CN112539220A - 具有带槽滚道和圆柱形滚道的高速轴承 - Google Patents

具有带槽滚道和圆柱形滚道的高速轴承 Download PDF

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CN112539220A
CN112539220A CN202010999424.9A CN202010999424A CN112539220A CN 112539220 A CN112539220 A CN 112539220A CN 202010999424 A CN202010999424 A CN 202010999424A CN 112539220 A CN112539220 A CN 112539220A
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shaft
outer member
race
bearing
raceway
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唐·L·安东尼
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SKF AB
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    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/52—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions
    • F16C19/522—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions related to load on the bearing, e.g. bearings with load sensors or means to protect the bearing against overload
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    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
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    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
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    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/04—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly
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    • F16C19/525—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions related to temperature and heat, e.g. insulation
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    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
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    • F16C33/32—Balls
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Abstract

一种高速轴组件包括：轴，由第一材料形成；以及外部构件，由第二材料形成并且绕着所述轴布置，所述轴或所述外部构件可绕着轴线旋转。这两种材料具有显著不同的热膨胀系数，使得在超过250°F的温度下以及在小于0°F的温度下，所述轴和/或所述外部构件可沿着所述轴线相对移动。轴承内圈绕着所述轴布置并且具有内滚道，所述内滚道是圆柱形表面或环形槽中。轴承外圈绕着所述内圈布置，并且与所述外部构件联接。所述外圈具有外滚道，所述外滚道是圆柱形表面和槽中的另一个。在所述轴和所述外部构件的相对位移期间，设置在滚道之间的多个球可沿着圆柱形滚道表面在轴向上移位。

Description

具有带槽滚道和圆柱形滚道的高速轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及一种轴承，尤其涉及一种用于高速轴(high-speed shaft)应用中的轴承。
背景技术
通常，在相对高速应用(诸如，燃气涡轮发动机(/气轮机)(gas turbine engine))中使用的轴承包括一列或多列圆柱形滚子。当由这样的圆柱形滚子轴承支撑的组件之间存在相对轴向位移(displacement)(相对轴向位移可以是滚子长度的二分之一)时，滚子必须沿着滚子与轴承滚道之间的接触线轴向地滑动。
发明内容
本发明是一种高速轴组件，所述高速轴组件包括：轴，由第一材料形成并且具有中心轴线；外部构件，由第二材料形成并且绕着所述轴布置。所述轴和所述外部构件中的至少一者可绕着所述中心轴线旋转，所述第二材料的热膨胀系数与所述第一材料的热膨胀系数显著不同(substantially different)。这样，在大于250华氏度的温度下以及在小于0华氏度的温度下，所述轴和所述外部构件中的一者可相对于所述轴和所述外部构件中的另一者沿着所述中心轴线移位。轴承内圈绕着所述轴布置并且与所述轴联接，所述内圈具有提供内滚道的周向外表面，所述内滚道是大致圆柱形表面或环形槽。轴承外圈绕着所述内圈布置并且与所述外部构件联接，所述外圈具有提供外滚道的周向内表面，所述外滚道是大致圆柱形表面和环形槽中的另一者。此外，多个球布置在所述内滚道与所述外滚道之间，使得可旋转地联接所述内圈和所述外圈，在所述轴和所述外部构件的相对轴向移位期间，每个球可沿着圆柱形滚道表面在轴向上移位。
附图说明
当结合附图阅读时，将更好地理解上述发明内容以及本发明的优选实施方式的详细描述。为了说明本发明的目的，在附图中示出了目前优选的示意性实施方式。然而，应理解的是，本发明不限于所示出的精确布置和手段。在附图中：
图1是根据本发明的高速轴组件的轴向截面图，示出了具有深槽内滚道和圆柱形外滚道的高速轴承；
图2是示出为与轴和外部构件分离的图1的高速轴承的轴向截面图；
图3是图2的放大的剖开(/剖离)(broken-away)部分；
图4是根据本发明的高速轴组件的轴向截面图，示出了具有圆柱形内滚道和深槽外滚道的高速轴承；
图5是示出为与轴和外部构件分离的图4的高速轴承的轴向截面图；
图6是图5的放大的剖开部分；
图7是具有两个内圈和一个外圈的高速轴承的放大的剖开轴向截面图；
图8是具有带有两个滚道的内圈的高速轴承的放大的剖开轴向截面图；
图9是具有一个内圈和两个外圈的高速轴承的放大的剖开轴向截面图；以及
图10是具有带有两个滚道的外圈的高速轴承的放大的剖开轴向截面图。
具体实施方式
在下面的描述中使用特定术语仅是为了方便，而不是限制性的。词语“内”、“向内”和“外”、“向外”分别是指朝向和远离所描述的元件的指定中心线或几何中心的方向，具体含义从说明书的上下文中是容易显而易见的。此外，如在此所使用的，词语“连接”和“联接”均旨在包括两个构件之间的直接连接(没有任何其他构件介于它们之间)以及构件之间的间接连接(有一个或多个其他构件介于它们之间)。术语包括上面具体提及的词语、其派生词和类似意思的词语。
现在详细地参照附图，在附图中，相同的标号始终用于指示相同的元件，图1至图10示出了包括轴承11的高速轴组件10，高速轴组件10用于燃气涡轮发动机(gas turbineengine)、压缩机或(这样的)其他装置中：其中，组件具有超过一千转/分钟(1000rpm)并可以达到数万rpm(例如，10,000rpm、30,000rpm等)的旋转速度，并且在低温(例如，低至负一百华氏度(-100°F))或高温(例如，高达六百华氏度(600°F))下工作。轴组件10主要包括轴12、外部构件(/外构件)14(例如，座(/轴承座)(housing)或座组件)、内圈16、外圈18和多个球20(即，球面滚子)，圈16、18和球20形成轴承11，轴承11还包括保持架21。轴12由第一材料(诸如，用于“冷段(/冷型)(cold section)”的4140钢、4340钢、9310钢等以及用于“热段(/热型)(hot section)”的镍合金和类似材料)形成，优选为中空的(如所描绘的)，并且轴12具有外表面12a和中心轴线AC。外部构件14由第二材料(例如，镁或铬镍铁合金(Inconel)(热段)、钛(冷段))形成，绕着轴12布置，并且外部构件14具有周向内表面14a。
轴12和外部构件14中的至少一者可绕着中心轴线AC以如上所述的相对高的旋转速度旋转。在特定应用中，轴12相对于固定的外部构件14旋转，在其他应用中，外部构件14相对于固定的轴12旋转，并且在另外的其他应用中，轴12和外部构件14两者以不同的速度和/或在不同的角方向上旋转。此外，形成外部构件14的第二材料的热膨胀系数与形成轴10的第一材料的热膨胀系数显著(/大大)不同，形成外部构件14的第二材料的热膨胀系数显著大于或者显著小于形成轴10的第一材料的热膨胀系数。这样，在大于二百五十华氏度(250°F)的温度下以及在小于零华氏度(0°F)的温度下，轴12和外部构件14中的至少一者可相对于轴12和外部构件14中的另一者沿着中心轴线AC移位(/移动)(displaceable)。如下所述，由于轴组件10和包含(incorporating)轴组件10的机器(例如，燃气涡轮发动机、压缩机等)的组件的定尺寸(/定型)(sizing)，轴12和外部构件14的相对轴向位移相对较大。
此外，轴承内圈16绕着轴12布置并且与轴12联接，并且具有周向内表面17A和提供内滚道22的周向外表面17B。内滚道22是大致圆柱形表面24(图4-图6、图9和图10)或环形槽(/凹槽)(groove)26(图1-图3、图7和图8)，环形槽26从外表面17B在径向上向内延伸，并且内滚道22优选形成为对轴承领域的技术人员而言已知的“深槽”滚道。轴承外圈18绕着内圈16布置并且与外部构件14联接。外圈18具有提供外滚道28的周向内表面19A和相对的周向外表面19B，周向外表面19B优选压配(/压配合)(press-fit)抵靠外部构件14的内表面15或中间构件(例如，套筒(/衬套)、间隔件等；未示出)的周向内表面。外滚道28形成为大致圆柱形表面和环形槽中的另一者；换句话说，当内滚道22形成为环形槽26时，外滚道28是圆柱形支承表面30(由周向内表面19A提供)(图1-图3、图7和图8)，或者当内滚道22形成为圆柱形表面24时，外滚道28形成为从内表面19A在径向上向外延伸的环形槽32(图4-图6、图9和图10)。
在任一情况下，多个球20分别布置在内滚道22与外滚道28之间，以分别可旋转地联接内圈16和外圈18，从而还可旋转地联接轴12和外部构件14。在轴12和外部构件14的相对轴向移位期间，多个球20中的每个球可沿着圆柱形滚道表面24或30在轴向上移位。因此，通过将内滚道22或外滚道28分别形成为圆柱形支承表面24或30，由于在升高的温度下的热膨胀或在降低的温度下的热收缩，球20能够在轴12和外部构件14的相对轴向移位期间在轴向上可滚动地移位。由于球20与圆柱形支承表面24或30进行点接触，而不是作为圆柱形滚子进行线接触，因此与圆柱形滚子相比，每个球20的这种轴向位移以显著较低的摩擦发生。尽管球20的轴向位移可以约为圆柱形滚道表面24或30的整个宽度wC(图2和图5)，但是由于在正常操作(/运行/工作)条件下，球20优选定位在表面24或30的大体上中央(/中部)上，因此轴向位移优选最大约为二分之一的圆柱形表面宽度wC。
参照图2和图5，轴承11是通过具有大于一百万的DN因数(/因子)(factor)或DN值来定义的“高速”轴承，DN值被定义为轴承直径和轴承的旋转速度的乘积。具体地，如图2和图5所示，内圈16包括具有孔(bore)42的大致圆柱形环形主体40，孔42具有内径(/内直径)ID。将内圈16的环形主体40定尺寸为使得轴12的旋转速度或外部构件14的旋转速度与以毫米表示的孔直径ID的值的乘积大于一百万；换句话说，DN值＝旋转速度×ID≥1,000,000。由于与以近似旋转速度旋转的相对较小尺寸的轴承(例如，结合到牙钻(dental drill)中的轴承)相比，“较大尺寸的”轴承中的切向速度(tangential velocity)和应力显著较高，因此DN值或DN因数用于表示轴承的较高速度。
参照图7-图10，轴承11可以包括两个或更多个具有滚道槽26的内圈16(图7)、单个(/单个)(single)具有两个或更多个槽26的内圈16(图8)、两个均具有槽32的外圈18(图9)或者单个具有两个或更多个槽32的外圈18(图10)，具有槽26的内圈16根据情况与具有圆柱形滚道表面30的单个外圈18联接(图7和图8)，或者具有槽32的外圈18根据情况与具有圆柱形滚道表面24的单个内圈16联接，并且轴承11包括第二组(或第三组或更多组)球20。更具体地，对于具有形成为圆柱形滚道表面30的外滚道28的轴承11，内圈16可以是具有第一滚道槽51的第一内圈50，并且轴承11还包括具有第二滚道槽53的第二内圈52(并且轴承11可以包括三个或更多个内圈)，第一组球54布置在第一槽51与圆柱形外滚道表面30之间，并且第二组球55布置在第二槽53与外滚道表面30之间。作为一种选择，内圈16可以形成有：两个(或更多个)环形槽26，具体为第一槽56、第二槽58等，槽56、58等在(内)圈的外表面17B上在轴向上间隔开并分别具有第一组球54和第二组球55。在任一情况下，外圈18的轴向长度被尺寸化使得圈18延伸超出两个圈50、52或单个内圈16的轴向端足够的距离，以允许两组球54、55的轴向位移。
此外，对于具有形成为圆柱形滚道表面24的内滚道22的轴承11，外圈18可以是具有第一滚道槽61的第一外圈60，并且轴承11还包括具有第二滚道槽63的第二外圈62(并且可以包括三个或更多个外圈)，第一组球64布置在第一槽61与圆柱形内滚道表面24之间，并且第二组球65布置在第二槽63与内滚道表面24之间。作为一种选择，外圈18可以形成有：两个(或更多个)环形槽32，具体为第一槽66、第二槽68等，槽66、68等在(外)圈的内表面19A上在轴向上间隔开并分别具有第一组球64和第二组球65。在任一情况下，内圈16的轴向长度被尺寸化使得圈16延伸超出两个圈60、62或单个外圈18的轴向端足够的距离，以允许球64、65的轴向位移。
上述任意多列设计的一些优点是，与单列球20相比，多列球20将允许较低的径向脚印(/印痕)(foot print)，并且可以通过增大列与列之间的间隔来调节对力矩载荷(moment loading)的阻力(/抗性)(resistance)或顺应性(compliance)。
优选地，内圈16和外圈18均由航空航天级(/航天级)(aerospace grade)钢材料(诸如，M50、M50 NiL、440C不锈钢、Pyrowear 675或具有相似强度且具有相似性质的任何其他材料)制成。保持架21优选由具有0.001"-0.002"镀银的硬化4340钢制成，并且优选平衡到五(5)克/立方厘米或更紧密(tighter)以优化高速性能。此外，球20优选由陶瓷或氮化硅材料制成，但是可以由与圈16、18相同的航空航天级钢材料制成。
此外，优选对轴承内圈16和轴承外圈18中的每一者进行热处理，以防止在负一百华氏度(-100°F)与六百华氏度(600°F)之间的显著尺寸变化。这种热处理可以是透淬(through-hardening)、渗碳(carburizing)、渗氮(nitriding)、碳氮共渗(carbo-nitriding)或这些的组合或其他处理工艺。
此外，高速轴承11的各个组件优选形成为相对较高的精度或公差，最优选地满足或超过美国轴承制造商协会(ABMA)ABEC5等级的要求。此外，轴承组件(特别是内圈16)以较严格的公差装配在轴组件10内，以防止如上所述的“高速”旋转所经历(/可能遇到)(experienced)的潜在不利影响。优选地，内圈16通过过盈配合(/干涉配合)(interferencefit)与轴12或布置在圈16与轴12之间的中间构件(诸如，套筒、间隔件等)连接，过盈配合在内圈16内产生至少一万磅力/平方英寸(10,000psi)的环向应力(hoop stress)。这样，显著降低了高速旋转过程中离心生长的影响。
相对于用于类似应用的先前已知的轴承，本发明的高速轴承11具有许多优点。当前具有圆柱形滚子的轴承由于轻的径向负载而易于在高旋转速度(/转速)下打滑(skidding)/滑动、倾斜或偏斜(/偏移)(skewing)，因此，通常必须结合有意(/刻意)的“不圆(out of round)”以施加人为的径向负载来防止这种打滑损坏。与圆柱形滚子相比，在本发明中，球20在较高旋转速度下明显更加稳定，并且当球20在轴向上移位时摩擦显著减小。此外，与圆柱形滚子的拐角(/角部)相比，球20具有显著较大的半径，并且通过具有球20，高速轴承11不具有与包括圆柱形滚子的轴承一样的未对准问题。此外，利用由陶瓷材料形成的优选球20，由于陶瓷比钢硬得多，因此在将球20组装到圈16、18中期间的潜在损坏显著减少，并且润滑需求大大降低。
上面参照附图详细地描述了本发明的代表性、非限制性实施方式。该详细描述仅旨在教导本领域技术人员用于实践本教导的优选方面的更多细节，而不旨在限制本发明的范围。
此外，在上面详细描述中公开的特征和步骤的组合对于在最广泛的意义上实践本发明可能不是必需的，而是仅被教导来具体描述本发明的代表性示例。此外，上述代表性示例的各个特征以及下面的各个独立权利要求和从属权利要求可以以未具体和明确列举的方式组合，以提供本教导的另外有用的实施方式。
说明书和/或权利要求书中公开的所有特征旨在出于原始书面公开的目的以及出于限制所要求保护的主题的目的而彼此分开和独立地公开，而与实施方式和/或权利要求书中的特征的组合无关。另外，所有值范围或实体(entity)组的指示旨在出于原始书面公开的目的以及出于限制所要求保护的主题的目的而公开的每种可能的中间值或中间实体。本发明不限于上述实施方式，并且可以在所附权利要求的范围内变化。

Claims (8)

1.一种高速轴组件，包括：
轴，由第一材料形成并且具有中心轴线；
外部构件，由第二材料形成并且绕着所述轴布置，所述轴和所述外部构件中的至少一者能够绕着所述中心轴线旋转，所述第二材料的热膨胀系数与所述第一材料的热膨胀系数显著不同，使得在大于250华氏度的温度下以及在小于0华氏度的温度下，所述轴和所述外部构件中的至少一者能够相对于所述轴和所述外部构件中的另一者沿着所述中心轴线移位；
轴承内圈，绕着所述轴布置并且与所述轴联接，所述内圈具有提供内滚道的周向外表面，所述内滚道是大致圆柱形表面和环形槽中的一者；
轴承外圈，绕着所述内圈布置并且与所述外部构件联接，所述外圈具有提供外滚道的周向内表面，所述外滚道是大致圆柱形表面和环形槽中的另一者；以及
多个球，布置在所述内滚道与所述外滚道之间，使得可旋转地联接所述内圈和所述外圈，在所述轴和所述外部构件的相对轴向位移期间，每个球能够沿着圆柱形滚道表面轴向地移位。
2.根据权利要求1所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述内圈具有孔，所述孔具有直径，并且所述轴的转速或所述外部构件的转速与以毫米为单位的所述孔直径的值的乘积大于一百万。
3.根据权利要求1所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述圆柱形表面具有宽度，并且所述轴的相对轴向位移或所述外部构件的相对轴向位移最大约为所述圆柱形表面的宽度的二分之一。
4.根据权利要求1所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述多个球中的每个球由陶瓷材料形成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述内圈和所述外圈中的具有环形槽的一者包括另一环形槽，并且所述轴组件还包括另外的多个球，所述另外的多个球布置在所述另一环形槽内，并且能够绕着所述轴线在周向上滚动且能够沿着圆柱形滚道表面在轴向上滚动。
6.根据权利要求1所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述内圈通过过盈配合与所述轴或设置在所述轴上的中间构件连接，所述过盈配合在所述内圈内产生至少一万磅力/平方英寸(10,000psi)的环向应力。
7.根据权利要求1所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述轴承内圈和所述轴承外圈中的每一者被热处理，以防止在负一百华氏度(-100°F)与六百华氏度(600°F)之间的显著尺寸变化。
8.根据权利要求7所述的轴组件，其特征在于，所述轴承内圈和所述轴承外圈中的每一者是硬化的、渗碳的、渗氮的和碳氮共渗的中的至少一种。
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GB202014005D0 (en) 2020-10-21
US20210088079A1 (en) 2021-03-25
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FR3101120A1 (fr) 2021-03-26
GB2589706A (en) 2021-06-09
GB2589706B (en) 2023-08-23

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