CN112546244B - 成纤维细胞生长因子受体2特异性肽试剂和方法 - Google Patents
成纤维细胞生长因子受体2特异性肽试剂和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开涉及成纤维细胞生长因子受体2特异性肽试剂;使用所述肽试剂检测,如食管癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞的上皮来源的癌细胞的方法;以及使用所述肽试剂靶向此类细胞的方法。
Description
本申请要求2017年6月22日提交的美国临时专利申请第62/523,446号的优先权,所述临时专利申请通过引用整体并入本文。
政府支持声明
本发明是在政府支持下根据国家卫生研究院(the National Institute ofHealth)授予的U54 CA163059和U01 CA189291合同完成的。政府对本发明享有一定的权利。
通过引用并入序列表
本申请包含计算机可读形式的序列表(其作为公开的单独部分)(文件名:52083PCT_SeqList.txt;1,080字节-ASCII文本文件,创建于2018年6月20日),其通过引用整体并入本文。
技术领域
本公开涉及成纤维细胞生长因子受体2(FGFR2)特异性肽试剂;使用所述肽试剂检测如食管癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞的上皮来源的癌细胞的方法;以及使用所述肽试剂靶向此类细胞的方法。
背景技术
每年全世界诊断出超过450,000例食管癌新病例,每年导致超过400,000例死亡1。食管腺癌(EAC)代表了美国的大多数病例,在这些病例中,发病率和死亡率继续迅速上升2。这一趋势归因于肥胖症和慢性胃食管反流病(GERD)的增加3。巴雷特食管(Barrett'sesophagus,BE)是具有肠化生的正常鳞状上皮的替代物,可以在发展为EAC之前转变为低度不典型增生(LGD)并发展为高度不典型增生(HGD)4。LGD表现出增加的风险,但是对这一病状的病理诊断可能是主观的且解释不一致5。常规白光内窥镜检查和随机四象限组织活检已被推荐用于BE患者的监视6。治疗方法包括内窥镜黏膜切除术(EMR)、射频消融术(RFA)以及用于改善患者预后的手术6。不幸的是,用于恶性前病变检查的内窥镜策略受到采样误差、扁平构造和斑片状分布的限制7。与基因改变相关的分子变化发生在组织病理学异常之前,并且可以作为内窥镜检查的辅助手段进行影像学检查,以早期发现癌症8。
受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)在细胞膜上表达,它们可用于体内成像9。它们在癌症进展期间占据细胞信号传导的关键调控点。已经发现FGFR2在从BE到EAC的进展早期高度表达10。FGFR2是成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)家族的成员,其包括位于细胞表面的糖蛋白FGFR1-411,并且由3个细胞外免疫球蛋白(Ig)样结构域、一疏水跨膜区域和一含有酪氨酸激酶催化结构域的细胞质结构域组成12。已鉴定出多于20种的FGFR2的选择性剪接变体13。主要的剪接发生在第三个Ig样结构域(D3)的羧基末端。当D3的C末端分别由外显子8或9编码时,产生FGFR2的同种型IIIb或IIIc。已知FGF-1、3、7、10和22结合FGFR2b,而FGF-1、2、4、6、9、17和18结合FGFR2c。FGF与FGFR2的结合使介导与胞质衔接蛋白相互作用的特异性酪氨酸残基磷酸化,并激活胞内信号级联反应,如RAS-MAPK、PI3K-AKT、PLCγ和STAT14-18。
最近在临床上证明了使用肽通过成像来检测和定位巴雷特瘤形成19,20。一种肽ASYNYDA(SEQ ID NO:4)是使用噬菌体展示技术在针对人H460腺癌细胞的无偏筛选中筛选得到的,并且后来发现其来源于肺而非食管26。
开发了FGFR2特异性肽作为红色发光金纳米簇的前体30。
正在开发靶向FGFR2的探针,包括抗体、凝集素和小分子。GP369是FGFR2b特异性抗体,所述抗体表现出有效的抗肿瘤活性31。抗体已经被重新用于体内成像,然而这种用于诊断的探针平台的广泛临床应用受到缓慢结合动力学、免疫原性和高生产成本的限制32。凝集素已经显示出体外靶向巴雷特瘤形成33。然而,这些试剂具有低多样性并且无法获得足够的体内结合亲和力。此外,糖蛋白靶标随着疾病的进展而表达不足,因此在体内产生易于假阳性的阴性对照。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂已显示在体外降低具有FGFR2扩增的胃癌细胞的存活34。广域内窥镜检查的其它方法,包括彩色内窥镜检查35、窄带成像(NBI)36和自体荧光成像(AFI)37,已在临床上评估,但其内在对比度低且基于非特异性机制。在临床研究中,这些方法没有显示出优于常规白光内窥镜检查和随机活检的明显优势。
用于检测上皮来源的癌症(如巴雷特瘤形成)的新产品和方法和治疗方法是本领域所需要的。
发明内容
一方面,本公开提供了一种包含肽SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1)或所述肽的多聚体形式的试剂,其中所述试剂特异性结合FGFR2。在一些实施例中,所述多聚体形式为二聚体。在一些实施例中,所述肽试剂基本上由所述肽或所述肽的多聚体形式组成。
在一些实施例中,所述试剂包含至少一种与所述肽或所述肽的多聚体形式连接的可检测标记。在一些实施例中,所述可检测标记可通过光学、光声、超声、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)或磁共振成像检测。在一些实施例中,可通过光学成像检测的所述标记为异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)、Cy5、Cy5.5或IRdye800。在一些实施例中,所述可检测标记通过肽接头与所述肽连接。在一些实施例中,所述接头的末端氨基酸为赖氨酸。在一些实施例中,所述接头包含SEQ ID NO:2所示的序列GGGSK。
在一些实施例中,所述试剂包含至少一种与所述肽或所述肽的多聚体形式连接的治疗性部分。在一些实施例中,所述治疗性部分为化学预防剂或化学治疗剂,如塞来昔布(celecoxib)、卡铂、紫杉醇、顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)、卡培他滨(capecitabine)、苯丁酸氮芥、索拉贝尼(sorabenib)和伊立替康(irinotecan)。在一些实施例中,所述治疗性部分为包封化学预防剂或化学治疗剂(包括但不限于塞来昔布、卡铂、紫杉醇、顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂、卡培他滨、苯丁酸氮芥、索拉贝尼和伊立替康)的纳米颗粒或胶束,如聚合物纳米颗粒或聚合物胶束。
在一些实施例中,所述试剂包含至少一种与所述肽或所述肽的多聚体形式连接的可检测标记和至少一种与所述肽或所述肽的多聚体形式连接的治疗性部分。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种包含本发明的试剂和药学上可接受的赋形剂的组合物。
在又一方面,本公开提供了用于检测患者中上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的方法,其包含向所述患者给予本发明的试剂并且检测所述试剂与癌细胞的结合的步骤。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种确定对患者中的癌症和/或癌症转移或癌症复发的治疗的有效性的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:向所述患者给予本发明的试剂,显现所述试剂标记的细胞的第一量,并且将所述第一量与先前显现的所述试剂标记的细胞的第二量进行对比,其中,相对于先前显现的标记的细胞的第二量,所述标记的第一量细胞减少指示有效治疗。在一些实施例中,所述方法进一步包含获得所述试剂标记的所述细胞的活检。
在又一方面,本公开提供了一种用于将治疗性部分递送至患者中上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的方法,其包含向患者给予本发明的试剂的步骤。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种用于向有需要的患者给予本发明的组合物的试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含所述组合物、所述组合物的使用说明书和用于向所述患者给予所述组合物的装置。
另一方面,本公开提供了一种由氨基酸序列SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1组成的肽。
附图说明
图1显示了12个氨基酸(aa)的肽序列的化学结构:A)发现对FGFR2具有特异性的SRRPASFRTARE(SRR*)以及B)用于对照的加扰肽SPSRERTFRARA(SPS*)。Cy5.5荧光团(红色)通过GGGSK接头(蓝色)连接以防止空间位阻。C)使用结构模型(1EV2)发现SRR*-Cy5.5结合FGFR2c(147-366aa)的胞外结构域(ECD),Et=-290.43,而SPS*-Cy5.5导致Et=-277.37。D)在PBS中10μM浓度的SRR*-Cy5.5和SPS*-Cy5.5在λex=671nm激发下的荧光光谱显示了在NIR光谱中λem=710nm处的峰值发射。
图2显示了与C)野生型相比,SRR*-Cy5.5(红色)在共聚焦显微术上与表达A)FGFR2b和B)FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞表面的强结合。D-F)观察到加扰肽SPS*-Cy5.5信号最小。G-I)使用AF488(绿色)标记的抗FGFR2抗体作为阳性对照观察到强结合。所有实验一式三份进行。J)定量结果显示了SRR*-Cy5.5的平均荧光强度显著高于SPS*-Cy5.5(对照)。对每种条件下3个载玻片中每个载玻片上的3个随机细胞进行对数转化和平均测量,并用6个平均值的项拟合ANOVA模型。K)蛋白质印迹显示了每个细胞的FGFR2蛋白表达水平。
图3显示了在加入50μM或更高浓度的未标记SRR*肽的竞争中,观察到SRR*-Cy5.5与表达FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞结合的显著降低。G-L)未标记SPS*的加入未发现显著差异。M)将荧光强度与具有12个平均值的项的ANOVA模型拟合。针对每种条件,从3个载玻片随机选择的3个细胞的平均值定量信号。P值显示在以上数据中,并且对比在每种浓度下加入未标记的SRR*和SPS*时强度的差异,而没有未标记肽的差异相同。N)使用流式细胞术,测量SRR*-Cy5.5与表达FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞结合的表观解离常数kd=68nM,R2=0.96,以及O)表观结合时间常数k=0.16min-1(6.2分钟)。这些结果代表3个独立实验。
图4显示了在用共聚焦显微镜离体收集的人食管样品的代表性图像中,SRR*-Cy5.5(红色)显示了对A)鳞状(SQ)和B)巴雷特食管(BE)的染色极少,以及对C)高度不典型增生(HGD)和D)食管腺癌(EAC)的强结合(箭头)。E-H)用AF488(绿色)标记的抗FGFR2抗体作为阳性对照,对SQ和BE显示弱染色,但对HGD和EAC显示强结合(箭头)。根据放置在细胞上的尺寸为30×30μm2的3个方框的平均值来定量荧光强度,如图C)和G)所示。分别从SQ、BE、HGD和EAC的n=28、33、22和17个样本中,发现,与使用I)SRR*-Cy5.5和J)AF488标记的抗FGFR2的BE相比,来自HGD和EAC的平均荧光强度显著更高,使用对数转换数据中具有4个平均值的项的ANOVA模型。K-N)合并图像显示了肽(红色)和抗体(绿色)结合的共定位。确定SQ、BE、HGD和EAC的皮尔逊相关系数ρ分别=0.59、0.54、0.52和0.59。显示了O)SQ、P)BE、Q)HGD和R)EAC的代表性组织学(H&E)。
图5显示了在蛋白质印迹上,与未处理的细胞相比,在向表达FGFR2b或FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞中加入5和100μM的SRR*肽的情况下,FGFR2(p-FGFR)或下游AKT(p-AKT)和ERK(p-ERK)的磷酸化无明显变化。添加FGF1作为结合FGFR2b和FGFR2c的阳性对照显示FGFR2(p-FGFR)、下游AKT(p-AKT)和ERK(p-ERK)的磷酸化活性,特别是在表达FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞中。
图6显示了来自离体人食管切片的代表性IHC,其显示FGFR2的表达随着来自A)鳞状(SQ)、B)巴雷特食管(BE)、C)低度不典型增生(LGD)、D)高度不典型增生(HGD)和E)食管腺癌(EAC)的组织学进展而增加。
图7显示了FGFR2胞外结构域(ECD)的表征。A)示意图显示了FGFR2-ECD含有信号肽(SP)和3个胞外免疫球蛋白样结构域(D1-D3)。FGFR2-ECD通过疏水性跨膜区域(TM)锚定到含有酪氨酸激酶催化结构域(PK)的胞质结构域。FGFR2在外显子8或9中的选择性剪接分别导致FGFR2b或FGFR2c在D3的C末端表达。显示氨基酸314-362的差异(红色)。B)对于重组FGFR2-ECD,通过HPLC获得>97%的纯度。使用SDS-PAGE,观察到依赖于糖基化的表观分子量为约65至75kDa。显示标准BSA用于对比。
图8显示了SRR*-Cy5.5和SPS*-Cy5.5的实验质荷比(m/z)为2385.31。这些结果与预期值一致。
图9显示了使用免疫荧光,SRR*-Cy5.5肽和AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体之间具有良好相关性。分别测定了SQ、BE、HGD和EAC的人食管样本n=28、33、22和17的总皮尔逊系数ρ=0.66,P=1.4×10-13。
图10显示了FGFR2肽试剂与人食管鳞状细胞癌(SCC)的结合。在用共聚焦显微镜收集的代表性图像上,A)SRR*-Cy5.5(红色)以及B)用AF488(绿色)标记的抗FGFR2抗体显示了与人食管SCC切片的强结合。C)合并图像的皮尔逊相关系数ρ=0.84。D)SCC的相应组织学(H&E)。通过对比,发现用E)SRR*-Cy5.5和F)AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体对正常人食管切片的染色最小。G)合并图像。H)正常食管的相应组织学(H&E)。从一组随机放置的尺寸为30×30μm2的3个方框的平均值中定量荧光强度,如图A)和B)所示。通过配对的双侧t检验,发现,对于I)SRR*-Cy5.5,P=5×10-21和J)AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体,P=1×10-17,SCC的平均荧光强度明显高于正常水平。
图11显示了FGFR2肽试剂与人胃癌的结合。在用共聚焦显微镜收集的代表性图像上,A)SRR*-Cy5.5(红色)以及B)用AF488(绿色)标记的抗FGFR2抗体显示了与人胃癌切片的强结合。C)合并图像的皮尔逊相关系数ρ=0.93。D)胃癌的相应组织学(H&E)。通过对比,发现用E)SRR*-Cy5.5和F)AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体对正常人胃切片的染色最小。G)合并图像。H)正常胃的相应组织学(H&E)。从一组随机放置的尺寸为30×30μm2的3个方框的平均值中定量荧光强度,如图A)和B)所示。通过配对的双侧t检验,发现,对于I)SRR*-Cy5.5,P=7×10-17和J)AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体,P=7×10-20,胃癌的平均荧光强度明显高于正常水平。
具体实施方式
靶向对上皮来源的癌症具有特异性的分子的过表达的图像引导手术可以帮助实现完全肿瘤切除和组织功能维持之间的平衡。靶向成像还可以帮助最大化“正常”组织的剩余体积以优化术后功能。此外,上皮来源的癌症的特异性成像靶可用作评价患者预后的重要生物标记。成像试剂可以为疾病检测、预后、指导治疗和监测治疗反应提供生物学基础。抗体是最常用的,然而它们尺寸大、分子量高,并且血浆半衰期长,所有这些都会导致成像背景增加。肽是具有小尺寸和低分子量的有吸引力的成像工具,可获得抗体无法获得的深部组织成像的改善性能。肽免疫原性较低,从非靶组织中清除以减少背景,并且可以合成以提高结合亲和力。所有这些促进了深层组织穿透和有效靶向。
一方面,本公开提供了与在不典型增生细胞和/或癌细胞上表达的FGFR2结合的肽。所述肽包括但不限于肽SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1)。
在另一方面,本公开提供了包含本发明肽的试剂。本发明的“肽试剂”包含至少两种组分:本发明的肽和与所述肽连接的另一部分。试剂中有助于FGFR2结合的唯一组分为本发明的肽。换句话说,试剂“基本上由”本发明的肽组成。在一些实施例中,其它部分包含氨基酸,但本发明的肽不与天然的那些氨基酸连接,并且其它氨基酸不影响肽与FGFR2的结合。此外,本文考虑的试剂中的其它部分不是噬菌体展示库中的噬菌体或任何其它类型的肽展示库的组分。
在一些实施例中,所述试剂包含至少一种可检测标记作为连接到本发明肽的部分。可检测标记可以为,例如通过光学、超声、PET、SPECT或磁共振成像可检测的。在一些实施例中,可通过光学成像检测的标记为异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)、Cy5、Cy5.5或IRdye800(也称为IR800CW)。
在一些实施例中,所述可检测标记通过肽接头与本发明的肽连接。所述接头的末端氨基酸可以为赖氨酸,如在示例性接头GGGSK(SEQ ID NO:2)中的赖氨酸。
在一些实施例中,所述试剂包含至少一个与本发明肽连接的治疗性部分。所述治疗性部分可以为化学预防剂或化学治疗剂。在某些实施例中,所述化学预防剂为塞来昔布。在某些实施例中,所述化学治疗剂为卡铂、紫杉醇、顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂、卡培他滨、氯丁酸苄酯、索拉非尼(sorafenib)或伊立替康。在一些实施例中,所述治疗性部分为包封另一治疗性部分的纳米颗粒或胶束。在某些实施例中,卡铂、紫杉醇、顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂、卡培他滨、氯丁酸苄酯、索拉非尼或伊立替康被包封。
在一些实施例中,所述试剂包含至少一种与肽或肽的多聚体形式连接的可检测标记以及至少一种与肽或肽的多聚体形式连接的治疗性部分。
在又一方面,本公开提供了一种包含本发明试剂和药学上可接受的赋形剂的组合物。
在又另一方面,本公开提供了一种用于特异性检测患者中上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的方法,所述方法包含将与可检测标记连接的本发明试剂给予患者并检测所述试剂与细胞的结合的步骤。在一些实施例中,可检测的结合发生在体内。在其它实施例中,可检测的结合发生在体外。在又其它实施例中,可检测的结合原位发生。
短语“特异性检测”是指试剂与一种类型的细胞结合并被检测,并且在所述方法实施时所处的灵敏度水平上,所述试剂与另一种类型的细胞不结合并且未被检测到。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种确定对患者中的上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)和/或癌症转移或癌症复发的治疗的有效性的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:将与可检测标记连接的本发明的试剂给予患者,显现所述试剂标记的细胞的第一量,并将第一量与先前显现的试剂标记的细胞的第二量进行对比,其中,相对于先前显现的标记的细胞的第二量,标记的第一量细胞减少指示有效治疗。在一些实施例中,减少5%指示有效治疗。在其它实施例中,减少约10%,约15%,约20%,约25%,约30%,约35%,约40%,约45%,约50%,约55%,约60%,约65%,约70%,约75%,约80%,约85%,约90%,约95%或更多指示有效治疗。在一些实施例中,所述方法进一步包含获得由所述试剂标记的细胞的活检。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种用于将治疗性部分递送至患者的方法,其包含向患者给予与治疗性部分连接的本发明的试剂的步骤。
在又一方面,本公开提供了一种用于将治疗性部分递送至患者的上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的方法,其包含向患者给予与治疗性部分连接的本发明的试剂的步骤。
在又另一方面,本公开提供了一种用于向有需要的患者给予本发明的组合物的试剂盒,其中所述试剂盒包含本发明的组合物、使用所述组合物的说明书和用于向患者给予所述组合物的装置。
接头、肽和肽类似物
如本文所用,“接头”是位于本公开的肽的C末端的氨基酸序列。在一些实施例中,接头序列以赖氨酸残基终止。
在一些实施例中,与不存在接头时试剂的可检测结合相比,接头的存在导致本发明试剂与上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的可检测结合增加至少1%。在各个方面,可检测结合的增加为至少2%,至少3%,至少4%,至少5%,至少6%,至少7%,至少8%,至少9%,至少10%,至少11%,至少12%,至少13%,至少14%,至少15%,至少16%,至少17%,至少18%,至少19%,至少20%,至少约25%,至少约30%,至少约35%,至少约40%,至少约45%,至少约50%,至少约55%,至少约60%,至少约65%,至少约70%,至少约75%,至少约80%,至少约85%,至少约90%,至少约95%,至少约99%,至少约2倍,至少约3倍,至少约4倍,至少约5倍,至少约6倍,至少约7倍,至少约8倍,至少约9倍,至少约10倍,至少约15倍,至少约20倍,至少约25倍,至少约30倍,至少约35倍,至少约40倍,至少约45倍,至少约50倍,至少约100倍或更多。
术语“肽”是指2至50个氨基酸的分子,3至20个氨基酸的分子以及6至15个氨基酸的分子。本发明所考虑的肽和接头的长度可以为5个氨基酸。在各个方面,多肽或接头的长度可以为6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50或更多个氨基酸。
在各个方面,示例性肽是通过本领域已知的方法随机产生的,在多肽库(例如但不限于,噬菌体展示库)中携带的,通过蛋白质消化衍生的或化学合成的。已经使用噬菌体展示技术开发了本公开中举例说明的肽,噬菌体展示技术是一种有效的组合方法,其使用重组DNA技术产生多肽的复合库,用于通过优先结合细胞表面靶标进行选择[Scott等人,《科学(Science)》,249:386-390(1990)]。噬菌体的蛋白质外壳,如丝状M13或二十面体T7,被遗传工程化以表达非常大量(>109)的具有独特序列的不同多肽以实现亲和结合[Cwirla等人,《美国国家科学协会公报(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA)》,87:6378-6382(1990)]。然后通过针对过度表达靶标的培养细胞和组织对噬菌体库进行生物淘选来进行选择。然后回收这些候选噬菌体的DNA序列并用于合成多肽[Pasqualini等人,《自然(Nature)》,380:364-366(1996)]。优先结合FGFR2的多肽任选地用荧光染料标记,包括但不限于FITC、Cy5.5、Cy7和Li-Cor。
肽包括纯化的或两种形式的混合物形式的D形式和L形式。本公开还考虑了与本发明的肽竞争结合上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的肽。
在一些实施例中,本发明试剂的肽以多聚体形式存在。在本领域中已知可以在其上呈现多个肽的各种支架。在一些实施例中,肽以多聚体形式存在于三赖氨酸树突楔上。在一些实施例中,肽使用氨基己酸接头以二聚体形式存在。本领域已知的其它支架包括但不限于其它树枝状聚合物和聚合物(例如PEG)支架。
应当理解,本发明的肽和接头任选地掺入本领域已知的修饰,并且改变此类修饰的位置和数量以在肽和/或接头类似物中获得最佳效果。
在一些实施例中,化合物为具有基于本文公开的肽之一(“亲本肽(parentpeptide)”)的结构但在一个或多个方面不同于亲本肽的肽类似物。因此,如本领域普通技术人员所理解的,关于本文提供的亲本肽的教导也可适用于肽类似物。
在一些实施例中,肽类似物包含亲本肽的结构,除了肽类似物包含一个或多个非肽键代替肽键。在一些实施例中,肽类似物包含酯键、醚键、硫醚键、酰胺键等以代替肽键。在一些实施例中,肽类似物为包含酯链代替肽键的缩酚酸肽。
在一些实施例中,肽类似物包含本文所述的亲本肽的结构,除了所述肽类似物包含一个或多个氨基酸取代,例如一个或多个保守氨基酸取代。保守氨基酸取代是本领域已知的,包括其中一个具有某些物理和/或化学性质的氨基酸被另一个具有相同化学或物理性质的氨基酸替换的氨基酸取代。例如,保守氨基酸取代可以为酸性氨基酸取代另一个酸性氨基酸(例如Asp或Glu)、具有非极性侧链氨基酸取代另一个具有非极性侧链的氨基酸(例如Ala、Gly、Val、Ile、Leu、Met、Phe、Pro、Trp、Val等)、碱性氨基酸取代另一个碱性氨基酸(Lys、Arg等)、具有极性侧链的氨基酸取代另一个具有极性侧链的氨基酸(Asn、Cys、Gln、Ser、Thr、Tyr等)等。
在一些方面,肽类似物包含一种或多种合成氨基酸,例如对哺乳动物来说非天然的氨基酸。合成的氨基酸包括β-丙氨酸(β-Ala)、N-α-甲基丙氨酸(Me-Ala)、氨基丁酸(Abu)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Abu)、氨基己酸(ε-Ahx)、氨基异丁酸(Aib)、氨基甲基吡咯羧酸、氨基哌啶羧酸、氨基丝氨酸(Ams)、氨基四氢吡喃-4-羧酸、精氨酸N-甲氧基-N-甲基酰胺、β-天冬氨酸(β-Asp)、氮杂环丁烷羧酸、3-(2-苯并噻唑基)丙氨酸、α-叔丁基甘氨酸、2-氨基-5-脲基-正戊酸(瓜氨酸,Cit)、β-环己基丙氨酸(Cha)、乙酰氨基甲基-半胱氨酸、二氨基丁酸(Dab)、二氨基丙酸(Dpr)、二羟基苯丙氨酸(DOPA)、二甲基噻唑烷(DMTA)、γ-谷氨酸(γ-Glu)、高丝氨酸(Hse)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)、异亮氨酸N-甲氧基-N-甲基酰胺、甲基异亮氨酸(MeIle)、异哌啶酸(isonipecotic acid,Isn)、甲基亮氨酸(MeLeu)、甲基赖氨酸、二甲基赖氨酸、三甲基赖氨酸、甲羟脯氨酸、甲硫氨酸亚砜(Met(O))、甲硫氨酸砜(Met(O2))、正亮氨酸(Nle)、甲基正亮氨酸(Me-Nle)、正缬氨酸(Nva)、鸟氨酸(Orn)、对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)、青霉胺(Pen)、甲基苯丙氨酸(MePhe)、4-氯苯丙氨酸(Phe(4-Cl))、4-氟苯丙氨酸(Phe(4-F))、4-硝基苯丙氨酸(Phe(4-NO2))、4-氰基苯基丙氨酸((Phe(4-CN))、苯基甘氨酸(Phg)、哌啶基丙氨酸、哌啶基甘氨酸、3,4-脱氢脯氨酸、吡咯烷丙氨酸、肌氨酸(Sar)、硒代半胱氨酸(Sec)、O-苄基-磷酸丝氨酸、4-氨基-3-羟基-6-甲基庚酸(Sta)、4-氨基-5-环己基-3-羟基戊酸(ACHPA)、4-氨基-3-羟基-5-苯基戊酸(AHPPA)、1,2,3,4-四氢-异喹啉-3-羧酸(Tic)、四氢吡喃甘氨酸、噻吩基丙氨酸(Thi)、O-苄基磷酸酪氨酸、O-磷酸酪氨酸、甲氧基酪氨酸、乙氧基酪氨酸、O-(双-二甲基氨基-膦酰基)酪氨酸、酪氨酸硫酸四丁胺、甲基缬氨酸(MeVal)和烷基化3-巯基丙酸。
在一些实施例中,肽类似物包含一个或多个非保守氨基酸取代,并且肽类似物仍然以与亲本肽相似的程度、相同的程度或改善的程度起作用。在某些实施例中,与亲本肽相比,包含一个或多个非保守氨基酸取代的肽类似物表现出与上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)大约相同或更大的结合。
在一些实施例中,与本文所述的亲本肽相比,肽类似物包含一个或多个氨基酸插入或缺失。在一些实施例中,与亲本肽相比,肽类似物包含一个或多个氨基酸的插入。在一些实施例中,与亲本肽相比,肽类似物包含一个或多个氨基酸的缺失。在一些实施例中,与亲本肽相比,肽类似物包含在N末端或C末端一个或多个氨基酸的插入。在一些实施例中,与亲本肽相比,肽类似物包含在N末端或C末端一个或多个氨基酸的缺失。在这些实施例中,与亲本肽相比,肽类似物仍然表现出与上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)大约相同或更大的结合。
可检测标记物
如本文所用,“可检测标记物”是可用于鉴定本公开的组合物与上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)的结合的任何标记。可检测标记的非限制性实例为能够使多肽显现的荧光团、化学标签或蛋白质标签。在某些方面的显现为用肉眼或装置(例如但不限于,内窥镜)进行的,并且还可以涉及替代的光或能量源。
预期用于本发明的荧光团、化学标签和蛋白质标签包括但不限于:FITC、Cy5、Cy5.5、Cy7、Li-Cor、放射性标记、生物素、荧光素酶、1,8-ANS(1-苯胺萘(Anilinonaphthalene)-8-磺酸)、1-苯胺萘-8-磺酸(1,8-ANS)、5-(和-6)-羧基-2',7'-二氯荧光素pH 9.0、5-FAM pH 9.0、5-ROX(5-羧基-X-罗丹明,三乙基铵盐)、5-ROX pH 7.0、5-TAMRA、5-TAMRA pH 7.0、5-TAMRA-MeOH、6 JOE、6,8-二氟-7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素pH 9.0、6-羧基罗丹明6G pH 7.0、6-羧基罗丹明6G,盐酸盐、6-HEX、SE pH 9.0、6-TET、SE pH 9.0、7-氨基-4-甲基香豆素pH 7.0、7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素、7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素pH 9.0、Alexa350、Alexa 405、Alexa 430、Alexa 488、Alexa 532、Alexa 546、Alexa 555、Alexa 568、Alexa 594、Alexa 647、Alexa 660、Alexa 680、Alexa 700、Alexa Fluor 430抗体偶联物pH7.2、Alexa Fluor 488抗体偶联物pH 8.0、Alexa Fluor 488酰肼-水、Alexa Fluor 532抗体偶联物pH 7.2、Alexa Fluor 555抗体偶联物pH 7.2、Alexa Fluor 568抗体偶联物pH7.2、Alexa Fluor 610R-藻红蛋白链霉亲和素pH 7.2、Alexa Fluor 647抗体偶联物pH7.2、Alexa Fluor 647R-藻红蛋白链霉亲和素pH 7.2、Alexa Fluor 660抗体偶联物pH7.2、Alexa Fluor 680抗体偶联物pH 7.2、Alexa Fluor 700抗体偶联物pH 7.2、别藻蓝蛋白pH 7.5、AMCA偶联物、氨基香豆素、APC(别藻蓝蛋白)、Atto 647、BCECF pH 5.5、BCECF pH9.0、BFP(蓝色荧光蛋白)、钙黄绿素、钙黄绿素pH 9.0、钙红(Calcium Crimson)、钙红Ca2+、钙绿、钙绿-1Ca2+、钙橙、钙橙Ca2+、羧基萘并荧光素pH 10.0、级联蓝、级联蓝BSA pH 7.0、级联黄、级联黄抗体偶联物pH 8.0、CFDA、CFP(青色荧光蛋白)、Cl-NERF pH 2.5、CI-NERFpH 6.0、柠檬黄(Citrine)、香豆素、Cy2、Cy3、Cy3.5、Cy5、C5.5、CyQUANT GR-DNA、丹磺酰基尸胺(Dansyl Cadaverine)、丹磺酰基尸胺,MeOH、DAPI、DAPI-DNA、Dapoxyl(2-氨基乙基)磺酰胺、DDAO pH 9.0、二-8-ANEPPS、二-8-ANEPPS-脂质、DiI、DiO、DM-NERF pH 4.0、DM-NERFpH 7.0、DsRed、DTAF、dTomato、eCFP(增强型青色荧光蛋白)、eGFP(增强型绿色荧光蛋白)、曙红、曙红抗体偶联物pH 8.0、赤藓红-5-异硫氰酸酯pH 9.0、eYFP(增强型黄色荧光蛋白)、FDA、FITC抗体偶联物pH 8.0、FlAsH、Fluo-3、Fluo-3 Ca2+、Fluo-4、Fluo-Ruby、荧光素、荧光素0.1M NaOH、荧光素抗体偶联物pH 8.0、荧光素葡聚糖pH 8.0、荧光素pH 9.0、Fluoro-Emerald、FM 1-43、FM 1-43脂质、FM 4-64、FM 4-64、2%CHAPS、Fura Red Ca2+、Fura Red,高Ca、Fura Red,低Ca、Fura-2 Ca2+、Fura-2、Fura-2、GFP(S65T)、HcRed、Indo-1 Ca2+、Indo-1,无Ca、Indo-1,Ca饱和、IDRdye800(IR800CW)、JC-1、JC-1pH 8.2、丽丝胺罗丹明、荧光黄、CH、镁绿、镁绿Mg2+、镁橙、Marina Blue、mBanana、mCherry、mHoneydew、mOrange、mPlum、mRFP、mStrawberry、mTangerine、NBD-X、NBD-X,MeOH、NeuroTrace 500/525、绿色荧光Nissl染色-RNA、尼罗蓝、尼罗红、尼罗红-脂质、Nissl、Oregon Green 488、Oregon Green488抗体偶联物pH 8.0、Oregon Green 514、Oregon Green 514抗体偶联物pH 8.0、太平洋蓝、太平洋蓝抗体偶联物pH 8.0、藻红蛋白、R-藻红蛋白pH 7.5、ReAsH、试卤灵、试卤灵pH9.0、Rhod-2、Rhod-2 Ca2+、罗丹明、罗丹明110、罗丹明110pH 7.0、罗丹明123,MeOH、罗丹明绿、罗丹明鬼笔环肽pH 7.0、罗丹明红-X抗体偶联物pH 8.0、罗丹明绿pH 7.0、RhodolGreen抗体偶联物pH 8.0、蓝宝石(Sapphire)、SBFI-Na+、钠绿Na+、磺酰罗丹明101、四甲基罗丹明抗体偶联物pH 8.0、四甲基罗丹明葡聚糖pH 7.0和德克萨斯红-X抗体偶联物pH 7.2。
本发明考虑的化学标签的非限制性实例包括放射性标记。例如但不限于,在本公开的组合物和方法中考虑的放射性标记包括11C、13N、15O、18F、32P、52Fe、62Cu、64Cu、67Cu、67Ga、68Ga、86Y、89Zr、90Y、94mTc、94Tc、95Tc、99mTc、103Pd、105Rh、109Pd、111Ag、111In、123I、124I、125I、131I、140La、149Pm、153Sm、154-159Gd、165Dy、166Dy、166Ho、169Yb、175Yb、175Lu、177Lu、186Re、188Re、192Ir、198Au、199Au和212Bi。
对于正电子发射断层摄影(PET),使用包括但不限于碳11、氮13、氧15和氟18的示踪剂。
本领域普通技术人员将理解,有许多此类可检测标记可用于体外、体内或离体显现细胞。
治疗性部分
本发明考虑的治疗性部分包括但不限于多肽(包括蛋白质治疗剂)或肽、小分子、化学治疗剂或其组合。
如本文所用,术语“小分子”是指化合物,例如可以任选被衍生化的肽模拟物或寡核苷酸,或任何其它天然或合成的低分子量有机化合物。
“低分子量”是指分子量小于1000道尔顿,通常在300至700道尔顿的化合物。在各个方面,低分子量化合物为约100,约150,约200,约250,约300,约350,约400,约450,约500,约550,约600,约650,约700,约750,约800,约850,约900,约1000或更多的道尔顿。
在一些实施例中,治疗性部分为蛋白质治疗剂。蛋白质治疗剂包括但不限于细胞蛋白质或循环蛋白质及其片段和衍生物。又其它治疗性部分包括多核苷酸,其包括但不限于编码蛋白质的多核苷酸、编码调节多核苷酸的多核苷酸和/或自身调节的多核苷酸。任选地,组合物包含本文所述化合物的组合。
在一些实施例中,蛋白质治疗剂包括细胞因子或造血因子,包括但不限于IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-11、集落刺激因子-1(CSF-1)、M-CSF、SCF、GM-CSF、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、EPO、干扰素-α(IFN-α)、复合干扰素、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-14、IL-15、IL-16、IL-17、IL-18、血小板生成素(TPO)、血管生成素,例如Ang-1、Ang-2、Ang-4、Ang-Y(人类血管生成素样多肽)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、血管生成素、骨形态发生蛋白-1、骨形态发生蛋白-2、骨形态发生蛋白-3、骨形态发生蛋白-4、骨形态发生蛋白-5、骨形态发生蛋白-6、骨形态发生蛋白-7、骨形态发生蛋白-8、骨形态发生蛋白-9、骨形态发生蛋白-10、骨形态发生蛋白-11、骨形态发生蛋白-12、骨形态发生蛋白-13、骨形态发生蛋白-14、骨形态发生蛋白-15、骨形态发生蛋白受体IA、骨形态发生蛋白受体IB、脑来源的神经营养因子、睫状神经营养因子、睫状神经营养因子受体、细胞因子诱导的中性粒细胞趋化因子1、细胞因子诱导的中性粒细胞、趋化因子2α、细胞因子诱导的嗜中性粒细胞趋化因子2β、β内皮细胞生长因子、内皮素1、表皮生长因子、上皮来源的嗜中性白细胞引诱剂、成纤维细胞生长因子4、成纤维细胞生长因子5、成纤维细胞生长因子6、成纤维细胞生长因子7、成纤维细胞生长因子8、成纤维细胞生长因子8b、成纤维细胞生长因子8c、成纤维细胞生长因子9、成纤维细胞生长因子10、成纤维细胞生长因子酸性、成纤维细胞生长因子碱性、胶质细胞系来源的神经营养因子受体α1、胶质细胞系来源的神经营养因子受体α2、生长相关蛋白、生长相关蛋白α、生长相关蛋白β、生长相关蛋白γ、肝素结合表皮生长因子、肝细胞生长因子、肝细胞生长因子受体、胰岛素样生长因子I、胰岛素样生长因子受体、胰岛素样生长因子II、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白、角质形成细胞生长因子、白血病抑制因子、白血病抑制因子受体α、神经生长因子神经生长因子受体、神经营养蛋白3、神经营养蛋白4、胎盘生长因子、胎盘生长因子2、血小板来源的内皮细胞生长因子、血小板来源的生长因子、血小板来源的生长因子A链、血小板来源的生长因子AA、血小板来源的生长因子AB、血小板来源的生长因子B链、血小板来源的生长因子BB、血小板来源的生长因子受体α、血小板来源的生长因子受体β、前B细胞生长刺激因子、干细胞因子受体、TNF,包括TNF0、TNF1、TNF2、转化生长因子α、转化生长因子β、转化生长因子β1、转化生长因子β1.2、转化生长因子β2、转化生长因子β3、转化生长因子β5、潜在转化生长因子β1、转化生长因子β结合蛋白I、转化生长因子β结合蛋白II、转化生长因子β结合蛋白III、肿瘤坏死因子受体I型、肿瘤坏死因子受体Ⅱ型、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体、血管内皮生长因子及其嵌合蛋白和生物学或免疫学活性片段。
在一些实施例中,治疗性部分还包括化学治疗剂。预期用于本发明试剂的化学治疗剂包括但不限于烷化剂,包括:氮芥,如二氯甲基二乙胺、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、美法仑和苯丁酸氮芥;亚硝基脲,如卡莫司汀(BCNU)、洛莫司汀(CCNU)和司莫司汀(甲基-CCNU);乙撑亚胺/甲基三聚氰胺、如三乙撑三聚氰胺(TEM)、三乙烯、硫代磷酰胺(三胺硫磷)、六甲基三聚氰胺(HMM、六甲基三聚氰胺(altretamine));烷基磺酸盐,如白消安;三嗪类,如达卡巴嗪(DTIC);抗代谢物,包括叶酸类似物,如甲氨蝶呤和三甲曲沙,嘧啶类似物,如5-氟尿嘧啶、卡培他滨、氟脱氧尿苷、吉西他滨、胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷(AraC、阿糖胞苷)、5-氮杂胞苷、2,2′-二氟脱氧胞苷,嘌呤类似物,如6-巯基嘌呤、6-硫代鸟嘌呤、硫唑嘌呤、2′-脱氧助间型霉素(喷司他丁)、赤型羟基壬基腺嘌呤(erythrohydroxynonyladenine)(EHNA)、氟达拉滨磷酸酯和2-氯脱氧腺苷(克拉屈滨、2-CdA);天然产物,包括抗有丝分裂药物,如紫杉醇、长春花生物碱(包括长春花碱(VLB)、长春新碱和长春瑞滨)、泰索帝、雌莫司汀和雌莫司汀磷酸酯;表鬼臼毒素,如依托泊苷和替尼泊苷;抗生素,如放线菌素D、道诺霉素(红比霉素)、多柔比星、米托蒽醌、伊达比星、博来霉素、普卡霉素(光神霉素)、丝裂霉素C和放线菌素;酶,如L-天冬酰胺酶;生物反应调节剂,如干扰素-α、IL-2、G-CSF和GM-CSF;杂剂(miscellaneousagent),包括铂配位络合物(如奥沙利铂、顺铂和卡铂)、蒽二酮(如米托蒽醌)、取代的脲(如羟基脲)、甲基肼衍生物(包括N-甲基肼(MIH)和丙卡巴肼)、肾上腺皮质抑制剂(如米托坦(o,p′-DDD)和氨鲁米特);激素和拮抗剂,包括肾上腺皮质类固醇拮抗剂,如泼尼松及其等同物、地塞米松和氨鲁米特;拓扑异构酶抑制剂,如伊立替康;孕激素,如己酸羟孕酮、醋酸甲羟孕酮和醋酸甲地孕酮;雌激素,如己烯雌酚和乙炔雌二醇等效物;抗雌激素,如他莫昔芬;雄激素,包括丙酸睾酮和氟甲睾酮/等同物;抗雄激素,如氟他胺、促性腺激素释放激素类似物和亮丙瑞林;以及非甾族抗雄激素,如氟他胺。还特别考虑了化学治疗剂,如吉非替尼、索拉非尼和埃罗替尼。
与本文所述肽连接的治疗性部分还包括依次包封另一治疗性部分的纳米颗粒或胶束。在一些实施例中,所述纳米颗粒为聚合物纳米颗粒,如Zhang等人在《美国化学会纳米(ACS NANO)》,2(8):1696-1709(2008)或Zhong等人,《生物大分子(Biomacromolecules)》,15:1955-1969(2014)中所述。在一些实施例中,所述胶束为聚合胶束,如Khondee等人在《控释杂志(J.Controlled Release)》,199:114-121(2015)和第62/262,195号美国临时专利申请中所述的石胆酸十八烷酯胶束。在一些实施例中,包含纳米颗粒或胶束的肽试剂包封卡铂、紫杉醇、顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂、卡培他滨或伊立替康。
所提供的治疗性部分的剂量以例如mg/kg测量的剂量给予。所公开治疗剂的预期mg/kg剂量包括约1mg/kg至约60mg/kg。按mg/kg计的具体剂量范围包括约1mg/kg至约20mg/kg,约5mg/kg至约20mg/kg,约10mg/kg至约20mg/kg,约25mg/kg至约50mg/kg和约30mg/kg至约60mg/kg。对受试者的精确有效量将取决于受试者的体重、大小和健康;病状的性质和程度;以及选择用于给药的治疗剂或治疗剂组合。对于给定情况的治疗有效量可以通过在临床医生的技能和判断范围内的常规实验来确定。
本文所用的“有效量”是指足以显现所鉴定的疾病或病状,或表现出可检测的治疗作用或抑制作用的本发明试剂的量。所述效果通过例如临床病状的改善或症状的减轻来检测。对受试者的精确有效量将取决于受试者的体重、大小和健康;病状的性质和程度;以及选择用于给药的治疗剂或治疗剂组合。对于给定情况的治疗有效量可以通过在临床医生的技能和判断范围内的常规实验来确定。
试剂显现
与上皮来源的癌细胞(包括但不限于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、食管腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、胃食管连接部腺癌(GEJAC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌和胃癌)结合的显现是通过本领域普通技术人员已知的任何方式进行的。如本文所讨论的,显现为,例如但不限于,体内、体外或原位显现。
在可检测标记为放射性标记的一些实施例中,所述放射性标记通过核成像来检测。
在可检测标记为荧光团的一些实施例中,所述荧光团通过近红外(NIR)荧光成像检测。
本发明的方法的一些实施例涉及从患者获取组织样品。所述组织样品选自由所述患者的组织或器官组成的群组。
制剂
本发明的组合物与药学上可接受的赋形剂,如载体、溶剂、稳定剂、佐剂、稀释剂等一起配制,这取决于具体的给药模式和剂型。通常配制组合物,以实现生理学上相容的pH,并且范其围是约pH 3至约pH 11,约pH 3至约pH 7,这取决于制剂和给药的路径。在可选的实施例中,将pH调整至约pH 5.0至约pH 8的范围。在各个方面,组合物包含如本文所述的至少一种治疗有效量的试剂,以及一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂。任选地,组合物包含本文所述的化合物的组合,或可包括用于治疗或预防细菌生长的第二活性成分(例如但不限于抗菌剂或抗微生物试剂),或可包括本发明的试剂的组合。
适当的赋形剂包括,例如,载体分子,其包括大的缓慢代谢的大分子,如蛋白质、多糖、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚合氨基酸、氨基酸共聚物和灭活病毒颗粒。其它示例性赋形剂包括抗氧化剂(例如但不限于抗坏血酸)、螯合剂(例如但不限于EDTA)、碳水化合物(例如但不限于糊精、羟烷基纤维素和羟烷基甲基纤维素)、硬脂酸、液体(例如但不限于油、水、生理盐水、甘油和乙醇)、湿润剂或乳化剂、pH缓冲物质等。
实例
通过参考以下实例将更全面地理解本发明,这些实例详述了本发明的示例性实施例。
食管腺癌(EAC)的发病率迅速上升,巴雷特食管(BE)前兆状态的早期检测受到用常规内窥镜监视难以检测的恶性前病变的挑战。成纤维细胞生长因子受体2(FGFR2)的表达是BE发展为EAC的早期事件,并且是有希望的成像靶标。如以下实例中所述,使用噬菌体展示鉴定特异性结合FGFR2胞外结构域的肽SRRPASFRTARE。用近红外荧光团Cy5.5标记了这一肽,并证实了在体外与细胞中过表达的FGFR2的特异性结合。高亲和力kd=67.94nM和快速结合k=0.16min-1(6.2分钟)被发现。在人食管样品中,发现,与BE或正常鳞状上皮相比,与高度不典型增生(HGD)结合的肽试剂显著更大,并且与抗FGFR2抗体良好相关。还观察到与正常粘膜相比,与食管鳞状细胞癌和胃癌的切除样品结合的肽试剂显著更大。这些结果支持使用这一FGFR2肽试剂作为临床成像剂以指导组织活检并改进EAC和其它上皮来源的癌症的早期检测方法。
组织、细胞和化学物质
根据密歇根大学机构审查委员会(University of Michigan InstitutionalReview Board)(IRB)的批准和指南,所有人食管标本均获得患者书面知情同意。用hTert无限增殖的人非不典型增生巴雷特食管(BE)细胞(QhTERT)获自美国典型培养物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection)(ATCC),并在含有牛垂体提取物和人重组EGF的无角质形成细胞血清培养基(赛默飞世尔(ThermoFisher)#17005042)中培养。DGB提供稳定表达FGFR2b或FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞。用含有牛垂体提取物和人重组EGF(赛默飞世尔#17005042)的无角质形成细胞血清培养基培养这些细胞,并加入1μg/mL嘌呤霉素-二盐酸盐(Invitrogen#A11138-03)。所有细胞在37℃,5%CO2中培养,并使用含有胰蛋白酶的0.25%EDTA(Mediatech Inc)传代。使用血细胞计数器计数细胞数。肽合成试剂获自Anaspec或AAPPTEC,可获得最高等级(>99%纯度),无需进一步纯化即可使用。除非另有说明,否则溶剂和其它化学试剂获自西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma-Aldrich)。
实例1
FGFR2的表达
对由专家胃肠病理学家(HDA)分类的包括鳞状(SQ)、巴雷特食管(BE)、低度不典型增生(LGD)、高度不典型增生(HGD)和食管腺癌(EAC)的人食管样本进行免疫组织化学(IHC),以证明FGFR2表达的代表性水平,图6。
实例2
FGFR2特异性肽
使用噬菌体展示技术鉴定FGFR2特异性肽。
FGFR2的细胞外结构域(ECD)由信号肽(SP)和3个胞外免疫球蛋白样结构域(D1-D3)组成,图7A。使用FGFR2c的胞外结构域(ECD)进行肽选择。靶标的这一区域易于成像。去除信号肽(#10824-H08H-50,Sino Biological)后,获得了由367个氨基酸组成的重组FGFR2-ECD(Met1-Glu377)。使用0.25、0.5和1μg BSA作为对照,对1μg FGFR2-ECD进行SDS-PAGE,以评价质量和数量。使用HPLC纯度>97%的FGFR2-ECD。SDS-PAGE显示了约65-75kDa的表观分子量,图7B。由于糖基化,这一结果略高于41kDa的预期值。
按照制造商的说明,使用噬菌体展示库(New England Biolabs,Ph.D.-12)进行肽选择。这一库由表达约109个独特的12氨基酸序列的M13噬菌体组成。2×1011pfu(由2×109个独特克隆组成,每个克隆~100个)在4℃下针对固定在6孔板中的FGFR2-ECD进行了生物淘选。在连续几轮中使用减少量(100、80、60和40μg)的FGFR2-ECD进行四轮生物淘选,以提高结合特异性。第4轮后,随机选择50个噬菌斑用于DNA制备和序列分析。使用ABI自动DNA分析仪(Applied Biosystems),引物为5'-CCCTCATAG TTA GCG TAA CG-3'(-96gIII测序引物,New England Biolabs),其与M13噬菌体的pIII基因序列相对应。
用噬菌体展示进行4轮生物淘选后,发现了两个显示富集的序列。在50个克隆中,SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1)出现15次,GLHTSATNLYLH(SEQ ID NO:3)出现4次。GLHTSATNLYLH(SEQ ID NO:3)是先前在针对其它蛋白质靶标进行生物淘选时发现,可能为无关序列。
使用结构模型优化SSR肽的序列以获得对FGFR2的最大结合亲和力。参见Macindoe等人,《核酸研究(Nucleic Acids Research)》,38(S2):W445-W449(2010)。通过在分子间距离和旋转角度的整个范围内绕其质心旋转受体和配体来评价与靶标的肽比对[Svensson等人,《生物化学杂志(J Biol Chem)》,287:14040-14051(2012)]。对比了前导肽序列的几个突变,以获得最低对接能量,目的是获得Et<-600的值。还使用结构模型开发了用作对照的加扰肽。
合成了12氨基酸序列SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1)(黑色)并通过GGGSK接头(SEQID NO:2)(蓝色)将荧光团Cy5.5(红色)连接在C末端上,产生下文称为SRR*-Cy5.5的试剂,图1A。选择Cy5.5用于近红外(NIR)光谱中的光稳定性和高量子产率。23使用接头来防止染料对肽的空间位阻。
使用标准Fmoc介导的固相合成来制备Cy5.5标记的肽试剂。44将Fmoc和Boc保护的L-氨基酸组装在Rink Amide MBHA树脂上。使用PS3自动合成仪(Protein TechnologiesInc)合成肽。C末端赖氨酸以Fmoc-Lys(ivDde)-OH的形式掺入,并且N末端氨基酸以Boc保护掺入,以避免在荧光团标记之前在ivDde部分脱保护期间去除多余的Fmoc。肽装配完成后,将树脂转移至反应容器中,用染料手工标记。在室温(RT)下,用5%肼的DMF溶液(3×10分钟)连续振荡去除ivDde侧链保护基。树脂用二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和二氯甲烷(DCM)洗涤3次,每次1分钟。将保护的树脂结合肽与Cy5.5-NHS酯(Lumiprobe LLC)和DIEA一起温育过夜,并通过定性茚三酮试验监测反应的完成。标记完成后,通过使用TFA:TIS:H2O(95:2.5:2.5v/v/v;西格玛奥德里奇)在室温下避光摇动4小时将肽从树脂上裂解。将肽与树脂分离后,将滤液用N2气蒸发,然后用冷乙醚沉淀,并在-20℃下储存过夜。沉淀物以3000rpm离心5分钟,用乙醚洗涤3次,并在各洗涤步骤之间离心。将粗肽溶于1:1乙腈/H2O(v/v)中,并使用水(0.1%TFA)-乙腈(0.1%TFA)梯度,用C18柱(Waters Inc),通过制备型HPLC纯化。用分析型C18柱确认肽的最终纯度。
使用结构模型(1EV2),24图1B,发现SRR*-Cy5.5与FGFR2-ECD的结构域D2和D3结合,总能量Et=-290.43。还使用这一模型的氨基酸147-366开发对照的加扰序列SPSRERTFRARA,图1C。这一肽也通过GGGSK接头用Cy5.5标记,下文称为SPS*-Cy5.5。对于SPS*-Cy5.5,计算为Et=-277.37。SRR*-Cy5.5和SPS*-Cy5.5在λex=671nm激发下的荧光光谱显示在λem=710nm处的峰值发射,图1D。在HPLC上纯化SRR*-Cy5.5和SRS*-Cy5.5至>97%,并且在质谱上测定两种肽的实验质荷比(m/z)2385.31,其与预期值一致,图8。
实例3
共聚焦荧光显微镜
在共聚焦显微镜下,验证了特异性肽试剂与表达FGFR2的人BE细胞的结合。在表达FGFR2b或FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞表面观察到具有SRR*-Cy5.5的强信号,而对于野生型则显示出最小信号,图2A-C。对于所有细胞,加扰的对照肽SPS*-Cy5.5观察到最小结合,图2D-F。使用AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体证实了这些发现,图2G-I。对结果进行了定量,发现与野生型相比,SRR*-Cy5.5的平均荧光强度显著大于表达FGFR2b或FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞的对照,图2J。蛋白质印迹显示了每个细胞的FGFR2表达水平,图2K。
实例4
试剂结合竞争
给予未标记的SRR*,并使用共聚焦显微镜观察了SRR*-Cy5.5与表达FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞结合的竞争,图3A-L。一式三份,使约103个细胞在盖玻片上生长至约70%融合。将浓度为0、50、100、150、250和500μM的未标记肽与细胞在4℃孵育30分钟。洗涤细胞,并与5μM的靶标肽在4℃下再孵育30分钟。洗涤细胞并用4%PFA固定5分钟。用PBS洗涤细胞,并用含DAPI(Invitrogen)的ProLong Gold试剂固定。
定量了平均荧光强度,并观察到,与在0μM的浓度下相比,在SRR*为50μM或更高的浓度下,显著降低,图3M。添加任何浓度的未标记对照SPS*均未发现明显差异。这一结果支持试剂的肽组分与FGFR2的结合而非荧光团组分与FGFR2的结合。
实例5
肽试剂结合亲和力的表征
测量肽试剂与细胞结合的表观解离常数kd,以评估结合亲和力45。将Cy5.5标记的肽试剂以25nM递增的浓度在0-200nM的PBS中连续稀释。将QhTERT/FGFR2c细胞(约105)与肽在4℃孵育1小时,用冷PBS洗涤,并使用流式细胞仪测量平均荧光强度。通过对非线性方程I=(I0+I最大ka[X])/(I0+ka[X])进行数据的最小二乘拟合,计算出平衡解离常数kd=1/ka。I0和I最大分别为初始荧光强度和最大荧光强度,分别对应于无肽和处于饱和状态,并且[X]代表结合的肽试剂的浓度。使用Prism 5.0软件(GraphPad Inc)计算kd。
测量了所述肽试剂与QhTERT/FGFR2c细胞的表观缔合时间常数,以评估结合开始46。细胞在10厘米培养皿中生长至约80%融合,并用基于PBS的细胞解离缓冲液(Invitrogen)分离。将细胞(约105)与5μM SRR-Cy5.5在室温下孵育0至30分钟的不同时间间隔。离心细胞,并用冷PBS洗涤。如上所述进行流式细胞术分析,并且使用Flowjo软件在不同时间点(t)在流式细胞术上测量中值荧光强度(y)。通过将数据拟合到一阶动力学模型y(t)=I最大[1-exp(-kt)],计算速率常数k,其中I最大=使用Prism 5.0软件(GraphPad Inc)的最大值。
观察到SRR*-Cy5.5与表达FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞结合的表观解离常数kd=68nM,图3N。这一结果提供了结合亲和力的估计。还测量了SRR*-Cy5.5与表达FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞结合的表观缔合时间常数k=0.16min-1,图3O。这一结果为结合的开始提供了约~6.2分钟的时间范围。
实例6
FGFR2肽试剂和抗体与人食管样本的结合。
在共聚焦显微镜下,评价FGFR2肽试剂SRR*-Cy5.5对离体人食管切片的染色。
对人食管样本中福尔马林固定的切片进行脱石蜡处理,并使用标准方法进行抗原回收。简要地,将切片在二甲苯中孵育3分钟3次,用100%乙醇洗涤2分钟2次,用95%乙醇洗涤2分钟2次。通过在dH2O中洗涤5分钟2次进行再水化。通过在pH 6.0下将载玻片在含有0.05%Tween的10mM柠檬酸钠缓冲液中煮沸,然后在亚煮沸温度下保持15分钟来进行抗原的暴露。将载玻片冷却30分钟,将切片在dH2O中洗涤3分钟3次,在PBS中洗涤5分钟。用DAKO蛋白封闭剂(X0909,DAKO)在室温下封闭1小时。将肽以1μM的浓度在室温下孵育10分钟。将切片在PBS中洗涤3分钟3次,并与1:1000稀释的单克隆抗FGFR2(Abcam,ab58201)在4℃温育过夜。
然后将切片在PBS中洗涤5分钟3次。将AF488标记的二抗(山羊抗小鼠)的1:500稀释液加入到每个切片中,并在室温下温育30分钟。通过用PBS洗涤5分钟3次来去除二抗溶液。然后用含有DAPI(Invitrogen)的ProLong Gold试剂固定切片。测量来自完全位于每个样品的表面上皮内的3个方框(30×30μm2的尺寸)的平均荧光强度。避免显示强度饱和的区域。对连续切片进行常规组织学(H&E)处理,并由专家胃肠病理学家(HDA)审查。
观察到使用鳞状(SQ)和BE的最小荧光强度(图4A、B),以及使用HGD和EAC的强信号(图4C、D)。用AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体证实了这些结果,图4E-H。从一组尺寸为30×30μm2的3个方框中测量荧光强度以计算目标与背景(T/B)比率。SRR*-Cy5.5的平均(±std)T/B比对于HGD和EAC显著高于BE和SQ,图4I。这些结果与对照抗FGFR2抗体一致,图4J。绘制了所有样品的荧光强度,发现SRR*-Cy5.5和抗FGFR2-AF488之间具有良好的相关性,其中R=0.66,图9。肽试剂和抗体结合的共定位可以在合并图像上看到,图4K-N。相应的组织学(H&E)如图4O-R所示。
实例7
FGFR2肽与人鳞状细胞和胃癌的结合
在共聚焦显微镜下,观察到来自FGFR2肽试剂SRR*-Cy5.5染色到n=35患者离体人食管鳞状细胞癌(SCC)切片的强荧光强度,图10A。用AF488-标记的抗FGFR2抗体证实了这一结果,图10B。在合并图像上观察到肽试剂和抗体结合的良好共定位,图10C。SCC的代表性组织学(H&E)如图10D所示。通过对比,用肽试剂或抗体在正常人食管中观察到最小荧光强度,图10E-G。正常胃的代表性组织学(H&E)如图10H所示。
在共聚焦显微镜下,还观察到来自FGFR2肽试剂SRR*-Cy5.5染色到n=33个患者的离体人胃癌切片的强荧光强度,图11A。用AF488标记的抗FGFR2抗体证实了这一结果,图11B。在合并图像上观察到肽和抗体结合的良好共定位,图11C。胃癌的代表性组织学(H&E)如图S6D所示。通过对比,在具有肽或抗体的正常人胃中观察到最小荧光强度,图S6E-G。正常胃的代表性组织学(H&E)如图11H所示。
对来自每幅图像中尺寸为30×30μm2的一组3个方框的荧光强度进行定量,并发现SCC与正常对比,胃癌与正常对比,结果显著更大,分别见图11I、J。
实例8
肽对细胞信号传导的影响
评价了肽试剂结合对表达FGFR2b或FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞中的下游信号传导的影响。
将过量表达FGFR2b或FGFR2c的QhTERT细胞接种于12孔平底平板中16小时,所述平板中装有500μL无血清培养基。使用PBS将FGF1(#2232-FA-025,R&D系统)重构至100μg/mL的浓度,用0.1%牛血清白蛋白稀释,并且在单独的孔中以100ng/mL的最终浓度添加至细胞20分钟。还加入终浓度为100单位/mL的肝素(#H3149-10KU,Sigma)以增加稳定性。此外,将浓度为5和100μM的肽在单独的孔中孵育20分钟。用PBS洗涤细胞,并在含有蛋白酶抑制剂(#11836170001,瑞士巴塞尔罗氏(Roche))的RIPA缓冲液中裂解。通过凝胶电泳分离裂解物,转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜(#ISEQ00010,Millipore)上,并使用增强的化学发光系统(#RPN2106,通用电气医疗(GE Healthcare))通过免疫印迹进行检测。抗FGFR2抗体(#SC122,Santa Cruz Biotechnology)、抗磷酸FGFR(#3471,Cell Signaling Technology)、抗AKT(#4691P,Cell Signaling Technology)、抗ERK1/2(#4695P,Cell Signaling Technology)、抗磷酸AKT(pS473;#4060P,Cell Signaling Technology)、抗磷酸-ERK1/2(#4370P,CellSignaling Technology)和抗微管蛋白(#32-2600,Invitrogen)按照制造商的说明使用。
蛋白质印迹显示加入浓度为5或100μM的SRR*肽后FGFR2(p-FGFR)或下游AKT(p-AKT)和ERK(p-ERK)的磷酸化没有变化,图5A。通过对比,在表达FGFR2c或一定程度上表达FGFR2b的QhTERT细胞中添加了阳性对照FGF1后,观察到FGFR2(p-FGFR)、下游AKT(p-AKT)和ERK(p-ERK)的强磷酸化活性。
实例9
讨论
在本文中,鉴定了一种对FGFR2具有特异性的新型肽,所述肽与亚型III b和IIIc的细胞外Ig样结构域结合。FGFR2的表达已被确定为从BE到EAC的早期事件。10通过显示这一肽在体外与细胞膜结合来证明成像的可及性,并使用竞争结果证实了对FGFR2的特异性。使用加扰肽严格控制这些研究。发现这一肽以kd=68nM的高亲和力和k=0.16min-1(6.2分钟)的快速结合起始结合细胞。用Cy5.5(一种NIR荧光团)标记了所述肽,并显现离体的BE、SCC和胃癌人样本中特异性细胞表面染色,以发现瘤形成。除了巴雷特瘤形成外,FGFR2在其它上皮来源的癌症(包括食管癌SCC38、胃癌39、食管胃连接部癌40、结直肠癌41、胰腺癌42和乳腺癌43)中过度表达。提出了免疫荧光结果,以支持这一FGFR2肽试剂广泛用于检测食管SCC和胃癌,图10、图11。因此,考虑将这一肽试剂用于食管和胃中上皮来源的癌高危患者的临床成像。
还鉴定了对EGFR和ErbB2具有特异性的肽27,28。这些基因在EAC中被高频扩增29。考虑使用一组靶标来及早发现巴雷特瘤形成10。肽具有相似的结合起始,并且已经在体内证明了多重检测21。
还提供了肽结合不影响下游细胞信号传导的证据。因此,还考虑了这一肽试剂在治疗中用于标记纳米载体的用途。纳米载体可用于实现高有效载荷的位点特异性药物递送25。
虽然已根据具体实施例描述了本发明,但应理解,所属领域的技术人员将想到变化和修改。因此,只有在权利要求中出现的这些限定对本发明进行限定。
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序列表
<110> 密执安州立大学董事会(THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN)
<120> 成纤维细胞生长因子受体2特异性肽试剂和方法
<130> 30275/52083PCT/PC
<150> US 62/523,446
<151> 2017-06-22
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Claims (26)
1.一种试剂,其包含成纤维细胞生长因子受体2特异性肽SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1)或所述肽的多聚体形式,其中所述肽与纤维细胞生长因子受体2特异性结合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的试剂,其中所述肽的所述多聚体形式为二聚体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的试剂,其包含至少一种与所述肽的多聚体形式连接的可检测标记,其中所述可检测标记能够通过光学、光声、超声、正电子发射断层扫描或磁共振成像检测。
4.根据权利要求3所述的试剂,其中可通过光学成像检测的所述标记为异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)。
5.根据权利要求3所述的试剂,其中可通过光学成像检测的所述标记为Cy5。
6.根据权利要求3所述的试剂,其中可通过光学成像检测的所述标记为Cy5.5。
7.根据权利要求3所述的试剂,其中可通过光学成像检测的所述标记为IRdye800。
8.根据权利要求1所述的试剂,其中所述肽的所述多聚体形式为与氨基己酸接头形成的二聚体。
9.根据权利要求3所述的试剂,其中所述可检测标记通过肽接头与所述肽连接。
10.根据权利要求9所述的试剂,其中所述接头的末端氨基酸为赖氨酸。
11.根据权利要求10所述的试剂,其中所述接头由SEQ ID NO:2所示的序列GGGSK组成。
12.根据2-7和9-10任一项所述的试剂,其包含至少一个与所述肽的多聚体形式连接的治疗性部分,其中所述治疗性部分选自化学治疗剂或聚合物纳米颗粒或胶束。
13.根据权利要求12所述的试剂,其中所述胶束为石胆酸十八烷酯胶束。
14.根据权利要求12所述的试剂,其中所述纳米颗粒或胶束为聚乙二醇化的。
15.根据权利要求12所述的试剂,其中所述纳米颗粒或胶束包封卡铂、紫杉醇、顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)、卡培他滨(capecitabine)、伊立替康苯丁酸氮芥(irinotecan chlorambucil)或索拉非尼(sorafenib)。
16.一种组合物,其包含根据权利要求1-15任一所述的试剂和药学上可接受的赋形剂。
17.权利要求1-11任一所述的试剂的用途,用于制备检测患者中上皮来源的癌细胞的试剂盒。
18.根据权利要求1-11任一所述的试剂的用途,用于制备确定对患者的上皮来源的癌症的治疗的有效性的试剂盒;所述确定对患者的上皮来源的癌症的治疗的有效性通过将所述试剂给予所述患者,显现所述试剂标记的上皮来源的癌细胞的第一量,并且将所述第一量与先前显现的所述试剂标记的细胞的第二量进行对比,
其中,相对于所述先前显现的标记的细胞的第二量,所述标记的第一量细胞减少指示有效治疗。
19.根据权利要求18所述的用途,其进一步包含获得所述试剂标记的所述细胞的活检。
20.权利要求12所述的试剂的用途,用于制备将治疗性部分递送至患者的上皮来源的癌细胞的药物。
21.根据权利要求17所述的用途,其中所述上皮来源的癌细胞为食管癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞。
22.根据权利要求18所述的用途,其中所述上皮来源的癌细胞为食管癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞。
23.根据权利要求19所述的用途,其中所述上皮来源的癌细胞为食管癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞。
24.根据权利要求20所述的用途,其中所述上皮来源的癌细胞为食管癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞。
25.一种试剂盒,其用于向有需要的患者给予根据权利要求16所述的组合物,所述试剂盒包含根据权利要求16所述的组合物、所述组合物的使用说明书和用于向所述患者给予所述组合物的装置。
26.一种肽,其由氨基酸序列SRRPASFRTARE(SEQ ID NO:1)组成,且至少一种可检测标记、至少一种治疗性部分或两者与所述肽或所述肽的多聚体形式连接。
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