CN112574115A - 一种氮杂碳硼笼离子型化合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种氮杂碳硼笼离子型化合物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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Abstract
本发明涉及一类新型氮杂碳硼笼离子型含能化合物的制备方法,属推进剂用化学品合成领域。制备过程中以癸硼烷为硼源,乙腈作为溶剂和反应物,利用质子海绵的强碱性,打破癸硼烷的电子平衡态,与极性基团氰基发生电子转移,成功将氰基引入到巢式硼笼中形成闭式氮杂碳硼笼阴离子结构;随后利用复分解反应将含能咪唑阳离子与氮杂碳硼笼组合得到氮杂碳硼笼离子化合物。该类化合物充分发挥含氮基团的能量特性,同时结合离子型化合物极低蒸汽压、无挥发性毒性的优势,解决以往硼烷和碳硼烷化合物能量不足和强毒性的缺点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一类新型氮杂碳硼笼离子型含能化合物的制备方法,属推进剂用化学品合成领域。
背景技术
硼的燃烧能够释放出大量的能量,而且释放速度极快,在高能推进剂领域具有重要的应用价值。值得注意的是,常规硼类粉体材料很难实现完全燃烧,纳米级的含硼材料又容易团聚,无法实现最大程度的燃烧,实现硼基化合物最大化程度的燃烧成为硼基推进剂应用的关键。
多面体笼型或巢型硼烷、碳硼烷化合物分子尺寸上介于原子和宏观物质材料之间,与宏观材料(或纳米材料)不同的是,其结构决定了该类材料是离散分布,可以连续不断地分裂成小的硼基碎片,使其在发动机内完全燃烧,而且碎片与粘结剂及其它燃料分解产生的不饱和小分子发生歧化,形成高活性小分子,可以改善推进剂的燃烧效率,同时硼烷或碳硼烷及其衍生物具有热值高、稳定性好等特点,作为高能燃料添加剂在固体推进剂中起到很好燃速调节作用,同时兼具增塑剂的功能。目前,常用的硼烷类燃速调节剂有癸硼烷、正丁基碳硼烷、正己基碳硼烷等。如美国通用动力公司研制的“蝮蛇”导弹使用的符合推进剂,便是采用的正己基碳硼烷作为燃速调节剂,其大幅提高了武器的性能和精度。
然而,硼烷或碳硼烷作为燃速调节剂使用,用量一般需要10%以上才能达到燃速调节的效果,该要求容易导致复合推进剂整体能量的降低。而且,有些中性硼烷或碳硼烷化合物具有很强的挥发性毒性,对操作人员生命健康具有极强的危害性。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种含能的氮杂笼型碳硼烷离子化合物及其制备方法。该类化合物结合含氮基团的能量特性,以及离子型化合物极低蒸汽压、无挥发性毒性的优势,解决以往硼烷和碳硼烷化合物能量不足和强毒性的缺点。
本发明涉及的技术方案如下:
[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]的制备:在两颈烧瓶中,借助磁力搅拌,将癸硼烷和质子海绵用干燥后的乙腈溶剂溶解;两颈烧瓶一端连接球型冷凝管,冷凝管末端液封,另一端连接氮气源;反应伊始,用氮气置换体系中的气氛2分钟,确保体系内为纯氮气氛围;在氮气氛围下,加热回流反应3-4天。反应完成后,减压蒸发除去溶剂,得到红褐色油状液体。在分液漏斗中用一定量的二氯甲烷将油状物溶解,之后滴加正己烷,加入的二氯甲烷与正己烷体积比为5:3,剧烈振摇后静置分层,收集上层清液,下层浊液再次重复上述步骤洗涤。将得到的所有上层清液,通过减压蒸发除去溶剂得到粗产品;然后,粗产品用乙醚溶解,过滤除去固体杂质,再次减压蒸发除去溶剂;最后,真空干燥得到高纯度产品,即为[PSH][B10H13CH3CN]。
Na[B10H13CH3CN]的制备:取一定量的碘化钠和[PSH][B10H13CH3CN]用丙酮分别溶解于烧杯中,碘化钠相较[PSH][B10H13CH3CN]用量多10%摩尔量。然后,将[PSH][B10H13CH3CN]的丙酮溶液缓慢加入碘化钠的丙酮溶液中,过程中需不断搅拌。加入完毕,需继续搅拌2小时。反应完成后,抽滤除去白色固体,收集清液,旋蒸除去丙酮,得到红色油状液体,室温下真空干燥6小时,得到Na[B10H13CH3CN]。
咪唑氮杂硼笼离子化合物的制备:将Na[B10H13CH3CN]用一定量的去离子水溶解,然后加入咪唑离子液体前驱体,离子液体的加入量为上述钠盐的1.2倍摩尔量,立即出现白色浊液,室温下搅拌2小时,浑浊液逐渐变澄清,上层及瓶壁上有红色粘稠的液体。将下层清液倾析出,向瓶内加入二氯甲烷使之完全溶解后,加入适量的无水硫酸镁,除去多余的水分,过滤,收集液体,旋蒸,除去二氯甲烷后,抽真空干燥,得到最终的产物。
本发明提供了一种氮杂碳硼烷阴离子结合咪唑阳离子得到氮杂碳硼烷含能化合物。该类化合物属于离子型化合物,蒸汽压极低,无挥发性毒性,阴阳离子结构中都含有含能基团,作为推进剂燃速调节剂,不会降低推进剂体系的能量。
附图说明
图1是本发明中氮杂碳硼烷阴离子的结构式
图2是氮杂硼笼结构11B-NMR谱图
图3是[3-炔丙基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]的1H-NMR谱图
图4是[3-炔丙基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]的13C-NMR谱图
具体实施方式
实施例1
在两颈烧瓶中,借助磁力搅拌,将癸硼烷(20mmol,2.45g)和质子海绵(25mmol,5.36g)用干燥后的乙腈溶剂溶解;两颈烧瓶一端连接球型冷凝管,冷凝管末端液封,另一端连接氮气源;反应伊始,用氮气置换体系中的气氛2分钟,确保体系内为纯氮气氛围;在氮气氛围下,加热回流反应3天。反应完成后,减压蒸发除去溶剂,得到红褐色油状液体。在分液漏斗中用100mL二氯甲烷将油状物溶解后,滴加正己烷60mL,剧烈振摇后静置分层,收集上层清液,下层浊液再次重复上述步骤洗涤。将得到的所有上层清液,通过减压蒸发除去溶剂得到粗产品;然后,粗产品用乙醚(30mL)溶解,过滤除去固体杂质,再次减压蒸发除去溶剂,重复2次;最后,真空干燥得到高纯度产品,即为[PSH][B10H13CH3CN]。核磁谱图数据:1H NMR(600MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=8.43(t,J=49.2Hz,1H),8.05(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.89(d,J=7.6Hz,2H),7.71(t,J=7.9Hz,2H),3.11(s,J=2.4Hz,12H),2.40(s,3H),0.5–3.5(m,B-H),-7.97(s,2H);13C NMR(151MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=197.32,145.26,136.38,130.27,128.07,122.55,120.17,118.25,46.82,30.86,15.63;11B NMR(193MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=-7.64,-8.43,-8.48,-9.30,-9.57,-10.27,-11.89,-12.65,-16.13,-16.82,-17.26,-17.88,-24.15,-24.86.红外数据:IR(KBr,cm-1):σ=3316(m),3058(w),2945(w),2507(vs),2466(vs),1508(w),1473(w),1461(m),1402(w),1374(w),1270(w),1219(w),1161(w),1117(w),1031(m),1001(m),831(m),767(m),595(w).
实施例2
取碘化钠(1.65g,11mmol)和[PSH][CH3CNB10H13](3.77g,10mmol)分别用15mL丙酮溶解于烧杯中,。然后,将[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]的丙酮溶液缓慢加入碘化钠的丙酮溶液中,过程中需不断搅拌。加入完毕,需继续搅拌2小时。反应完成后,减压过滤除去白色固体,收集清液,旋蒸除去丙酮,得到红色油状液体,室温下真空干燥6小时,得到粗产品Na[CH3CNB10H13]。
将Na[CH3CNB10H13]粗产品用20mL去离子水溶解,然后加入碘化3-丙基-1-甲基咪唑离子液体(3.45g,12mmol),立即出现白色浊液,室温下搅拌2小时,浑浊液逐渐变澄清,上层及瓶壁上有红色粘稠的液体。将下层清液倾析出,向瓶内加入二氯甲烷使之完全溶解后,加入适量的无水硫酸镁,除去多余的水分,过滤,收集液体,旋蒸,除去二氯甲烷后,真空干燥得到最终的产物[3-丙基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]。核磁谱图数据如下:1H NMR(600MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=8.44(m,2H,NH and CH),7.40(t,1H),7.37(t,1H),4.13(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),3.86(s,3H),2.43(s,3H),0.95(t,J=7.4Hz,3H),0.5–3.5(m,B-H),-7.94(m,2H,B-H-B).13CNMR(151MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=197.72,136.82,124.67,123.27,118.26,52.06,36.91,30.83,24.07,10.77.红外数据:IR(KBr,cm-1):σ=3324(m),3145(m),3115(m),2967(w),2877(w),2509(vs),1570(m),1507(m),1456(m),1400(w),1207(w),1167(m),1119(w),1032(w),1004(w),832(w),748(m),646(w),620(m).
实施例3
本实施例中,除离子液体前驱体为溴化-3-烯丙基-1-甲基咪唑外,其余步骤和用量均与实施例2相同,最终得到产品[3-烯丙基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]。核磁谱图数据:1H NMR(600MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ8.42(s,2H,NH and CH),7.35(dd,J=3.4,1.7Hz,2H),6.01(ddd,J=12.3,10.3,5.1Hz,1H),5.42(dd,J=10.3,1.0Hz,1H),5.37(dt,J=18.4,1.3Hz,1H),4.75(d,J=6.2Hz,2H),3.84(s,3H),2.40(s,3H),0.5–3.5(m,B-H),-7.98(s,2H,B-H-B).13C NMR(151MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=197.74,136.95,131.62,124.83,123.31,121.87,118.26,52.49,37.02,30.89.红外数据:IR(KBr,cm-1):σ=3322(m),3146(m),3122(m),2947(w),2502(vs),2457(s),1605(w),1569(m),1505(m),1427(w),1401(w),1312(w),1205(w),1155(m),1118(w),1033(w),1008(w),951(m),916(w),832(m),746(m),621(m).
实施例4
本实施例中,除离子液体前驱体为溴化-3-炔丙基-1-甲基咪唑外,其余步骤和用量均与实施例2相同,最终得到产品[3-炔丙基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]。核磁数据:1HNMR(600MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=8.58(s,1H),8.44(s,NH,1H),7.47(t,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.38(t,J=1.7Hz,1H),5.00(d,J=2.6Hz,2H),3.85(s,3H),3.02(t,J=2.6Hz,1H),0.5–3.5(m,B-H),2.40(s,3H),-7.97(s,2H,B-H-B).13C NMR(151MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=197.75,136.97,125.10,123.04,118.26,78.55,75.32,40.14,37.18,30.84.红外谱图数据:IR(KBr,cm-1):σ=3329(m),3253(m),3146(m),3125(m),2958(m),2922(m),2853(m),2497(m),2446(m),2318(m),1608(m),1568(m),1506(m),1443(m),1399(m),1311(m),1207(m),1156(m),1118(m),1033(m),1006(m),968(m),916(m),838(m),748(m),677(m),618(m).
实施例5
本实施例中,除离子液体前驱体为溴化-3-腈甲基-1-甲基咪唑外,其余步骤和用量均与实施例2相同,最终得到产品[3-腈甲基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]。核磁数据:1HNMR(600MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=8.62(s,1H),8.46(s,1H),7.53(t,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.43(t,J=1.6Hz,1H),5.23(s,2H),3.87(s,4H),0.5–3.5(m,B-H),-7.98(s,2H,B-H-B).13C NMR(151MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=196.15,136.69,124.33,122.24,112.84,36.93,36.12,29.55.红外数据:IR(KBr,cm-1):σ=3324(m),3150(m),3111(m),2973(m),2938(m),2850(w),2507(vs),1637(w),1579(m),1559(m),1508(w),1453(w),1452(m),1208(m),1170(s),1118(w),1031(m),1005(m),923(w),832(m),744(m),620(m).
实施例6
本实施例中,除离子液体前驱体为溴化-3-乙基-1-甲基咪唑外,其余步骤和用量均与实施例2相同,最终得到产品[3-乙基-1-甲基咪唑][B10H13CH3CN]。核磁数据:1H NMR(600MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ=8.43(s,2H),7.38(s,1H),7.33(s,1H),4.18(q,J=7.3Hz,2H),3.83(s,3H),0.5–3.5(m,B-H),1.46(t,J=7.3Hz,3H),-7.98(s,2H,B-H-B).13C NMR(151MHz,CD3CN,ppm)δ197.74,136.59,124.63,122.95,45.88,36.90,30.85,15.51.红外数据:IR(KBr,cm-1):σ=3320(m),3145(m),3117(m),2953(m),2500,1569(m),1505(w),1458(w),1400(w),1342(w),1315(w),1206(w),1166(m),1120(w),1033(w),1003(w),832(m),744(m),645(w),619(m).
上述虽然对本发明的具体实施方式进行了描述,但并非对本发明保护范围的限制,所属领域技术人员应该明白,在本发明的技术方案基础上,本领域技术人员不需要付出创造性劳动即可做出的各种修改或变形,仍在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种氮杂碳硼笼离子型化合物及其制备方法,其特征在于所述离子盐的氮杂硼笼阴离子为[CH3CNB10H13]-,阳离子为咪唑类衍生物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的氮掺杂硼笼类离子化合物,其特征在于所述咪唑类衍生物包括:3-腈甲基-1-甲基咪唑、3-炔丙基-1-甲基咪唑、3-烯丙基-1-甲基咪唑、3-丙基-1-甲基咪唑或3-乙基-1-甲基咪唑中的一种。
3.权利要求1或2所述氮掺杂硼笼类离子化合物的制备方法,其特征在于,首先制备出[PSH][CH3CNB10H13],然后与NaI复分解反应得到Na[CH3CNB10H13],最后与咪唑阳离子卤盐交换得到相应离子化合物。
4.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于所述[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]的制备过程为:在两颈烧瓶中,借助磁力搅拌,将癸硼烷和质子海绵用干燥后的乙腈溶剂溶解,癸硼烷与质子海绵的摩尔比例为4:5;两颈烧瓶一端连接球型冷凝管,冷凝管末端液封,另一端连接氮气源;反应伊始,用氮气置换体系中的气氛一段时间,确保体系内为纯氮气氛围,在氮气氛围下,加热回流反应3-4天。反应完成后,借助减压蒸馏除去溶剂,得到红褐色油状液体。在分液漏斗中用一定量的二氯甲烷将油状物溶解后,之后滴加正己烷,加入的二氯甲烷与正己烷体积比为5:3,振摇后静置分层,收集上次清液,下层浊液再次重复上述步骤洗涤,洗涤2-3次。将得到的所有上层清液,通过减压蒸发除去溶剂得到粗产品;然后,粗产品用乙醚溶解,过滤除去固体杂质,再次减压蒸发掉溶剂;最后,真空干燥得到高纯度产品,即为[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于Na[CH3CNB10H13]的制备方法为:取一定量的碘化钠和[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]用丙酮分别溶解于烧杯中,碘化钠相较[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]用量多10%摩尔量。然后,将[PSH][CH3CNB10H13]的丙酮溶液缓慢加入碘化钠的丙酮溶液中,过程中需不断搅拌,加入完毕后,需继续搅拌2小时。反应完成后,抽滤除去白色固体,收集清液,旋蒸除去丙酮,得到红色油状液体,室温下真空干燥6小时,得到Na[CH3CNB10H13]。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于咪唑氮杂硼笼离子化合物的制备工艺为:将Na[CH3CNB10H13]用一定量的去离子水溶解,然后加入咪唑离子液体前驱体,离子液体的加入量为上述钠盐的1.2倍摩尔量,立即出现白色浊液,室温下搅拌2小时,浑浊液逐渐变澄清,上层和瓶壁上有红色粘稠的液体。将下层清液倾析出,向瓶内加入二氯甲烷使之完全溶解后,加入适量的无水硫酸镁,除去多余的水分,过滤后收集液体,旋蒸除去二氯甲烷,真空干燥后得到最终的产物。
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