CN112629752B - Atomic ensemble mass center speed measuring device and method - Google Patents
Atomic ensemble mass center speed measuring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN112629752B CN112629752B CN202011577719.3A CN202011577719A CN112629752B CN 112629752 B CN112629752 B CN 112629752B CN 202011577719 A CN202011577719 A CN 202011577719A CN 112629752 B CN112629752 B CN 112629752B
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of precise measurement of atomic speed, and discloses an atomic ensemble centroid speed measuring device and a method, wherein the device comprises a laser light source, light output by the laser light source is divided into two beams by a first light splitting element, one beam is used as a control light beam and is incident to a second light combining unit after passing through a first single mode fiber, the other beam is used as a frequency shifter and generates a zero-order light beam and a first-order light beam, the zero-order light beam and the first-order light beam are combined by the first light combining unit to generate beat frequency, a beat frequency signal is divided into two beams after passing through the second single mode fiber and a second light splitting element, one beam is used as a reference light beam and is received by a first detector, the other beam is used as a measurement light beam and is incident to an atomic vapor pool after being overlapped with the control light beam after passing through a second light combining unit and is received by a second detector; the second light combination unit and the atomic vapor pool are arranged on the electric translation table. The method has the advantages of simple measurement operation and high measurement precision, and can be widely applied to the atomic field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of precise measurement of atomic speed, in particular to a device and a method capable of precisely measuring the mass center speed of an atomic ensemble.
Background
The measurement of the atom movement speed plays an important role in realizing high-precision inertial sensing such as gravity, gravity gradient, rotation and the like, and meanwhile, the method is also used for basic physics research, including quantum testing of an equivalent principle, measurement of a fine structure constant and a Newton constant G and the like. The traditional method for measuring the centroid velocity of an atomic ensemble is to measure the doppler shift of the absorption spectrum of a single atom in the atomic ensemble, when the method is used for measurement, the doppler shift distribution of each atom must be drawn, and then the centroid velocity of the atomic ensemble is obtained through data fitting, so that the measurement complexity is increased, and the measurement sensitivity is limited to a great extent by the doppler spread of the used atomic ensemble. Therefore, in order to increase the sensitivity, an atomic ensemble must be prepared at ultra-low temperature to narrow the doppler width of the atomic ensemble, which requires a complicated laser cooling and trapping apparatus.
At present, thermal atomic vapor cells have been widely used in the fields of optical magnetometers, atomic clocks, inertial sensing, and the like due to their compact and multifunctional characteristics, and have gradually become excellent candidates for high-precision sensing devices. In order to overcome the technical problem of the current atomic centroid velocity measurement, a new measurement approach needs to be provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention overcomes the defects of the prior art, and solves the technical problems that: the atomic ensemble mass center speed measuring device is high in sensitivity, simple in structure and convenient to operate.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an atomic ensemble centroid speed measuring device comprises a laser light source, a first light splitting element, a first single mode fiber, a frequency shifter, a first light combining unit, a second single mode fiber, a second light splitting element, a second light combining unit, an atomic vapor pool, an electric translation table, a third light splitting element, a first detector, a second detector and a signal collector;
light output by the laser light source is divided into two beams after passing through a first light splitting element, one beam is used as a control light beam and is incident to a second light combining unit after passing through a first single mode fiber, the other beam is used as a zero-order light beam and a first-order light beam generated after passing through a frequency shifter and is combined by the first light combining unit to generate beat frequency, a beat frequency signal is incident to the second light splitting element through the second single mode fiber and is divided into two beams after passing through the second light splitting element, one beam is used as a reference light beam and is received by a first detector, the other beam is used as a measuring light beam and is incident to a second light combining unit, the measuring light beam is overlapped with the control light beam and is incident to an atomic vapor pool after passing through the second light combining unit, and then the measuring light beam is received by a second detector after being separated out from the control light beam through a third light splitting element;
the second light combining unit and the atomic vapor pool are arranged on the electric translation table;
the control beam frequency f1And atom |1>Energy level to |3>Energy level transition resonance, the frequency shifter is used for frequency-shifting the laserShift generation frequency f2Wherein f is a primary light beam of2And atom |2>Energy level to |3>The energy level transition resonates.
The laser light source is an external cavity semiconductor laser, the frequency shifter is an acousto-optic modulator, the signal collector is used for collecting beat frequency signals received by the first detector and the second detector, and the beat frequency signals are used for calculating the mass center speed of the atomic ensemble.
The electric translation stage is a one-dimensional translation stage, the displacement direction of the electric translation stage is parallel to the incident direction of the measuring beam and keeps uniform motion, and the light outlet end of the second single-mode fiber is arranged on the electric translation stage.
Filling alkali metal atom steam into the atom steam pool; the periphery of the atom steam pool is provided with a magnetic shielding box, and the magnetic shielding box is made of mu-shaped metal.
The second light combination unit and the third light splitting element are polarization beam splitting prisms.
An atom ensemble barycenter speed measuring device, still include first beam collimator, second beam collimator, third beam collimator and fourth beam collimator, first beam collimator and fourth beam collimator set up respectively at first single mode fiber's input and output, second beam collimator and third beam collimator set up respectively at second single mode fiber's input and output, just fourth beam collimator sets up electronic translation bench.
The first light combination unit comprises a first reflecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror and a beam splitter, and after the zero-order light beam generated after the frequency shifter is reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror in sequence, the zero-order light beam is superposed with the first-order light beam generated by the frequency shifter at the beam splitter and beat frequency is generated.
In addition, the invention also provides an atomic ensemble mass center velocity measuring method, which is realized by adopting the atomic ensemble mass center velocity measuring device and comprises the following steps:
s1, measuring group delay: driving an electric translation table to keep uniform motion along the incident direction of a measuring beam, shielding a control beam, firstly measuring a beat frequency sine wave signal of a reference beam which does not interact with atoms by using a first detector, then measuring a beat frequency sine wave signal of the measuring beam which interacts with the atoms by using a second detector, and extracting a group delay time tau from two obtained beat frequency signals;
s2, phase shift measurement: the electric translation stage is driven to keep uniform motion along the incident direction of the measuring beam, firstly, a first detector is used for measuring a beat frequency sine wave signal of the reference beam, then a control beam and the measuring beam are enabled to simultaneously interact with atoms, a second detector is used for measuring the beat frequency sine wave signal of the measuring beam after the interaction with the atoms, and therefore the two-photon phase shift delta of the reference beam and the measuring beam is obtainedϕ；
And S3, calculating the centroid speed of the atomic ensemble.
In step S3, the calculation formula is:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,vrepresenting the centroid velocity of the atomic ensemble, and k represents the wave vector.
In the steps S1 and S2, the speed of the electric translation stage is less than 10 mm/S.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention provides a system and a method for measuring the centroid velocity of an atomic ensemble, which are used for researching the two-photon effect of a moving atomic steam pool by using quantum interference and determining the velocity of the atomic ensemble by measuring the phase shift of light passing through the moving steam pool. The method has the advantages of high measurement sensitivity, low cost, easy integration and the like. In contrast to the measurement of single atoms, the method is based on the collective motion of atoms, can sense the mass center speed of the whole body under the condition of not knowing the ensemble speed distribution, and has the short-term sensitivity of 5 mu ms-1Hz-1⁄2The results were 3 orders of magnitude better than those measured using conventional methods. Meanwhile, the measurement operation is simple, and the results prove that the method can be a powerful tool for measuring the mass center speed of the atomic ensemble.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an atomic ensemble centroid velocity measurement apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of energy levels used in measuring the mass center velocity of an ensemble of a steam pool in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the results of measuring group delay times according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the results of measuring phase shift in an embodiment of the present invention;
wherein: the laser comprises an external cavity diode laser 1, a first half-wave plate 2, a first beam splitter 3, a third reflector 4, a first frequency shifter 5, a first reflector 6, a second reflector 7, a beam splitter 8, a fourth reflector 9, a fifth reflector 10, a first beam collimator 11, a second beam collimator 12, a first single-mode fiber 13, a second single-mode fiber 14, a third beam collimator 15, a second half-wave plate 16, a second beam splitter 17, a first detector 18, a fourth beam collimator 19, a sixth reflector 20, a second beam combining unit 21, an atomic vapor cell 22, a magnetic shielding box 23, an electric translation stage 24, a third beam splitter 25, a second detector 26 and a signal collector 27.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments; all other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, an apparatus for measuring a centroid velocity of an atomic ensemble according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a light source system I and a measurement system ii. The light source system I comprises a laser light source 1, a first half-wave plate 2, a first light splitting element 3, a third reflector 4, a frequency shifter 5, a first reflector 6, a second reflector 7, a beam splitter 8, a fourth reflector 9, a fifth reflector 10, a first beam collimator 11, a second beam collimator 12, a first single-mode fiber 13 and a second single-mode fiber 14; the measurement system II comprises a third beam collimator 15, a second half-wave plate 16, a second beam splitting element 17, a first detector 18, a fourth beam collimator 19, a sixth reflector 20, a second light combining unit 21, an atom steam pool 22, a magnetic shielding box 23, an electric translation table 24, a third beam splitting element 25, a second detector 26 and a signal collector 27.
Light output by the laser light source 1 passes through the first half-wave plate 2 and the first light splitting element 3 and then is split into two beams, one beam serving as a control light beam enters the first single-mode fiber 13 after passing through the first beam collimator 11, then enters the second light combining unit 21 after passing through the fourth beam collimator 19 and the sixth reflector 20, and is reflected by the second light combining unit 21. The other beam enters the frequency shifter 5 after passing through the third reflector 4, and generates a zero-order beam and a first-order beam after passing through the frequency shifter 5, wherein the zero-order beam passes through the first reflector 6, the second reflector 7 and the beam splitter 8, the first-order beam directly enters the beam splitter 8, beat frequency is generated after the beam splitter 8 is combined, beat frequency signals enter the second single-mode fiber 14 after passing through the fourth reflector 9, the fifth reflector 10 and the second beam collimator 12, then enter the second half-wave plate 16 after passing through the third beam collimator 15, and then are divided into two beams by the second light splitting element 17, one beam is received by the first detector 18 as a reference beam, the other beam enters the second light combining unit 21 as a measuring beam, is transmitted by the second light combining unit 21, is recombined with the control beam reflected by the second light combining unit 21 and enters the atomic vapor pool 22 to react with atoms in the vapor pool, after the control beam is separated by the third light splitting element 25, the measuring beam is received by the second detector, and the detection signals of the first detector 18 and the second detector 26 are collected by the signal collector 27. The signal collector 27 is configured to collect beat frequency signals received by the first detector 18 and the second detector 26, where the beat frequency signals are used to calculate an atomic ensemble centroid velocity.
The first reflecting mirror 6, the second reflecting mirror 7 and the beam splitter 8 form a first light combination unit, so that the zero-order light beam and the first-order light beam generated by the frequency shifter 5 are combined and beat frequency is generated.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the second light combining unit 21 and the third light splitting element 25 are polarization beam splitting prisms, and the polarization of the measuring beam and the polarization of the control beam combined by the second light combining unit 21 are perpendicular to each other, and after the polarization beams respectively act on atoms, the measuring beam and the control beam can be separated by the third light splitting element 25.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the laser light source 1 is an external cavity semiconductor laser, and the model thereof may be a DL Pro series laser of Toptica corporation, germany, and the laser frequency isf 1For exciting atoms from |1>Energy level to |3>Energy level transitions, as shown in fig. 2; the frequency shifter 5 is an acousto-optic modulator, and can realize high-precision frequency shift and be convenient to adjust due to small volume and high precision of the acousto-optic modulator, and can be used as a frequency shifter with frequency shift amount of deltafAt a laser frequency off 1Is offset byf 2For exciting atoms from |2>Energy level to |3>Energy level transition (f 2=Δf+ f 1) As shown in fig. 2. The signal collector may be an oscilloscope.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the fourth beam collimator 19, the sixth mirror 20, the second beam combining unit 21, the atom vapor cell 22, and the magnetic shielding box 23 are disposed on the motorized translation stage 24; the electric translation stage 24 is a one-dimensional translation stage, the displacement direction of which is parallel to the incident direction of the measuring beam and keeps constant-speed motion at a speed of less than 10mm/s, when the electric translation stage translates, optical delay of the control beam can be caused, and at the moment, the control beam and the measuring beam simultaneously react with atoms to generate two-photon phase shift.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the atom vapor pool 22 is filled with alkali metal atom vapor; the periphery of the atomic steam pool 22 is provided with a magnetic shielding box 23, the magnetic shielding box 23 is made of mu-shaped metal, namely high-permeability (mu) metal material, and the magnetic shielding box is used for shielding the influence of a stray magnetic field on a measurement result.
The measurement principle of the present invention is as follows.
When the control beam and the probe beam interact with atoms, a two-photon phase shift occurs, which can be expressed as:
in the formula (1), k =2 pi/lambda, k represents a wave vector, lambda represents the wavelength of a control light beam, L is the length of the atomic steam pool, v is the ensemble centroid velocity of the atomic steam pool to be measured, and v isgτ is the group delay time of the probe beam τ = L/v for the group velocitygThe atomic vapor pool ensemble centroid velocity can be expressed by equation (1) as:
thus, by measuring the group delay time τ and the two-photon phase shift Δ of the probe beamϕThe mass center speed of the ensemble of the atomic steam pool can be measured.
Example two
The second embodiment of the invention provides a method for measuring the centroid speed of an atomic ensemble, which is realized by adopting the device for measuring the centroid speed of the atomic ensemble of the first embodiment and comprises the following steps.
S1, measuring group delay: the control beam is blocked by first measuring the beat sine wave signal of the reference beam that has not interacted with the atoms with the first detector 18 and then measuring the beat sine wave signal of the measurement beam that has interacted with the atoms with the second detector 25, thereby extracting the group delay time τ from the two obtained beat signals, as shown in fig. 3.
S2, phase shift measurement: firstly, a beat frequency sine wave signal of a reference beam is measured by using the first detector 18, then the control beam and the measuring beam simultaneously interact with atoms, and the beat frequency sine wave signal of the measuring beam after the interaction with the atoms is measured by using the second detector 25, so that a two-photon phase shift delta of the reference beam and the measuring beam is obtainedϕAs shown in fig. 4.
And S3, calculating the centroid velocity of the atomic ensemble, and substituting the obtained group delay time and the phase shift into the formula (2) to calculate the required centroid velocity.
In the steps S1 and S2, the moving speed of the electric translation stage 24 is less than 10 mm/S.
Specifically, in this embodiment, fig. 3 is a beat frequency sinogram for measuring group delay time, which takes time as a horizontal axis, fig. 4 is a beat frequency sinogram for measuring phase change, which is converted from time to phase by the horizontal axis, and a phase arc angle corresponding to one period of a sine wave is 2 pi, so that a phase corresponding to the time conversion process can be converted by the period, and in fig. 3 and 4, a solid line represents a signal of a reference beam and a dotted line represents a signal of a measuring beam.
In summary, the present invention provides a system and method for measuring the centroid velocity of an atomic ensemble by measuring the phase shift of light as it passes through a moving medium to determine the centroid velocity of a vapor pool ensemble, which is based on the collective motion of atoms, as opposed to the measurement of individual atoms, and which can sense the overall centroid velocity without knowing the ensemble velocity distribution.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An atomic ensemble centroid velocity measuring device is characterized by comprising a laser light source (1), a first light splitting element (3), a first single-mode optical fiber (13), a frequency shifter (5), a first light combining unit, a second single-mode optical fiber (14), a second light splitting element (17), a second light combining unit (21), an atomic vapor pool (22), an electric translation table (24), a third light splitting element (25), a first detector (18), a second detector (26) and a signal collector (27);
light output by the laser light source (1) is divided into two beams after passing through the first light splitting element (3), one beam is used as a control light beam and is incident to the second light combining unit (21) after passing through the first single-mode fiber (13), the other beam is used as a zero-order light beam and a first-order light beam generated after passing through the frequency shifter (5) and is combined by the first light combining unit to generate beat frequency, a beat frequency signal is incident to the second light splitting element (17) through the second single-mode fiber (14), the beat frequency signal is divided into two beams after passing through the second light splitting element (17), one beam is used as a reference light beam and is received by the first detector (18), the other beam is used as a measuring light beam and is incident to the second light combining unit (21), the measuring light beam is incident to the atomic vapor pool (22) after being overlapped with the control light beam after passing through the second light combining unit (21), and the control light beam is separated by the third light splitting element (25), and the measuring light beam is received by the second detector;
the second light combining unit (21) and the atomic vapor pool (22) are arranged on an electric translation table (24);
the control beam frequency f1And atom |1>Energy level to |3>The energy level transition resonance, the frequency shifter (5) is used for generating zero-order light beam with a constant frequency under the action of laser and shifting the frequency, and the frequency after frequency shifting is f2Wherein f is a primary light beam of2And atom |2>Energy level to |3>Energy level transition resonance;
when the first detector and the second detector have the control beams and do not have the control beams, beat frequency signals of the reference beams and the measuring beams which are respectively measured are used for calculating the mass center speed of the atomic ensemble.
2. The atomic ensemble centroid velocity measurement device according to claim 1, wherein said laser light source (1) is an external cavity semiconductor laser, said frequency shifter (5) is an acousto-optic modulator, said signal collector is configured to collect beat signals received by said first detector (18) and said second detector (26), and said beat signals are configured to calculate the atomic ensemble centroid velocity.
3. The atomic ensemble centroid velocity measuring device according to claim 1, wherein said electric translation stage (24) is a one-dimensional translation stage, the displacement direction of which is parallel to the incident direction of the measuring beam and maintains a uniform velocity motion, and the light emitting end of said second single mode optical fiber (14) is disposed on said electric translation stage (24).
4. The atomic ensemble centroid velocity measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the atom vapor pool (22) is filled with alkali metal atom vapor; and a magnetic shielding box is arranged at the periphery of the atom steam pool (22), and the magnetic shielding box is made of mu-shaped metal.
5. An atomic ensemble centroid velocity measurement device according to claim 1, wherein said second light combining unit (21) and third light splitting element (25) are polarizing beam splitting prisms.
6. An atomic ensemble centroid velocity measurement device according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising a first beam collimator (11), a second beam collimator (12), a third beam collimator (15) and a fourth beam collimator (19), said first beam collimator (11) and fourth beam collimator (19) being arranged at input and output ends of first single mode fiber (13), respectively, second beam collimator (12) and third beam collimator (15) being arranged at input and output ends of second single mode fiber (14), respectively, and said fourth beam collimator (19) being arranged on said motorized translation stage (24).
7. The atomic ensemble centroid velocity measurement device according to claim 1, wherein said first light combining unit comprises a first reflector (6), a second reflector (7) and a beam splitter (8), and after the zero-order light beam generated by said frequency shifter (5) is reflected by the first reflector (6) and the second reflector (7) in sequence, the zero-order light beam coincides with the first-order light beam generated by the frequency shifter (5) at the beam splitter (8) and the beat frequency occurs.
8. A method for measuring the mass center velocity of an atomic ensemble, which is realized by adopting the device for measuring the mass center velocity of the atomic ensemble according to any one of claims 1 to 7, and comprises the following steps:
s1, measuring group delay: driving an electric translation table (24) to keep uniform motion along the incident direction of a measuring beam, shielding a control beam, firstly measuring a beat frequency sine wave signal of a reference beam which does not interact with atoms by using a first detector (18), and then measuring a beat frequency sine wave signal of the measuring beam which interacts with the atoms by using a second detector (26), thereby extracting a group delay time tau from two obtained beat frequency signals;
s2, phase shift measurement: the electric translation table (24) is driven to keep uniform motion along the incident direction of the measuring beam, firstly, a beat frequency sine wave signal of the reference beam is measured by using a first detector (18), then, the control beam and the measuring beam simultaneously interact with atoms, and the beat frequency sine wave signal of the measuring beam after the interaction with the atoms is measured by using a second detector (26), so that a two-photon phase shift delta of the reference beam and the measuring beam is obtainedϕ；
And S3, calculating the centroid speed of the atomic ensemble.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein in step S3, the calculation formula is:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,vrepresenting the centroid velocity of the atomic ensemble, and k represents the wave vector.
10. The atomic ensemble centroid velocity measurement method according to claim 8, wherein in said steps S1 and S2, the velocity of motorized translation stage (24) is less than 10 mm/S.
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