CN112432923B - D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with triangular air holes and method - Google Patents
D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with triangular air holes and method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/41—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length
- G01N21/4133—Refractometers, e.g. differential
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- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- G01M11/30—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides
- G01M11/33—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
- G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
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Abstract
The invention provides a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with triangular air holes and a method thereof, wherein the device consists of a broadband light source, a polarizer, a flow cell, a D-type photonic crystal fiber, a single-mode fiber, a spectrum analyzer and a computer; the optical fiber refractive index sensor is positioned in the flow cell, and an inlet and an outlet for controlling liquid analytes are arranged in the flow cell; the polished surface of the side surface of the D-type photonic crystal fiber is coated with a silver-doped zinc oxide film, and the silver-doped zinc oxide film, together with a single-mode fiber welded with the D-type photonic crystal fiber and the D-type photonic crystal fiber coated with the silver-doped zinc oxide film, form a probe of the D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensing device with the triangular air holes. The SPR sensing mechanism is utilized to convert the tiny change of the refractive index RI of the liquid analyte into the change of a measurable loss peak, thereby realizing refractive index sensing, having the advantages of high sensitivity, flexible design, compact structure, strong stability and the like, and having wide application value in biochemical analyte detection and water pollution monitoring.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of optical fiber sensing, and particularly relates to a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with triangular air holes and a method.
Background
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) exists between a metal and a medium (or air), and Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) are excited by using total reflection evanescent waves. The SPR sensing technology has become a multifunctional tool for monitoring the refractive index of analytes, filtering light with specific frequency and detecting the formation of nano biological films because of the characteristics of high sensitivity, no background interference, no label of samples, no need of further purification, real-time rapid detection and the like. In recent years, the concept of SPR sensors based on Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) has been proposed. The photonic crystal fiber is characterized by flexibility in its design, so that chromatic dispersion, birefringence, nonlinearity, etc. can be tailored by different arrangements of air holes. These aspects make photonic crystal fibers particularly attractive in many fields and have wide applications in the fields of gas-based nonlinear optics, atomic and particle guidance, ultra-high nonlinearity, rare earth doped lasers, and sensing. The PCF-SPR sensor can realize perfect matching of a plasma mode and a fundamental mode, because the effective refractive index of the fundamental mode can be designed to be between zero and the refractive index of a core material, and the PCF-SPR sensor has high sensitivity and resolution in the aspect of refractive index detection. The defects of large volume, high transmission loss and low sensitivity of the SPR sensor based on the prism and the traditional optical fiber are overcome.
The side polished photonic crystal fiber is an optical fiber element which removes part of the cladding by utilizing an optical fiber polishing technology, so that the advantages of the traditional optical fiber can be maintained, and the conduction mode in the optical fiber can be leaked out through a polishing area for other applications, such as application to the field of sensors by utilizing evanescent waves. Wu et al (J.J.Wu, S.G.Li, M.Shi, X.X.Feng, photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivitybased on surface plasmon resonance, optical Fiber Technology,2018, 43:90-94) propose a PCF temperature sensor based on SPR, using metallic gold as SPR excitation material, four small air holes and one large air hole under the solid core for generating birefringence, measuring temperature range 10-85 ℃ (refractive index range 1.336-1.3696); chen et al (N.Chen, M.Chang, X.L.Lu, J.Zhou and X.D.Zhang, numerical Analysis ofMidinfrared D-shaped photo-Crystal-Fiber Sensor based on Surface-plasma-Resonance Effect for Environmental Monitoring, applied Sciences,2020,10 (11): 3897) propose a SPR effect based D-PCF refractive index sensor operating in the near infrared band (2.9-3.6 μm) for environmental monitoring, analyte in direct contact with the gold layer and surrounding the entire D-PCF, instead of just touching the polished surface, the cladding material is silicon, the three-layer pores in the cladding are arranged in a hexagonal lattice; m. Sakib et al (M.N.Sakib, M.B.Hossain, K.F.Al-taba, I.M.Mehedi, M.T.Hasan, M.A.Hossain, I.S.Amiri, high Performance Dual Core D-Shape PCF-SPR Sensor Modeling Employing Gold Coat, results inphysics,2019, 15:102788) propose a D-PCF-SPR sensor employing a gold coating, a solid dual core, with an analyte refractive index in the range of 1.45-1.48, two solid cores symmetrical with the y-axis, a dual core energy coupling with the metal layer being difficult, and a narrow detection range being applicable; S.Singh et al (S.Singh, Y.K.Prajapati, highly sensitive refractive index sensor based on D-shaped PCF with gold-graphene layers on the polished surface, applied Physics A,2019, 125:437) propose a D-type PCF refractive index sensor with gold and graphene layers coated on the polished surface, two large air holes are placed in the x direction of a solid fiber core, and the limiting loss spectrum when coupling of polarized light in the x direction occurs is studied; a. Rifar et al (A.A.Rifat, G.A.Mahdiraji, D.M.Chow, Y.G.Shee, R.Ahmed and F. R.M. Adikan, photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Selective Analyte Channels and Graphene-Silver Deposited Core, sensors,2015,15 (5): 11499-11510) propose a D-type photonic crystal fiber SPR refractive index sensor, which adopts silver as an SPR excitation material, and has a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 3000nm/RIU in a detection range of 1.46-1.49, and the sensor is not only narrow in the detection range, but also cannot meet the requirement of high sensitivity.
Disclosure of Invention
Although the above-mentioned researchers have made related researches and improvements on the above-mentioned polished photonic crystal fiber, since it adopts pure metal as an SPR excitation material, the pure metal has poor oxidizing property in a wet environment, and a very thin metal layer may be detached from a glass fiber, resulting in a decrease in light confinement ability, a decrease in accuracy of analyte detection, and even if graphene is added, a decrease in SPR mode excitation due to the presence of damping. The sensing sensitivity, the detection range and the practicability thereof are greatly limited. In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device and a method of a triangular air hole, which have the advantages of compact structure, higher sensitivity and wider detection range.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the technical scheme is as follows: the device and the method for the refractive index sensor of the D-type photonic crystal fiber with the triangular air holes are characterized by comprising a broadband light source (1), a polarizer (2), a flow cell (3), a D-type photonic crystal fiber (4), a single-mode fiber (5), a spectrum analyzer (6) and a computer (7); the optical fiber refractive index sensor is positioned in the flow cell (3), and an inlet (8) and an outlet (9) for controlling liquid analytes are formed in the flow cell (3);
the side polishing surface of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is coated with a silver-doped zinc oxide film, and the silver-doped zinc oxide film, the single-mode fiber (5) welded with the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) and the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) coated with the silver-doped zinc oxide film form a probe of the D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with the triangular air holes;
the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) includes: a cladding (10), 25 regular triangle air holes in the cladding; the air hole (11) and the air hole (12) rotate by 20 degrees, 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 79 degrees respectively by taking an origin as a center, and then mirror images are formed into a first layer of air holes and a second layer of air holes; the air holes (13) rotate by 20 degrees and 40 degrees respectively by taking the origin as the center, and then the third layer of air holes are formed by mirroring; an elliptical air hole (14) is positioned at the y-axis (hollow) fiber core;
the preparation method of the silver doped zinc oxide film coated on the side polished surface of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) comprises the following steps: 60mL of zinc acetate absolute ethanol solution (0.015M) and 30mL of sodium hydroxide absolute ethanol solution (0.0225M) were mixed and stirred in a beaker for 2 hours to prepare a seed solution; the seed solution of pure zinc oxide was mixed with 300mL of zinc nitrate solution (0.03M) and 300mL of hexamethyltetramine solution (0.03M) and stirred; different concentrations of silver doped zinc oxide (60% -70%) nanomaterial were obtained by mixing and stirring 150 ml of aqueous solutions of zinc nitrate (0.008M, 0.0076M,0.0072M,0.0068M,0.0064M, 0.006m), 150 ml of aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (0.0242M, 0.0228M, 0.0256M,0.0264M,0.0272M, 0.028M) and 300ml (0.03M) of hexamethylenetetramine.
Further, the cladding air hole pitch lambda of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is 10-12 mu m, the cladding diameter D is 100 mu m, and the distances h from the peaks to the center of the air holes (11), the air holes (12) and the air holes (13) are equal to each other 1 、h 2 、h 3 4.275-4.725 μm, 3.325-3.625 μm, 2.375-2.625 μm respectively; the minor axis a and major axis b of the elliptical air holes (14) are 3 μm and 7 μm, respectively.
Further, the cladding material of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is fused quartz, and the refractive index of the cladding material is defined by a Sellmeier formula.
Further, the liquid analytes were obtained by mixing anhydrous ethanol and deionized water in different mass ratios, as measured by abbe refractometer.
The device and the method for the refractive index sensor of the D-type photonic crystal fiber with the triangular air holes are characterized in that: preparing a photonic crystal fiber by adopting a stacking-drawing technology, polishing and grinding in a V-shaped groove to obtain a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (4), and obtaining the D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (4) coated with the silver-doped zinc oxide film by utilizing a radio frequency magnetron sputtering method;
the stacking-wire drawing technology comprises the following steps: firstly, preprocessing a quartz sleeve, drawing a capillary tube according to parameters in an ultra-clean environment, drawing the capillary tube at 1900-2000 ℃, then carrying out tapered hole sealing on two ends of the capillary tube by oxyhydrogen flame, stacking the capillary tube in the quartz sleeve according to design requirements to form a required structure, filling a gap by a pure quartz rod, sintering the quartz sleeve and the capillary tube together by using oxy-alkyne flame, and preparing the photonic crystal fiber on a wire drawing tower by using a two-time wire drawing technology;
the transmission path of the D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with the triangular air holes is as follows: the broadband light source (1) changes y polarized light through the polarizer (2), and is transmitted to the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) through the flow cell (3), the output of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is input to the spectrum analyzer (6) through the single-mode fiber (5), and the output end of the spectrum analyzer (6) is connected with the computer (7), and the broadband light source is characterized in that:
the wave vector of the plasma excited on the surface of the silver-doped zinc oxide film and the wave vector of an incident light field reach phase matching in a specific wavelength range, and coupling occurs, so that resonance loss peaks appear; surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is very sensitive to medium environment, and the change of refractive index RI of liquid analyte can change resonance condition, so that resonance loss peak is obviously changed, and high-sensitivity and real-time detection can be realized. The structure is as follows: a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device and a method based on SPR.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the elliptical air hole (14) on the cladding of the D-type photonic crystal fiber is positioned at the y-axis (hollow) fiber core, so that the birefringence characteristic and the dispersion characteristic are greatly increased, the polarization state can be maintained, and the D-type photonic crystal fiber can be widely applied to the fields of polarization control, precise fiber sensing and the like.
2. The invention relates to a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with triangular air holes and a method thereof, wherein silver doped zinc oxide is used as an SPR excitation material, and the maximum sensitivity of 6000nm/RIU and resolution of 1.667 multiplied by 10 are achieved within the refractive index RI of 1.37-1.41 of a liquid analyte -5 RIU can be widely applied to sample detection, such as life science research, biochemistry, environmental monitoring and other fields.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a refractive index sensor of a D-type photonic crystal fiber with triangular air holes.
FIG. 2 is a two-dimensional cross-sectional view of a D-type photonic crystal fiber with triangular air holes.
Detailed Description
The following describes specific embodiments of a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device and method with triangular air holes according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in FIG. 1, the refractive index sensing device diagram of the D-type photonic crystal fiber with the triangular air holes provided by the invention consists of a broadband light source (1), a polarizer (2), a flow cell (3), a D-type photonic crystal fiber (4), a single-mode fiber (5), a spectrum analyzer (6) and a computer (7); the optical fiber refractive index sensor is positioned in the flow cell, and an inlet (8) and an outlet (9) for controlling liquid analytes are arranged in the flow cell; the side surface polishing surface of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is coated with a silver-doped zinc oxide film, and the silver-doped zinc oxide film, a single-mode fiber (5) welded with the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) and the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) coated with the silver-doped zinc oxide film form a probe of the SPR-based D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device; the broadband light source (1) is changed into y polarized light through the polarizer (2), the y polarized light is transmitted to the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) through the flow cell (3), the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is output and is input to the spectrum analyzer (6) through the single-mode fiber (5), and the output end of the spectrum analyzer (6) is connected with the computer (7).
As shown in FIG. 2, a two-dimensional cross-sectional view of a D-type photonic crystal fiber with triangular air holes provided by the invention comprises: a cladding (10), 25 regular triangle air holes in the cladding; the air hole (11) and the air hole (12) rotate by 20 degrees, 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 79 degrees respectively by taking an origin as a center, and then mirror images are formed into a first layer of air holes and a second layer of air holes; the air holes (13) rotate by 20 degrees and 40 degrees respectively by taking the origin as the center, and then the third layer of air holes are formed by mirroring; an elliptical air hole (14) is positioned at the y-axis (hollow) fiber core; the cladding air hole pitch Λ is 10-12 μm, the cladding diameter D is 100 μm, the air holes (11), the air holes (12) and the distance h from the peak to the center of the air holes (13) 1 、h 2 、h 3 4.275-4.725 μm, 3.325-3.625 μm, 2.375-2.625 μm respectively; the minor axis a and major axis b of the elliptical air holes (14) are 3 μm and 7 μm, respectively.
Detecting the sensitivity of a D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor with a triangular air hole to the refractive index RI of a liquid analyte; adjusting the refractive index RI of a liquid analyte by mixing sucrose and deionized water with different mass ratios, and respectively taking the refractive index RI of the liquid analyte as 1.37,1.38,1.39,1.40,1.41 to be sequentially used for measuring by the SPR-based D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensing device provided by the invention; the refractive index RI of the liquid analyte changes to change the resonance condition, so that the resonance loss peak changes obviously, and the high-sensitivity and real-time detection can be realized.
Claims (5)
1. The D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with the triangular air holes is characterized by comprising a broadband light source (1), a polarizer (2), a flow cell (3), a D-type photonic crystal fiber (4), a single-mode fiber (5), a spectrum analyzer (6) and a computer (7); the optical fiber refractive index sensor is positioned in the flow cell (3), and an inlet (8) and an outlet (9) for controlling liquid analytes are formed in the flow cell (3);
the side polishing surface of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is coated with a silver-doped zinc oxide film, and the silver-doped zinc oxide film, the single-mode fiber (5) welded with the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) and the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) coated with the silver-doped zinc oxide film form a probe of the D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with the triangular air holes;
the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) includes: the cladding (10) and 25 regular triangle air holes positioned in the cladding, the first air hole (11) and the second air hole (12) rotate by 20 degrees, 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 79 degrees respectively by taking an origin as a center, and the first layer air hole and the second layer air hole are formed by mirroring; the third air holes (13) rotate by 20 degrees and 40 degrees respectively by taking the origin as the center, and then mirror images are formed into third-layer air holes; an elliptical air hole (14) is positioned at the y-axis fiber core;
the preparation method of the silver doped zinc oxide film coated on the side polished surface of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) comprises the following steps: 60mL of zinc acetate absolute ethanol solution (0.015M) and 30mL of sodium hydroxide absolute ethanol solution (0.0225M) were mixed and stirred in a beaker for 2 hours to prepare a seed solution; the seed solution of pure zinc oxide was mixed with 300mL of zinc nitrate solution (0.03M) and 300mL of hexamethyltetramine solution (0.03M) and stirred; different concentrations of silver doped zinc oxide (60% -70%) nanomaterial were obtained by mixing and stirring 150 ml of aqueous solutions of zinc nitrate (0.008M, 0.0076M,0.0072M,0.0068M,0.0064M, 0.006m), 150 ml of aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (0.0242M, 0.0228M, 0.0256M,0.0264M,0.0272M, 0.028M) and 300ml (0.03M) of hexamethylenetetramine.
2. The triangular-pore D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device of claim 1, wherein: the cladding air hole spacing lambda of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is 10-12 mu m, the cladding diameter D is 100 mu m, and the distances h1, h2 and h3 from the top to the center of the first air hole (11), the second air hole (12) and the third air hole (13) are 4.275-4.725 mu m, 3.325-3.625 mu m and 2.375-2.625 mu m respectively; the minor axis a and major axis b of the elliptical air holes (14) are 3 μm and 7 μm, respectively.
3. The triangular-pore D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device of claim 1, wherein: the cladding material of the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) is fused quartz, and the refractive index of the cladding material is defined by a Sellmeier formula.
4. The triangular-pore D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device of claim 1, wherein: the liquid analytes were obtained by mixing different mass ratios of absolute ethanol and deionized water, as measured by abbe refractometer.
5. The triangular-pore D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device of claim 1, wherein: preparing a photonic crystal fiber by adopting a stacking-drawing technology, polishing and grinding the photonic crystal fiber in a V-shaped groove to obtain a D-type photonic crystal fiber (4), and obtaining the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) coated with the silver-doped zinc oxide film by utilizing a radio frequency magnetron sputtering method;
the stacking-wire drawing technology comprises the following steps: firstly, preprocessing a quartz sleeve, drawing a capillary tube according to parameters in an ultra-clean environment, drawing the capillary tube at 1900-2000 ℃, then carrying out tapered hole sealing on two ends of the capillary tube by oxyhydrogen flame, stacking the capillary tube in the quartz sleeve according to design requirements to form a required structure, filling a gap by a pure quartz rod, sintering the quartz sleeve and the capillary tube together by using oxy-alkyne flame, and preparing the photonic crystal fiber on a wire drawing tower by using a two-time wire drawing technology;
the transmission path of the D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor device with the triangular air holes is as follows: the broadband light source (1) is changed into y polarized light through the polarizer (2), the y polarized light is transmitted to the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4) through the flow cell (3), the y polarized light is output by the D-type photonic crystal fiber (4), the y polarized light is input to the spectrum analyzer (6) through the single mode fiber (5), and the output end of the spectrum analyzer (6) is connected with the computer (7);
the wave vector of the plasma excited on the surface of the silver-doped zinc oxide film and the wave vector of an incident light field reach phase matching in a specific wavelength range, and coupling occurs, so that resonance loss peaks appear; surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is very sensitive to medium environment, and the change of refractive index RI of liquid analyte can change resonance condition, so that resonance loss peak is obviously changed, and high-sensitivity and real-time detection can be realized.
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