CN112471015A - Large-scale breeding method of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana - Google Patents
Large-scale breeding method of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/54—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of bivalves, e.g. oysters or mussels
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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Abstract
The invention discloses a large-scale breeding method of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana, which comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a breeding pond, (2) collecting parents, (3) domesticating and fertilizing parent mussels, (4) screening fertilized female mussels, (5) collecting young mussels, (6) transferring parent mussels, (7) cultivating mussel seedlings, (8) preventing and controlling enemies, (9) hanging and cultivating in a net cage: (10) and (5) later maintenance and management. The method can breed a large number of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana in a large scale, has high breeding rate, controllable breeding process, high yield, easy management and low cost, can produce a large number of young clams in the next year, can be used for proliferation and releasing, scientific research and water body purification, is rare substitute meat with good taste and rich nutrition under the conditions of rising meat price, closing of small and medium farmers and fishing prohibition in the Yangtze river, and has huge market economic value and ecological value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a large-scale breeding method of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana, which can be used for rapidly expanding population quantity, can obtain objective quantity in the second year, can be used for proliferation and releasing and food processing, has high environmental value and economic value, and belongs to the field of breeding methods of freshwater mussels with high economic value and high added value and capable of replacing meat.
Background
The clam-shaped anodonta mussel is a special member of freshwater mussels, is known in double shells of freshwater mussels in China at present, is the only mussel without parasitic fish and a metamorphosis development process, has high growth speed, can reach sexual maturity when the mussel is aged for one year, larva of a hookworm directly grows and matures gradually in an outer gill flap of a female mussel, and the female mussel discharges the mature larva into a water body once after the larva matures to form a young mussel, so that the juvenile mussel is obtained, and the parasitic fish is not needed in the process. The clam-shaped anodonta mussel shell is thin and much in meat, has high growth speed, low culture cost and no pollution in the culture process, and can purify eutrophic water; the clam-shaped anodonta mussel is tender in taste compared with other freshwater mussels, is rich in protein, mineral substances, trace elements and the like, can be directly cooked or processed to be used as canned products, dry goods and the like, can be used as substitute meat due to fast propagation, low breeding cost and rich nutrition, can greatly relieve the economic situation of meat shortage and rapid meat price rise in poor areas and countries, and does not have scale breeding and deep processing industry of the clam-shaped anodonta mussel in China at present, so the industry has great economic value and social value.
The mussels, as a member of freshwater mussels, are also subjected to threats such as over-fishing and damage and change of habitats, so that the natural resources of the mussels gradually become less and less, and the 2009 data shows that the species of the downstream lake mussels in the Yangtze river in a near-dangerous or threatened state reach 58.2% of the total number. If the artificial scale breeding can be realized, the condition that the mussel resource is gradually scarce can be greatly relieved, and the method has great significance for stabilizing a water ecosystem and protecting the diversity of aquatic animals.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a manually-controlled high-yield clam-shaped anodonta woodiana breeding technology.
The production method of the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a breeding pool: the artificial breeding process of the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana should simulate the characteristics of a natural habitat as much as possible, and because the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana is like running water and has good sandy soil, the living environment of the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana is built as much as possible for breeding.
Preparing a breeding pond: adopting a flat soil surface as a foundation of a breeding pool, piling up the breeding pool by red bricks with the specification of 24cm multiplied by 12cm multiplied by 6cm (length multiplied by width multiplied by height), wherein the size of the breeding pool is 3.0m multiplied by 1.5m multiplied by 0.4m (length multiplied by width multiplied by depth), and paving plastic films at the bottom and the periphery of the breeding pool to prevent leakage; the breeding pond is provided with a water outlet, the width of the water outlet is 20cm, the depth of the water outlet is 5cm, water is drained in a natural overflow mode, water is sprayed by pricking and needling with a plastic film pipe with the diameter of phi 16, the water source is nearby river water, and a 60-mesh screen is covered at the end of the water inlet pipe to filter large-scale aquatic insects and algae.
Preparing bottom mud: excavating sandy river mud, drying in the sun, grinding finely, paving in a breeding pond, wherein the paving thickness is about 3cm, and introducing river water at the flow rate of 1 t/h.
(2) Parent collection: collecting clam-shaped anodonta mussel parents in a field river within 11 months to 2 months next year, washing the collected parents once by running water until the surfaces of the parents are free from sludge, and then placing the parents in a prepared breeding pond.
(3) Parent clam domestication and fertilization: 400 parent mussels are placed in each breeding pond, and the male-female ratio is 4: 1, adding bottom mud once, and adjusting the inflow to 1.5t/h to ensure fresh water quality and sufficient nutrition during the propagation period; performing flowing water acclimation for one month, and enabling the parents to adapt to the environment of the breeding pond; the collected parent mussels have both male mussels and female mussels, and can be fertilized in the breeding pond, and the density is favorable for the fertilization process, and can also improve the fertilization rate.
(4) And (3) screening fertilized female mussels: and (3) screening parents in the breeding pond, selecting the parents (with the body length of 4cm or more) with the clam age of one year or more, slightly opening the shell by using a special shell opener to observe the external gill petals, selecting parent clams with the external gill petals in a bulged or slightly bulged shape to serve as clams for breeding (namely fertilized female clams), putting the clams into another breeding pond, placing 200 female clams in each breeding pond, carrying out running water culture, adjusting the flow to be 1t/h, and preventing young clams to be discharged from being washed away at an excessive speed.
(5) Collecting young mussels: and 3, collecting bottom mud on the surface layer of the breeding pond at the end of 3 months, washing the collected bottom mud through a 200-mesh square screen (see the figure) until most of the bottom mud is washed away, collecting a backflushing liquid through the backflushing screen, clarifying for 10 minutes, pouring out a supernatant, taking a proper amount of bottom mud, and checking whether young mussels exist under a microscope, wherein if the young mussels exist, the young mussels are indicated to be discharged by female mussels.
(6) Transferring the parent mussel: and after the parent mussels begin to discharge the young mussels for 45 days, slightly opening shells by using a special shell opening device to observe the branchial lamella, and if the branchial lamella is thin and has no bulge, determining that the female mussels discharge the larvae. At this time, all the female clams are removed, and the inflow rate is adjusted to be 1.5 t/h.
(7) Culturing mussel seedlings: adding the finely ground river mud once every 30 days, wherein the adding amount is 10-15 kg/pool, lightly stirring the bottom mud back and forth by using a clam rake (the rake spacing is 1.5cm) made of bamboo wood, and keeping the bottom mud soft so as to prevent the bottom mud from hardening or being too tight to cause smelliness and insufficient bottom dissolved oxygen; during the period, the content of dissolved oxygen in the inlet water is monitored to ensure that the content of the dissolved oxygen is not lower than 4.0 mg/L.
(8) And (3) controlling harmful insects: when young mussels are about 45 days old, the bed mud is sieved by using a 40-mesh sieve to clean red nematodes, shrimps and other aquatic insects, and prevent enemy benthonic animals from eating the young mussels and competing for nutrient substances.
(9) Hanging and cultivating by using a net cage: when the young mussels are about 90 days old, the young mussels grow into young mussels with the size of about 15 +/-5 mm, the young mussels are moved out of the culture pond, and the young mussels are hung and cultured by adopting a wooden frame strip net cage. A layer of plastic rain cloth is laid at the bottom of the net cage, and the four sides of the net cage are fixed by a layer of ethylene net sheets with meshes of 1-2 cm; adding river mud into the net cages directly, paving the whole box bottom with the thickness of about 2cm, and placing 2000 young mussels into each net cage; selecting open, leeward, sunny and flowing water surface for hanging cultivation, using bamboo as piles, fixing four corners of the net cage by nylon ropes, and hanging the net cage into water.
(10) And (3) later maintenance and management: adding mud once one month after the young mussels drop in the net cage, wherein the mud adding amount is half of the mud adding amount at the first time, and adding no mud at the later stage; regularly patrolling the suspended water surface, and keeping track of the overturning of the net cage caused by excessive water flow; in summer, the aquatic weeds around the net cage are cleaned to prevent the dissolved oxygen in the water body near the net cage from being low and influencing the growth of the young mussels; in winter, when the water temperature is low, the depth of the net cage can be timely adjusted, and the net cage is adjusted to be 0.8m away from the water surface.
The invention can breed clam-shaped anodonta woodiana in large scale, has high breeding rate, controllable breeding process, high yield, easy management and low cost, can produce a large amount of young clams in the next year, can be used for proliferation and releasing, scientific research and water body purification, is rare substitute meat with better taste and rich nutrition under the conditions of rising meat price, closing of small and medium farmers and fishing prohibition in Yangtze river, and has huge market economic value and ecological value.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows collected clam-shaped parent clams of anodonta woodiana.
FIG. 2 is a structure of a mud screen washing net at the bottom of a breeding pond.
FIG. 3 shows the shape of a young mussel under a microscope.
Fig. 4 young mussels when they are about 90 days old.
Fig. 5 is a net cage structure diagram of a wooden frame strip.
Detailed Description
The terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "both ends", "one end", "the other end", and the like in the specification indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "connected," and the like are to be construed broadly, such as "connected," which may be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Embodiment 1, a large-scale breeding method of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana comprises the following steps:
collecting clam-shaped anodonta mussels (see figure 1) in 6-9 months in 2019 in a Wuhu chaste river and a Zhusi hong river, carrying out large-scale breeding in a freshwater shellfish breeding base of Anhui Shuyun mollusk breeding technology Limited, and starting breeding at the beginning of 2 months in 2020.
(1) Breeding pond preparation
Firstly, excavating a breeding pond: adopting a flat soil surface as a foundation of a breeding pool, piling up the breeding pool by red bricks with the specification of 24cm multiplied by 12cm multiplied by 6cm (length multiplied by width multiplied by height), wherein the size of the breeding pool is 3.0m multiplied by 1.5m multiplied by 0.5m (length multiplied by width multiplied by depth), and paving plastic films at the bottom and the periphery of the breeding pool to prevent leakage; the breeding pond is provided with a water outlet, the width of the water outlet is 20cm, the depth of the water outlet is 5cm, water is drained in a natural overflow mode, water is sprayed by pricking and injecting a plastic film pipe with the diameter of phi 16, the water source is near river water, and a 60-mesh screen is covered and cultured at the end of the water inlet pipe to filter large aquatic insects and algae. 10 breeding ponds are prepared for breeding the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana.
Secondly, bottom mud laying: excavating sandy river mud, drying in the sun, grinding finely, paving in a breeding pond, wherein the paving thickness is about 3cm, and introducing river water at the flow rate of 1 t/h.
And thirdly, in order to simulate the living conditions of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana as much as possible and create favorable conditions for domestication of the anodonta woodiana, the used bottom mud is collected from one side of the vitex river, and the water inlet source is also from the nearby vitex river.
(2) Parent domestication and artificial fertilization
In 2 months in 2020, washing collected clam-shaped anodonta woodiana parents until the surfaces of the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana parents are free from sludge by running water, and then placing the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana parents into prepared breeding ponds, wherein 400 parent clams are placed in each breeding pond; domesticating in flowing water to make the parent adapt to the breeding pond environment; after the flowing water is acclimated for one month, adjusting the water inflow to 1.5t/h, and adding bottom mud once to ensure that the water quality is fresh and the nutrition is sufficient during the propagation period; the collected parent mussels have both male mussels and female mussels, and can be fertilized in the breeding pond, and the parent mussels have high density, so that the fertilization process is facilitated, and the fertilization rate can be increased.
(3) Fertilized female mussel screening
And in 3 months early 2020, screening collected parents, selecting the parents (the body length is 4cm or more) with the clam age of one year or more, slightly opening the shell by using a special shell opener to observe the external gill petals, selecting parent clams with the external gill petals in a bulged or slightly bulged shape to serve as mussels for breeding (namely fertilized female clams), placing the parent clams in another breeding pond, placing 200 female clams in each breeding pond, and carrying out running water breeding with the flow adjusted to 1t/h to prevent young clams to be discharged from being washed away at an excessively high flow rate.
(5) Collecting young mussels
And at the end of 3 months in 2020, taking a proper amount of bottom mud on the surface layer of the breeding pond, screening and washing the collected bottom mud through a 200-mesh square screen (see figure 2) until most of the bottom mud is washed away, backflushing the screen to collect backflushing liquid, clarifying for 10 minutes, pouring out supernatant, taking a proper amount of bottom mud, and checking whether young mussels exist under a microscope, wherein if the young mussels are found (see figure 3), the young mussels are shown to be discharged from female mussels, and the length of the newly discharged young mussels is about 0.55 +/-0.05 mm.
(6) Parent mussel transfer
And after the parent mussels begin to discharge the young mussels for 45 days, slightly opening shells by using a special shell opening device to observe the branchial petals, and if the branchial petals are thin and have no bulge, determining that the young mussels are discharged by the female mussels. At this time, all the female clams are removed, and the water inlet flow rate is adjusted to be 1.5 t/h.
(7) Clam seedling cultivation
Adding the finely ground river mud once every 15 days, wherein the adding amount is 10-15 kg/pool, lightly stirring the bottom mud back and forth by using a clam rake (the rake spacing is 1.5cm) made of bamboo wood, and keeping the bottom mud soft so as to prevent the bottom mud from hardening or being too compact to cause smelliness and insufficient bottom dissolved oxygen; during the period, the content of dissolved oxygen in the inlet water is monitored to ensure that the content of the dissolved oxygen is not lower than 4.0 mg/L.
(8) Prevention and control of enemy
When young mussels are about 45 days old, the bed mud is sieved by using a 40-mesh sieve to clean red nematodes, shrimps and other aquatic insects, so that enemy benthonic animals are prevented from eating the young mussels and competing for nutrient substances.
(9) Hanging cage
When the young mussels are about 90 days old, the young mussels grow into young mussels (see figure 4) with the size of about 15 +/-5 mm, the young mussels are removed from the culture pond, 10 ten thousand young mussels are harvested from 10 breeding ponds, and the young mussels are cultured by a wooden frame strip net cage (see figure 5). A layer of plastic rain cloth is laid at the bottom of the net cage, and the four sides of the net cage are fixed by a layer of ethylene net sheets with meshes of 1-2 cm; adding river mud into the net cages directly, paving the whole box bottom with the thickness of about 2cm, and placing 2000 young mussels into each net cage; the method comprises the steps of selecting open, leeward and sunny-facing and flowing water surface for hanging and breeding, using bamboo and wood as piles, fixing four corners of a net cage by nylon ropes, and hanging the net cage into water.
(10) Post maintenance management
Adding mud once when the young mussels grow to about 5cm, wherein the mud adding amount is half of the first mud adding amount, and adding no mud at the later stage; regularly patrolling the suspended water surface, and keeping track of the overturning of the net cage caused by excessive water flow; in summer, attention is paid to cleaning waterweeds around the net cage to prevent the growth of the young mussels from being influenced by low dissolved oxygen in water near the net cage; when the water temperature is lower in winter, the depth of the net cage can be adjusted timely, and the net cage is adjusted to be 0.8m away from the water surface.
The invention can breed clam-shaped anodonta woodiana in large scale, has high breeding rate, controllable breeding process, high yield, easy management and low cost, can produce a large amount of young clams in the next year, can be used for proliferation and releasing, scientific research and water body purification, is rare substitute meat with better taste and rich nutrition under the conditions of rising meat price, closing of small and medium farmers and fishing prohibition in Yangtze river, and has huge market economic value and ecological value.
The above examples are only for describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made to the technical solution of the present invention by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.
The parts not involved in the present invention are the same as or can be implemented using the prior art.
Claims (1)
1. A large-scale breeding method of clam-shaped anodonta woodiana is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
1) preparing a breeding pool: the artificial breeding process of the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana should simulate the characteristics of a natural habitat as much as possible, and as the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana is like running water and has good sandy soil, the living environment of the clam-shaped anodonta woodiana is built as much as possible for breeding needs;
preparing a breeding pool: the method comprises the following steps of (1) adopting a flat soil surface as a foundation of a breeding pool, stacking the breeding pool by red bricks with the specification of 24cm multiplied by 12cm multiplied by 6cm, wherein the size of the breeding pool is 3.0m multiplied by 1.5m multiplied by 0.4m, and paving a plastic film at the bottom and the periphery of the breeding pool to prevent leakage; the breeding pond is provided with a water outlet, the width of the water outlet is 20cm, the depth of the water outlet is 5cm, water is drained in a natural overflow mode, water is injected by pricking a plastic film pipe with the diameter of phi 16, the water source is nearby river water, a 60-mesh screen is covered at the end of the water inlet pipe, and large-scale aquatic insects and algae are filtered;
preparing bottom mud: excavating sandy river mud, drying in the sun, grinding finely, paving in a breeding pond, paving with the thickness of about 3cm, and introducing river water with the flow of 1 t/h;
2) and parent collection: collecting clam-shaped anodonta mussel parents in a field river within 11 months to 2 months next year, flushing the collected parents once by running water until the surfaces of the parents are free from sludge, and then placing the parents in a prepared breeding pond;
3) parent clam domestication and fertilization: 400 parent mussels are placed in each breeding pond, and the male-female ratio is 4: 1, adding bottom mud once, and adjusting the inflow to 1.5t/h to ensure fresh water and sufficient nutrition during the propagation period; domesticating in flowing water for one month to make the parents adapt to the environment of a breeding pond; the collected parent mussels have both male mussels and female mussels, and can be fertilized in a breeding pond, and the density is favorable for the fertilization process and can also improve the fertilization rate;
4) and screening fertilized female mussels: at the beginning of 3 months, screening parents in the breeding ponds, selecting the parents with the body length of more than 4cm in a year of the age of the mussels, slightly opening shells by using a special shell opener to observe external gill petals, selecting parent mussels with the external gill petals in a bulged or slightly bulged shape to serve as fertilized female mussels for breeding, putting the fertilized female mussels into another breeding pond, placing 200 female mussels in each breeding pond, carrying out running water breeding, adjusting the flow to be 1t/h, and preventing the young mussels to be discharged from being washed away at an excessively high flow rate;
5) collecting young mussels: collecting bottom mud on the surface layer of the breeding pond at the bottom of 3 months, washing the collected bottom mud through a 200-mesh square screen until most of the bottom mud is washed away, collecting a backflushing liquid by using the backflushing screen, clarifying for 10 minutes, pouring out a supernatant, taking a proper amount of bottom mud, and checking whether young mussels exist under a microscope, wherein if the young mussels exist, the female mussels begin to discharge the young mussels;
6) transferring the parent mussel: after the parent mussels begin to discharge young mussels for 45 days, slightly opening shells by using a shell opener to observe gill petals, if the gill petals are thin and have no bulge, considering that the female mussels finish discharging larvae, moving out all the female mussels at the moment, and adjusting the water inflow flow rate to be 1.5 t/h;
7) and culturing mussel seedlings: adding the finely ground river mud once every 30 days, wherein the adding amount is 10 kg-15 kg/pool, lightly stirring the bottom mud back and forth by using bamboo wood to manufacture harrows with the distance of 1.5cm, and using mussel harrows to keep the bottom mud soft so as to prevent the bottom mud from hardening or being too compact to cause smelliness and insufficient bottom dissolved oxygen; during the period, the content of dissolved oxygen in the inlet water is monitored to ensure that the dissolved oxygen is not less than 4.0mg/L,
8) and the control of enemy: when young mussels are about 45 days old, screening the bottom mud by using a 40-mesh screen to clean red nematodes, shrimps and other aquatic insects, and preventing enemy benthonic animals from eating the young mussels and competing for nutrient substances;
9) and hanging and maintaining the net cage: when young mussels are about 90 days old, young mussels with the size of about 15 +/-5 mm grow, the young mussels are moved out of the culture pond and are hung by adopting a wooden frame strip net cage, a layer of plastic rain cloth is laid at the bottom of the net cage, and four sides of the net cage are fixed by a layer of ethylene net sheets with the net meshes of 1-2 cm; adding river mud into the net cages directly, paving the whole box bottom with the thickness of about 2cm, and placing 2000 young mussels into each net cage; selecting open, leeward, sunny and flowing water surface for hanging cultivation, using bamboo as piles, fixing four corners of the net cage by nylon ropes, and hanging the net cage into water;
10) and later maintenance management: adding mud once one month after the young mussels drop in the net cage, wherein the mud adding amount is half of the mud adding amount at the first time, and adding no mud at the later stage; regularly patrolling the suspended water surface, and keeping track of the overturning of the net cage caused by excessive water flow; in summer, the aquatic weeds around the net cage are cleaned to prevent the dissolved oxygen in the water body near the net cage from being low and influencing the growth of the young mussels; in winter, when the water temperature is low, the depth of the net cage can be timely adjusted, and the net cage is adjusted to be 0.8m away from the water surface.
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