精之前)。
如上所述,该方法将涉及使靶细胞或细胞群与纯化的端粒酶全酶接触。一般而言,应理解“接触”意指使全酶充分靠近一个或更多个细胞,以便使细胞的摄取机制被激活,并且全酶被转移到细胞中。因此,细胞可与单位剂量的全酶制剂接触或者可用包含指定浓度的全酶的培养基灌注,任选地,其中随时间补充培养基中的全酶以维持指定浓度。纯化的重组端粒酶全酶的浓度在批次之间略有不同,并且其主要取决于有多少细胞用于蛋白质纯化(在我们的情况下为1亿至5亿个细胞)。在每次纯化之后,本发明人通过ddTRAP测量了1μl纯化端粒酶的总活性,所述ddTRAP是用于确定端粒酶分子数目/细胞的高度定量测定[71]。活性以任意单位表示,其中一个单位对应于通过端粒酶成功延伸并随后在ddTRAP方案期间成功扩增的一个TS引物。在本文中所述的实验中,本发明人一致地递送了5×109个端粒酶单位/百万个细胞。
细胞可从任何来源(例如人或动物)获得,包括来自随后待用经处理的细胞再输注(即自体细胞治疗)的动物的细胞。细胞也可以是细胞系或先前用一种或更多种异源构建体改造的细胞。
B.制剂
在考虑临床应用的情况下,将以适合于预期应用的形式制备细胞制剂。通常,这将需要制备基本上不含热原以及可对细胞、人或动物有害的其他杂质的组合物。
人们将通常期望使用合适的盐和缓冲剂以使酶稳定并允许被靶细胞摄取。本公开内容的水性组合物包含溶解或分散在可药用的载体或水性介质中的有效量的蛋白质。短语“可药用的或药理学上可接受的”是指当施用于动物或人时不产生不利反应、变态反应或其他不良反应的分子实体和组合物。本文中使用的“可药用的载体”包括用于配制药物(例如适合于向人施用的药物)的可接受的溶剂、缓冲剂、溶液剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等张剂和吸收延迟剂等。这样的介质和试剂用于药物活性物质的用途是本领域公知的。除非任何常规介质或试剂与本公开内容的活性成分不相容,否则考虑其在治疗组合物中的用途。补充的活性成分也可以并入到组合物中,前提是它们不使酶或细胞失活。
本公开内容的活性组合物可包括典型药物制剂。例如,作为游离碱或药理学上可接受的盐的活性化合物的溶液可在水中与表面活性剂(例如羟丙基纤维素)适当地混合而制备。合适的溶剂或分散介质可包含例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液体聚乙二醇等)、其合适的混合物,和植物油。可维持适当的流动性,例如通过使用包衣(例如卵磷脂)、通过在分散体的情况下维持所需的颗粒尺寸以及通过使用表面活性剂。可通过多种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂(例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞等)来产生防止微生物的作用。可期望包含等张剂,例如糖或氯化钠。
可通过将适量的活性化合物以及所期望的任何其他成分(例如如上所列的)一起并入到溶剂中,随后过滤灭菌来制备无菌溶液。通常,通过将多种灭菌的活性成分并入到包含基础分散介质和期望的其他成分(例如,如上所列的)的无菌载剂中来制备分散体。在用于制备无菌可注射溶液的无菌粉末的情况下,优选的制备方法包括真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,这由其经预先无菌过滤溶液产生活性成分加任何另外的期望成分的粉末。
在配制之后,溶液优选以与剂量制剂相容的方式以及以治疗有效的这样的量使用(参见例如“Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences”第15版,第1035-1038页和第1570-1580页)。可取决于特定的靶细胞而发生一些剂量变化。在任何情况下,负责施用的人员将确定用于个体对象的合适剂量。此外,对于人施用,制剂应满足FDA生物学标准办公室所要求的无菌性、热原性、一般安全性和纯度标准。
IV.实施例
包含以下实施例来进一步举例说明本公开内容的多个方面。本领域技术人员应理解,以下实施例中公开的技术代表本发明人发现的在本公开内容的实践中很好地发挥作用的技术和/或组合物,并因此其可被认为构成了其实践的一些优选模式。然而,根据本公开内容,本领域技术人员应理解,在不脱离本公开内容的精神和范围的情况下,可以在所公开的一些具体实施方案中进行许多变化并且仍然获得相似或类似的结果。
实施例1-方法
重组人端粒酶(hTERT+hTR)的开发和过表达以及稳定细胞系Super H1299的产生。经改造的重组hTERT在hTERT N端之前包含体内生物素化序列、Tev蛋白酶切割位点、cMyc标签,在hTERT序列之前添加99个氨基酸残基。添加的序列为:
保守的生物素化序列在哺乳动物细胞中在保守的MKM位点处被生物素化。将经修饰的hTERT质粒和外源hTR质粒分别包装在逆转录病毒载体和慢病毒载体中,并将其用于转染并产生稳定细胞系,本发明人称之为Super H1299。在潮霉素选择之后,培养细胞并每周收获细胞,并将其用于多种实验。
将携带在pBabe-hygro逆转录病毒载体中的经生物素标记的hTERT转染到瞬时包装系PhoenixE中。然后,使用含病毒的上清液感染稳定的兼向性包装系PA317。然后用潮霉素选择PA317细胞并产生稳定的病毒,将该病毒用于感染表达细胞系H1299。用潮霉素选择经感染的H1299细胞。
对于hTR,使用与两种辅助质粒psPAX2和pMD2G一起的pSSI 7661慢病毒载体转染293包装细胞。使用病毒上清液感染表达经生物素化序列标记的hTERT的H1299细胞。进一步用杀稻瘟素和潮霉素选择经感染的H1299细胞。
从Super H1299中纯化重组端粒酶(3步)。将super H1299细胞的2亿个冷冻细胞沉淀在1.5%CHAPS裂解缓冲液(10%甘油、1mM EGTA pH8.0、0.1mM MgCl2、10mM Tris-HCL、0.01mM PMSF、1单位的RiboLock RNAse抑制剂和1单位的PI混合物)中于4℃下在翻滚(endover end)旋转下裂解30分钟。然后将细胞在4℃下以17,500×g离心1小时。收集上清液并将其置于干净的管中。用梯度仪(甘油、20mM HEPES pH7.5、300mM KCl、0.1mM MgCl2、0.1%Triton X-100和1mM EGTA)产生10ml连续甘油梯度(10至30%)。将细胞裂解物样品加载到梯度顶上,然后在4℃下以126,000×g超速离心19小时(SW41 Beckman转子)。将梯度分级为11个级分(每个1mL)。底部的5个级分包含几乎所有端粒酶活性。将这5个级分(7至11)合并在一起,并将其与单体亲和素珠(Peirce)一起在4℃下孵育2小时。在孵育之后,将珠置于microbiospin色谱柱(BioRad)中。收集流通物溶液,并将珠用包含150mM磷酸钠,pH 7.0和100mM NaCl的5ml缓冲液洗涤2次。然后用400mM NaCl、150mM磷酸钠缓冲液pH7.0和4mM D-生物素(Pierce)洗脱富集的端粒酶。将端粒酶活性洗脱为3个级分,每个1ml。将这些洗脱级分合并在一起,并将其与最终柱(SP(磺丙基)琼脂糖凝胶快速流动(SP(sulphopropyl)Sepharose Fast Flow,SPFF))一起孵育。将SPFF树脂在50mM磷酸钠(pH 7.0)和50mM NaCl中平衡,然后与端粒酶一起孵育。将端粒酶与SPFF珠一起在4℃下孵育2小时。在孵育之后,将珠加载到microbiospin柱中。收集流通物,并将SPFF珠用由20mM磷酸钠pH7.0和50mMNaCl制成的5ml缓冲液洗涤2次。然后以NaCl盐梯度(6步,200mM至500mM)洗脱端粒酶。这以6个单独的洗脱级分(500μl)完成。来自500mM的洗脱物包含大多数端粒酶活性。将这些洗脱级分(E2、E3和E4)合并在一起,并将其用于后续的测定和实验。
PBMC的分离、刺激和用端粒酶全酶进行的处理。通过用Ficoll-Paque Plus(GEHealthcare)进行离心从健康志愿者的外周血中分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),然后将其在-140℃下冷冻保存,等待分析。将细胞解冻24小时,然后进行促分裂原刺激并将其在具有10%胎牛血清、10ng/ml IL-2、1%青霉素、链霉素和两性霉素B的RPMI+GlutaMAX-I中培养。在24小时之后,将细胞悬液转移到新的烧瓶中以去除单核细胞(其黏附至烧瓶的塑料)。
通过以1∶1比例添加Dynabead人T-活化剂CD3/CD28(Life Technologies)来刺激PBMC。在刺激72小时之后,使用磁体取出Dynabead,并在刺激之后培养细胞长至35天。每8至10天再刺激细胞。每天使用TC20自动细胞计数器(Automated Cell Counter)(Bio-Rad)通过锥虫蓝排除法确定活细胞的百分比。每天调节细胞密度,并且当其超过1.5×106/ml时,将细胞用新鲜的完全RPMI培养基稀释至密度为1.0×106/ml。
在刺激之后第3、6和9天连续三次递送端粒酶全酶。在递送之前,将细胞以500g离心15分钟,并将其重悬于补充有10ng/ml IL-2和200U/ml重组核糖核酸酶抑制剂的无血清RPMI+GlutaMAX-I中。将500mM NaCl和50mM磷酸钠pH7.0中的端粒酶全酶与细胞穿透肽(Xfect试剂盒,蛋白质转染方案(Protein transfection protocol),Takara)混合,并将其添加至重悬于无血清培养基中的细胞。在37℃下1小时孵育之后,将细胞以500g离心15分钟,重悬于完全培养基(具有10%胎牛血清、10ng/ml IL-2、1%青霉素、链霉素和两性霉素B的RPMI+GlutaMAX-I)并在37℃、5%CO2下培养。
实施例2-结果
全酶产生。本发明人已经成功地改造了经生物素标记的重组hTERT,并使其与hTR(端粒酶的功能性RNA组分)一起在人细胞中过表达。他们还开发了3步纯化操作策略以获得重组酶。
多步纯化操作允许我们获得高度富集的催化活性酶。重要地,所使用的生物素标签(由我们开发)不仅使端粒酶牵出,而且还使包含其他必需端粒酶相关蛋白(例如角化不良蛋白(dyskerin)(DKC1)和核糖核蛋白NOP 10以及NHP2)的完整重组全酶复合体牵出。
PBMC。PBMC是主要由T细胞(人免疫应答的主要组分)组成的异质细胞群。当未刺激时,T细胞保持静息或静止状态,显示出很少或无增殖活性。相比之下,在抗原特异性激活时,T细胞迅速分裂并表现出基因表达的巨大变化[72]。
活化的T细胞引发免疫应答,例如区分身体中的健康细胞与异常(例如,感染的或癌性的)细胞,并且正在被越来越多地用作过继免疫治疗的主要工具以治疗多种形式的癌症和感染性疾病,例如AIDS[16,17]。本发明人完全按照经改造的CAR-T细胞被活化和扩增的那样,刺激了PBMC[73],不同之处在于,他们没有使用WAVE生物反应器进行细胞培养,并且PBMC之前未用4-1BB受体转染。
ddTRAP。为了测量端粒酶活性,本发明人采用了之前在其实验室中开发的微滴式数字PCR测定(ddTRAP)[71]。ddTRAP是提供了单一细胞水平处的端粒酶活性的绝对定量的一种数字化、高通量和高度灵敏的测定。重要地,与基于凝胶的TRAP(仍在本领域中广泛使用,但是是仅半定量的)相反,这种改进的技术能够区分端粒酶活性差异小至10%的样品。
端粒最短长度测定(TeSLA)。端粒长度通过使用最近在本发明人实验室中开发的新的高度灵敏和精确的测定(TeSLA,端粒最短长度测定)来测量[74]。TeSLA允许同时测量平均端粒长度和最短的20%端粒的长度二者。重要地,与TRF和Q-FISH(目前是本领域的金标准)二者相反,TeSLA能够检测端粒长度的细小变化,例如人免疫细胞中在1年时期内发生的生理性端粒磨耗[74]。使用TeSLA,本发明人能够表明在体外扩增的经刺激PBMC中在10天时期内的逐渐的端粒变短。
本发明人成功地在不同的正常人细胞类型(包括静息PBMC和经刺激的PBMC)的细胞质区室中递送了纯化的端粒酶全酶,并通过使用ddTRAP表明递送的复合体维持了强活性。
接下来,本发明人表明递送的端粒酶随后被转运至细胞核。为此,他们对细胞的细胞质区室和核区室进行了分级,并对两种分离的级分进行ddTRAP。在递送之后来自细胞质级分和核级分二者的端粒酶活性均显著提高,表明纯化的端粒酶复合体能够穿过核膜(可能通过核孔)并进入细胞核。
为了研究递送的端粒酶是否还维持其向端粒末端添加TTAGGG重复序列的能力,以及研究所使用的生物素标签在细胞中是否影响了结合端粒的酶能力,测量了用端粒酶处理的经刺激PBMC中的端粒长度。
本发明人向来自4名年轻成人(平均年龄32±2岁)和2名老年志愿者(平均年龄65±3岁)的经刺激PBMC递送端粒酶全酶3次(第3、6和9天)。端粒酶递送使迅速细胞扩增期间端粒变短的速率显著降低(参见表示4名个体的TeSLA谱的图11)。重要地,该处理优先延长了最短端粒的长度,最短端粒被认为不仅与细胞生存力和染色体稳定性最相关,而且还与多种与年龄有关的疾病和衰老表型最相关[75]。
接下来,本发明人表明其处理还延长了T细胞复制寿限。每天对细胞进行电子计数,包括锥虫蓝排除法,直至细胞不显示出生长迹象持续至少连续3天。他们还对衰老的人肺成纤维细胞进行了处理(每3天),并且表明端粒酶全酶递送也可以应用于正常的端粒酶阴性细胞和一般的黏附细胞培养物。
本发明人先前鉴定了其表达受端粒长度直接调节(长距离上的端粒位置效应,TPE-OLD(telomere position effect over long distance))的基因的组[76,77]。在这些研究中,长端粒的存在导致端粒“染色体环”接近距离端粒末端至多10Mb的基因。在具有短端粒的细胞中,这些间质端粒环损失,并且相同的基因座变得被分离[77]。端粒环促进了基因表达的表观遗传调节(其通常使基因表达沉默)。因此,TPE-OLD是这样的一种机制:通过该机制,逐渐的端粒变短直接导致基因表达的改变,其继而可在端粒变得足够短以导致关键的DNA损伤应答和衰老之前很早促进衰老和疾病开始/进展[77]。
本发明人通过ddPCR测量了那些基因中的一些的表达水平,并观察到由端粒酶全酶递送所诱导的端粒延长也与基因表达的变化相关。参与炎性途径和凋亡信号传导的那些基因受端粒环调节,并且它们的表达水平可能在细胞复制性衰老之前发生变化。这表明通过防止端粒变短(衰老的单一标志),其也足以使基因表达朝向更“年轻”的谱改变。这些基因及其表达是端粒酶递送效力的潜在生物标志物。
本发明人分析了用端粒酶全酶处理的经刺激PBMC的全基因组表达谱,以将其与未处理对照进行比较。通过将该新数据集与从健康的和孱弱的百岁老人的研究中获得的数据进行比较,观察到用端粒酶全酶处理的细胞特异性地调节与健康衰老和长寿强烈相关的基因的表达(数据未示出)。
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可根据本公开内容在没有过度实验的情况下实施和实践本文中所公开和要求保护的所有组合物和方法。尽管根据一些优选实施方案已经对本公开内容的组合物和方法进行了描述,但是对于本领域技术人员而言明显的是,在不脱离本公开内容的概念、精神和范围的情况下可对本文中所述的组合物和方法以及方法的步骤或步骤顺序施加变化。更具体地,明显的是,可用化学和生理学二者相关的某些试剂替代本文中所述的试剂,同时获得相同或相似的结果。对于本领域技术人员而言明显的所有这样的类似替代和修改均被认为在由所附权利要求书限定的本公开内容的精神、范围和概念内。
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<110> 德克萨斯大学系统董事会
<120> 端粒酶全酶复合体及其使用方法
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<220>
<221> misc_feature
<222> (25)..(25)
<223> Xaa可以是任何天然氨基酸
<400> 11
Gly Trp Thr Leu Asn Ser Ala Gly Tyr Leu Leu Gly Lys Ile Asn Leu
1 5 10 15
Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Lys Xaa Ile Leu
20 25
<210> 12
<211> 18
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 12
Leu Leu Ile Leu Leu Arg Arg Arg Ile Arg Lys Gln Ala Asn Ala His
1 5 10 15
Ser Lys
<210> 13
<211> 16
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 13
Ser Arg Arg His His Cys Arg Ser Lys Ala Lys Arg Ser Arg His His
1 5 10 15
<210> 14
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 14
Asn Arg Ala Arg Arg Asn Arg Arg Arg Val Arg
1 5 10
<210> 15
<211> 15
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 15
Arg Gln Leu Arg Ile Ala Gly Arg Arg Leu Arg Gly Arg Ser Arg
1 5 10 15
<210> 16
<211> 13
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 16
Lys Leu Ile Lys Gly Arg Thr Pro Ile Lys Phe Gly Lys
1 5 10
<210> 17
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 17
Arg Arg Ile Pro Asn Arg Arg Pro Arg Arg
1 5 10
<210> 18
<211> 18
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 18
Lys Leu Ala Leu Lys Leu Ala Leu Lys Ala Leu Lys Ala Ala Leu Lys
1 5 10 15
Leu Ala
<210> 19
<211> 14
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 19
Lys Leu Ala Lys Leu Ala Lys Lys Leu Ala Lys Leu Ala Lys
1 5 10
<210> 20
<211> 27
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 20
Gly Ala Leu Phe Leu Gly Phe Leu Gly Ala Ala Gly Ser Thr Asn Gly
1 5 10 15
Ala Trp Ser Gln Pro Lys Lys Lys Arg Lys Val
20 25
<210> 21
<211> 21
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 21
Lys Glu Thr Trp Trp Glu Thr Trp Trp Thr Glu Trp Ser Gln Pro Lys
1 5 10 15
Lys Lys Arg Lys Val
20
<210> 22
<211> 20
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 22
Leu Lys Lys Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu
1 5 10 15
Leu Lys Lys Leu
20
<210> 23
<211> 34
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 23
Gln Ala Ala Thr Ala Thr Arg Gly Arg Ser Ala Ala Ser Arg Pro Thr
1 5 10 15
Glu Arg Pro Arg Ala Pro Ala Arg Ser Ala Ser Arg Pro Arg Arg Pro
20 25 30
Val Glu
<210> 24
<211> 23
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 24
Met Gly Leu Gly Leu His Leu Leu Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Gln Gly
1 5 10 15
Ala Lys Ser Lys Arg Lys Val
20
<210> 25
<211> 26
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 25
Ala Ala Val Ala Leu Leu Pro Ala Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Pro
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala Ala Asn Tyr Lys Lys Pro Lys Leu
20 25
<210> 26
<211> 28
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 26
Met Ala Asn Leu Gly Tyr Trp Leu Leu Ala Leu Phe Val Thr Met Trp
1 5 10 15
Thr Asp Val Gly Leu Cys Lys Lys Arg Pro Lys Pro
20 25
<210> 27
<211> 24
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 27
Leu Gly Thr Tyr Thr Gln Asp Phe Asn Lys Phe His Thr Phe Pro Gln
1 5 10 15
Thr Ala Ile Gly Val Gly Ala Pro
20
<210> 28
<211> 26
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<220>
<221> misc_feature
<222> (24)..(24)
<223> Xaa可以是任何天然氨基酸
<400> 28
Asp Pro Lys Gly Asp Pro Lys Gly Val Thr Val Thr Val Thr Val Thr
1 5 10 15
Val Thr Gly Lys Gly Asp Pro Xaa Pro Asp
20 25
<210> 29
<211> 14
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 29
Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro
1 5 10
<210> 30
<211> 18
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 30
Val Arg Leu Pro Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Pro Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Pro
1 5 10 15
Pro Pro
<210> 31
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 31
Pro Arg Pro Leu Pro Pro Pro Arg Pro Gly
1 5 10
<210> 32
<211> 30
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 32
Ser Val Arg Arg Arg Pro Arg Pro Pro Tyr Leu Pro Arg Pro Arg Pro
1 5 10 15
Pro Pro Phe Phe Pro Pro Arg Leu Pro Pro Arg Ile Pro Pro
20 25 30
<210> 33
<211> 21
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 33
Thr Arg Ser Ser Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Val His
1 5 10 15
Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys
20
<210> 34
<211> 23
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 34
Gly Ile Gly Lys Phe Leu His Ser Ala Lys Lys Phe Gly Lys Ala Phe
1 5 10 15
Val Gly Glu Ile Met Asn Ser
20
<210> 35
<211> 37
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 35
Lys Trp Lys Leu Phe Lys Lys Ile Glu Lys Val Gly Gln Asn Ile Arg
1 5 10 15
Asp Gly Ile Ile Lys Ala Gly Pro Ala Val Ala Val Val Gly Gln Ala
20 25 30
Thr Gln Ile Ala Lys
35
<210> 36
<211> 28
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 36
Ala Leu Trp Met Thr Leu Leu Lys Lys Val Leu Lys Ala Ala Ala Lys
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala Leu Asn Ala Val Leu Val Gly Ala Asn Ala
20 25
<210> 37
<211> 26
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 37
Gly Ile Gly Ala Val Leu Lys Val Leu Thr Thr Gly Leu Pro Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Ile Ser Trp Ile Lys Arg Lys Arg Gln Gln
20 25
<210> 38
<211> 14
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 38
Ile Asn Leu Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys Ile Leu
1 5 10
<210> 39
<211> 33
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 39
Gly Phe Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Lys Ile Ile Ser Ser Pro Leu Pro Lys
1 5 10 15
Thr Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Gly Ser Ala Leu Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gln
20 25 30
Glu
<210> 40
<211> 15
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 40
Leu Ala Lys Trp Ala Leu Lys Gln Gly Phe Ala Lys Leu Lys Ser
1 5 10 15
<210> 41
<211> 27
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<220>
<221> misc_feature
<222> (23)..(23)
<223> Xaa可以是任何天然氨基酸
<400> 41
Ser Met Ala Gln Asp Ile Ile Ser Thr Ile Gly Asp Leu Val Lys Trp
1 5 10 15
Ile Ile Gln Thr Val Asn Xaa Phe Thr Lys Lys
20 25
<210> 42
<211> 41
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 42
Leu Leu Gly Asp Phe Phe Arg Lys Ser Lys Glu Lys Ile Gly Lys Glu
1 5 10 15
Phe Lys Arg Ile Val Gln Arg Ile Lys Gln Arg Ile Lys Asp Phe Leu
20 25 30
Ala Asn Leu Val Pro Arg Thr Glu Ser
35 40
<210> 43
<211> 18
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 43
Pro Ala Trp Arg Lys Ala Phe Arg Trp Ala Trp Arg Met Leu Lys Lys
1 5 10 15
Ala Ala
<210> 44
<211> 18
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 44
Lys Leu Lys Leu Lys Leu Lys Leu Lys Leu Lys Leu Lys Leu Lys Leu
1 5 10 15
Lys Leu
<210> 45
<211> 99
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成的多肽
<400> 45
Met Ala Gly Lys Ala Gly Glu Gly Glu Ile Pro Ala Pro Leu Ala Gly
1 5 10 15
Thr Val Ser Lys Ile Leu Val Lys Glu Gly Asp Thr Val Lys Ala Gly
20 25 30
Gln Thr Val Leu Val Leu Glu Ala Met Lys Met Glu Thr Glu Ile Asn
35 40 45
Ala Pro Thr Asp Gly Lys Val Glu Lys Val Leu Val Lys Glu Arg Asp
50 55 60
Ala Val Gln Gly Gly Gln Gly Leu Ile Lys Ile Gly Val Glu Asn Leu
65 70 75 80
Tyr Phe Gln Ser Thr Met Glu Gln Lys Leu Ile Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu
85 90 95
Glu Phe Thr
Claims (20)
1.提高细胞增殖能力的方法,所述方法包括使细胞群的细胞与包含hTERT、hTR、DKC1、NOP10和NHP2的重组端粒酶全酶接触,其中使所述重组端粒酶全酶充分靠近所述细胞并且被转移到所述细胞中,其中所转移的重组端粒酶全酶延长所述细胞的复制寿限。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括将所接触的细胞或其经体外扩增的细胞输注至对象中。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在提供所述细胞群之前从对象中取出所述细胞群。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其还包括将所接触的细胞或其经体外扩增的细胞再输注至所述对象。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞群在所述接触之前用一种或更多种异源构建体改造。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞群是外周血单个核细胞群。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所接触的细胞是T细胞。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述T细胞是CD3+/CD28+T细胞。
9.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述hTERT包含选自以下的氨基酸替换:
i)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸227,
ii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸824,
iii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸921,和
iv)被丙氨酸替代的苏氨酸249,及
其任意组合。
10.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述重组端粒酶全酶与细胞穿透肽偶联。
11.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述重组端粒酶全酶在以高渗量为特征的NaCl/HNa2PO4缓冲液中。
12.一种提高T细胞增殖能力的方法,其包括:
(i)从对象中取出T细胞;
(ii)将所述T细胞或其经体外扩增的细胞用一种或更多种异源构建体改造;
(iii)将经改造的T细胞与包含hTERT、hTR、DKC1、NOP10和NHP2的重组端粒酶全酶接触,其中使所述重组端粒酶全酶充分靠近所述细胞并且被转移到所述经改造的T细胞中,其中所转移的重组端粒酶全酶延长所述细胞的复制寿限;
(iv)将所述经改造的T细胞或其经体外扩增的细胞转移至对象。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中步骤(i)和(iv)中的所述对象是同一对象。
14.根据权利要求12或权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述一种或更多种异源构建体编码癌症抗原特异性T细胞受体。
15.根据权利要求12或权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述一种或更多种异源构建体编码嵌合抗原受体。
16.根据权利要求12或权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述hTERT包含选自以下的氨基酸替换:
i)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸227,
ii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸824,
iii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸921,和
iv)被丙氨酸替代的苏氨酸249,及
其任意组合。
17.根据权利要求12或权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述重组端粒酶全酶与细胞穿透肽偶联。
18.提高细胞增殖能力的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)使细胞群的第一部分与重组端粒酶全酶接触;
(ii)测量来自所述第一部分的第一细胞在触发衰老或凋亡之前进行的细胞分裂总次数;
(iv)测量来自所述细胞群的第二部分的细胞在触发衰老或凋亡之前进行的细胞分裂总次数,其中所述细胞群的第二部分未经端粒酶处理;以及
(v)确定来自所述第一部分的第二细胞是否不表现出癌症特征。
19.重组人端粒酶逆转录酶,其包含选自以下的氨基酸替换:
i)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸227,
ii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸824,和
iii)被天冬氨酸替代的丝氨酸921,及
其任意组合。
20.权利要求19所述的重组人端粒酶逆转录酶,其还包含氨基酸替换iv)被丙氨酸替代的苏氨酸249。
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