CN112387845A - Large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on magnetic collector - Google Patents
Large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on magnetic collector Download PDFInfo
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- CN112387845A CN112387845A CN202011277702.6A CN202011277702A CN112387845A CN 112387845 A CN112387845 A CN 112387845A CN 202011277702 A CN202011277702 A CN 202011277702A CN 112387845 A CN112387845 A CN 112387845A
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- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/14—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces applying magnetic forces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D19/00—Flanging or other edge treatment, e.g. of tubes
- B21D19/08—Flanging or other edge treatment, e.g. of tubes by single or successive action of pressing tools, e.g. vice jaws
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Abstract
The invention provides a large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on a magnetic collector. Eddy current is induced on the pipe fitting through the pulse magnetic field, and then Lorentz force is generated to enable the pipe fitting to deform rapidly. Meanwhile, an expansion magnetic collector is introduced into the system, and the flanging of pipe fittings of different models can be formed by adjusting the structure and the position of the magnetic collector and changing the position and the form of a magnetic field under the condition of not changing a coil. Compared with the replacement of coils, the processing difficulty and the manufacturing cost of the magnetic collector are very low. The invention brings great flexibility to the electromagnetic flanging process of the pipe fitting and also improves the economy of the whole forming system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of metal forming and manufacturing, and particularly relates to a large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on a magnetic collector, which are mainly used for a flanging process of a metal pipe fitting.
Background
Flanging of metal pipes is a common process in industry, which is largely divided into two flanging techniques, contact and non-contact, according to the category of medium force. The existing contact flanging process mostly adopts mechanical force and hydraulic force, needs a plurality of processes, and is easy to generate the phenomena of wrinkling, rebounding and the like after forming. The current non-contact flanging technology (namely, the electromagnetic flanging technology) mainly depends on the electromagnetic force provided by the driving coil to drive the pipe fitting to realize flanging. In contrast, the method is improved, but has disadvantages.
The prior electromagnetic flanging process has low flexibility and higher cost, for example, patent CN104874664A, which is a device and a method for synchronously forming an alloy pipe fitting by electromagnetic bulging and flanging, realizes the synchronous forming of the alloy pipe fitting and the flanging, reduces the resilience of the pipe fitting, and improves the forming precision. However, once the formed coil is wound, the structure and the size of the formed coil cannot be changed, the coil structure can only correspond to a pipe fitting of one model, if the formed coil is used for forming pipe fittings of other models, the coil needs to be wound again, the processing technology is complex, and the cost is high; secondly, in the electromagnetic flanging process, the forming coil is also in a high-intensity magnetic field environment and is loaded with large current while exerting huge electromagnetic force on the pipe fitting, so that the forming coil can be also under the action of the huge electromagnetic force, and the service life of the forming coil is greatly influenced.
Because the electromagnetic force is rapidly attenuated along with the increase of the distance, the current electromagnetic flanging method requires that the size of the coil' is strictly matched with that of the pipe fitting. Different coils need to be replaced aiming at different pipe fitting models, and the flexibility ratio is poor. When a new type of pipe fitting is processed, the coil needs to be wound again, the winding process of the electromagnetic flanging coil is very complicated, and high cost is caused by continuous replacement of the coil.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem that the flanging device of the pipe fitting with different sizes is realized by replacing forming coils with different sizes in the electromagnetic flanging process of the existing pipe fitting. The invention provides a large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on a magnetic collector, and a specific device is adopted for a flanging process of a large-size pipe fitting. Under the condition of not replacing the forming coil, the forming of the pipe fittings with different sizes is realized by adjusting the structure and the position of the magnetic collector.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the utility model provides a jumbo size pipe fitting electromagnetism flanging device based on magnetism collector, includes:
the forming coil provides electromagnetic force for the large-size pipe fitting to be flanged;
a magnetic collector for adjusting the position and shape of the magnetic field;
adjusting the flanging height of the large-size pipe fitting to be flanged;
a capacitor power supply system for energizing the forming coil;
the device is of an axisymmetrical structure, and the forming coil is arranged inside the large-size pipe fitting and is higher than the flanging height of the pipe fitting.
The magnetic collector is an auxiliary accessory for reinforcing the magnetic field of a specific area in electromagnetic forming, and the unique structure of the magnetic collector is matched with the skin effect to transfer coil induced eddy current.
The magnetic collector is a solenoid bulging magnetic collector, the length of the inner surface of the magnetic collector is larger than that of the outer surface of the magnetic collector, the inner diameter of the magnetic collector is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the forming coil, a broken seam exists in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic collector, and the magnetic collector is arranged between the forming coil and the large-size pipe fitting.
The magnetic collector can adjust the position and the shape according to the model of a large-size pipe fitting, and a magnetic field of a pipe fitting to-be-flanged area is enhanced, so that electromagnetic flanging of various types of pipe fittings is realized under the condition that coils are not replaced.
A large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging method based on a magnetic collector comprises the following steps:
step 1: winding a group of formed coils by using a winding machine, performing reinforcement treatment, and connecting a corresponding capacitor power supply system;
step 2: annealing pretreatment operation is carried out on the large-size pipe fitting, the large-size pipe fitting is placed in a flanging die, and the flanging height required by the pipe fitting is controlled through the die;
and step 3: placing a forming coil inside a large-size pipe fitting, wherein the height of the coil is greater than the flanging height of the pipe fitting, and placing a magnetic collector outside the forming coil in the radial direction and coaxial with the center of the coil;
and 4, step 4: fixing a forming coil, a pipe fitting and a flanging die by using hydraulic equipment, wherein the pressure is generally set to be 1-1.5 Mpa;
and 5: the capacitor bank is charged by a charging system, and electric energy is stored in the capacitor bank. The air switch is closed, the stored electric energy is instantly released to the forming coil and generates a pulse heavy current, a strong pulse magnetic field is generated around the forming coil, so that induction eddy current is excited in the pipe fitting, the magnetic field around the coil and the induction eddy current in the pipe fitting interact to generate strong electromagnetic force, the magnetic field of the pipe fitting to be flanged is enhanced through the adjustment of the solenoid bulging magnetic collector, the distribution of the electromagnetic force is changed, and the flanging of the pipe fitting is driven.
The large-size pipe electromagnetic flanging device and method based on the magnetic collector have the advantages that:
1. the invention introduces a solenoid bulging magnetic collector device on the basis of the existing electromagnetic flanging system. The electromagnetic flanging device has the main functions of transferring the energy of a forming coil into a to-be-flanged area of a pipe fitting, strengthening a magnetic field in the to-be-flanged area, and enabling electromagnetic force to be distributed more intensively, so that the electromagnetic flanging of the metal pipe fitting is realized under the condition of not changing the forming coil;
2. the invention brings great flexibility to the pipe fitting flanging process. The electromagnetic force is rapidly attenuated along with the increase of the distance, the existing electromagnetic flanging method requires that a coil is strictly matched with a pipe fitting, and the size of one coil can only correspond to the model of one pipe fitting. When the pipe fittings of different models are processed, different coils need to be replaced, and the utilization rate of the coils is low. The invention can realize the flanging forming of pipe fittings of different types by replacing different magnetic collector devices under the condition of not changing coils. Compare in changing the coil, the processing degree of difficulty of magnetism collector is lower.
3. The invention improves the economy of the pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging system. The existing winding process for forming the coil in the electromagnetic flanging is very complicated, and materials such as epoxy resin, reinforced fiber and the like required in the winding process are very expensive. The manufacturing cost of the magnetic collector is lower compared to a formed coil. Secondly, in the electromagnetic flanging process of the metal pipe fitting, the forming coil is in a high-intensity magnetic field environment and is loaded with large current, so that the service life of the coil is greatly influenced. After the magnetic collector is introduced, the magnetic collector bears the electromagnetic force action of the pipe fitting and the forming coil, so that the electromagnetic force action borne by the forming coil is effectively reduced, and the service life of the coil is prolonged.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic flanging assembly of a large-size pipe fitting based on a magnetic collector;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of an electromagnetic flanging scheme for pipe fittings of different sizes based on a magnetic collector;
FIG. 2(a) is a schematic view of a conventional electromagnetic flanging scheme of a 110mm pipe;
FIG. 2(b) is a schematic diagram of a conventional electromagnetic flanging scheme for 120mm pipe;
FIG. 2(c) is a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic flanging scheme of a 120mm pipe fitting based on a magnetic collector;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a solenoid bulging magnet collector configuration;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of simulation results of electromagnetic flanging of pipe fittings of different sizes based on a magnetic collector;
FIG. 4(a) is a diagram illustrating a simulation result of a conventional electromagnetic flanging of a 110mm pipe;
FIG. 4(b) is a diagram illustrating a simulation result of a conventional electromagnetic flanging of a 120mm pipe;
FIG. 4(c) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of the electromagnetic flanging of the 120mm pipe fitting based on the magnetic collector;
the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements or structures, wherein: 1 is a forming coil, 2 is a solenoid bulging magnetic collector, 3 is a large-size pipe fitting, 4 is a flanging die, and 5 is electromagnetic force.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The invention provides a large-size pipe electromagnetic flanging device and method based on a magnetic collector, wherein the large-size pipe electromagnetic flanging device based on the magnetic collector comprises: the forming coil 1 is used for providing an induced eddy current and a background magnetic field for the pipe fitting to be flanged; the solenoid bulging magnetic collector 2 is used for adjusting the position and the shape of a magnetic field; the flanging die 4 is used for adjusting the flanging height of the large-size pipe fitting 3; and the capacitor power supply system is used for supplying energy to the forming coil. The flanging die 4 is a female die and can be used for controlling the type and the flanging height of the pipe fitting 3 to be flanged, the structure of the flanging die is changed along with the shape of the pipe fitting, and any material can be adopted. The capacitor power supply system generally comprises a charging system, an energy storage system and a discharging loop. Firstly, a charging system charges a capacitor bank, and an energy storage system accumulates energy; and closing the discharge switch, and transmitting the energy to the forming coil by the energy storage system through a discharge loop. As shown in fig. 1.
Fig. 2 is a schematic flow chart of a flanging scheme of pipes with different sizes based on a magnetic collector. The metal tube is A1060-O, the number of turns of the formed coil is 3 x 4, and the cross-sectional area of each turn of the coil is 2mm x 4 mm. In FIG. 2(a), the inner diameter of the tube was 110mm, and the inner diameter of the formed coil was 86 mm. In the existing electromagnetic flanging process, if flanging forming of a larger pipe fitting is required, one of the methods is to wind a group of larger-sized formed coils, as shown in fig. 2(b), at this time, the inner diameter of the pipe fitting is 120mm, and a formed coil with the inner diameter of 106mm is replaced. After the solenoid bulging concentrator device is introduced, as shown in fig. 2(c), the inside diameter of the pipe is unchanged, and the forming coil does not need to be replaced, which is the same as that in fig. 2 (a). The magnetic collector has an inner diameter of 100mm and an outer diameter of 118mm, is arranged outside the forming coil in a radial direction, has a height larger than the flanging height of the pipe fitting to be flanged, and is coaxial with the forming coil in the center.
A large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging method based on a magnetic collector comprises the following steps:
step 1: winding a group of formed coils 1 by using a winding machine, performing reinforcement treatment, and connecting a corresponding capacitor power supply system;
step 2: carrying out annealing pretreatment operation on the aluminum alloy pipe fitting 3, placing the aluminum alloy pipe fitting in a flanging die 4, and controlling the required flanging height of the pipe fitting through the die;
and step 3: placing a formed coil 1 in an aluminum alloy pipe fitting 3, wherein the height of the coil is greater than the flanging height of the pipe fitting;
and 4, step 4: the solenoid bulging magnet collector 2 shown in fig. 3 is selected, the material of the solenoid bulging magnet collector is consistent with that of the pipe fitting 3, the cross section of the solenoid bulging magnet collector is a regular hexagon, the solenoid bulging magnet collector is placed outside a formed coil in a radial direction (the specific position can be adjusted as required), and the solenoid bulging magnet collector is coaxial with the center of the coil;
and 5: fixing the forming coil 1, the aluminum alloy pipe fitting 3 and the flanging die 4 by using hydraulic equipment, wherein the pressure is generally set to be 1-1.5 Mpa;
step 6: the capacitor bank is charged by a charging system, and electric energy is stored in the capacitor bank. The air switch is closed, the stored electric energy is instantly released to the forming coil 1 and generates a pulse heavy current, a strong pulse magnetic field is generated around the forming coil, so that induced eddy current is excited in the pipe fitting 3, the magnetic field around the coil and the induced eddy current in the pipe fitting interact to generate strong electromagnetic force 5, and the pipe fitting is driven to be flanged.
And 7: by adjusting the thickness of the solenoid bulging magnet collector 2, the shape thereof is changed accordingly. According to the model of the pipe fitting 3, the shape and the position of a proper magnetic collector are selected by utilizing numerical simulation, so that the magnetic field of the pipe fitting to be flanged is enhanced, the distribution of electromagnetic force is changed, and the flanging forming of the pipe fitting is realized. If the flanging of the pipe fittings of different models is to be realized, the shape and the position of the corresponding magnetic collector are calculated only by utilizing numerical simulation.
During the flanging process of the pipe fitting, the size and the direction of the electromagnetic force meet the following requirements:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
in the form of the lorentz force,
the clockwise direction is specified as the positive direction for the density of the induced eddy current on the pipe fitting,
is a pulsed magnetic field. The magnitude of the induced eddy current is in direct proportion to the change rate of the pulse magnetic field, and the direction meets Lenz's law.
The numerical analysis is performed by using the multi-physics field software COMSOL, and the simulation result is shown in FIG. 4. In the conventional electromagnetic flanging technology, the relevant application of the magnetic collector 2 is not introduced, and the flanging effect of the pipe fitting 3 is shown in a figure (a). If the flanging of the pipe fittings of different models is to be realized, a new formed coil 1 needs to be replaced, as shown in a figure (b), the inner diameter of the pipe fitting is increased from 110mm in the figure (a) to 120mm, the inner diameter of the coil is increased from 86mm in the figure (a) to 106mm, and the number of turns of the coil is kept unchanged. However, when a solenoid bulging magnet collector is introduced into the existing electromagnetic flanging system, as shown in (c), the inner diameter of the pipe is increased from 110mm in (a) to 120mm, and the forming coil is kept unchanged. Through numerical simulation analysis, the structure and the position of the magnetism collector are adjusted, and the pipe fitting can still achieve the same flanging effect.
The invention brings great flexibility to the pipe fitting flanging process. When the prior art is used for processing pipe fittings of different models, different coils need to be replaced, and the utilization rate of the coils is low. The invention can realize the flanging forming of pipe fittings of different types by replacing different magnetic collector devices under the condition of not changing coils. Compare in changing the coil, the processing degree of difficulty of magnetism collector is lower.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a jumbo size pipe fitting electromagnetism flanging device based on magnetism collection ware which characterized in that: the device comprises a forming coil (1), wherein the forming coil (1) provides electromagnetic force to drive the flanging of the large-size pipe fitting (3); the magnetic collector (2) is positioned outside the forming coil (1) in the radial direction and is used for changing the position and the shape of a magnetic field; the flanging die (4) is used for limiting the flanging height of the large-size pipe fitting (3); the capacitor power supply system is connected with the forming coil (1) and provides discharge energy; the position and the shape of the magnetic collector (2) can be adjusted according to the model of the large-size pipe (3), the magnetic field of the pipe to be flanged is enhanced, and therefore electromagnetic flanging of various types of pipes is achieved under the condition that coils are not replaced.
2. The large-size pipe fitting flanging device based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the device is of an axisymmetrical structure, the forming coil (1) is positioned in the radial direction inside the large-size pipe fitting (3), and the height of the forming coil is greater than the flanging height of the flanging pipe fitting.
3. The large-size pipe fitting flanging device based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the magnetic collector (2) is a solenoid bulging magnetic collector and is made of the same material as the forming coil (1), the length of the inner surface of the magnetic collector is larger than that of the outer surface of the magnetic collector, and the inner diameter of the magnetic collector is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the forming coil (1).
4. The large-size pipe fitting flanging device based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the magnetic collector is a solenoid bulging magnetic collector, the length of the inner surface of the magnetic collector is larger than that of the outer surface of the magnetic collector, the inner diameter of the magnetic collector is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the forming coil, a broken seam exists in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic collector, and the magnetic collector is arranged between the forming coil and the large-size pipe fitting.
5. The large-size pipe fitting flanging device based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the magnetic collector can adjust the position and the shape according to the model of a large-size pipe fitting, and a magnetic field of a pipe fitting to-be-flanged area is enhanced, so that electromagnetic flanging of various types of pipe fittings is realized under the condition that coils are not replaced.
6. A large-size pipe electromagnetic flanging method based on a magnetic collector is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: winding a group of formed coils (1) by using a winding machine, performing reinforcement treatment, and connecting a corresponding capacitor power supply system;
step 2: annealing pretreatment operation is carried out on the large-size pipe fitting (3), the large-size pipe fitting is placed in a flanging die (4), and the flanging height required by the pipe fitting is controlled through the die;
and step 3: placing a forming coil (1) inside a large-size pipe fitting (3), wherein the height of the coil is larger than the flanging height of the pipe fitting, and placing a magnetic collector (2) outside the forming coil in the radial direction and coaxial with the center of the coil;
and 4, step 4: fixing the forming coil (1), the pipe fitting (3) and the flanging die (4) by using hydraulic equipment;
and 5: charging the capacitor bank through a charging system, and storing electric energy in the capacitor bank; the air switch is closed, the stored electric energy is instantly released to the forming coil (1) and generates a pulse heavy current, a strong pulse magnetic field is generated around the forming coil, so that an induced eddy current is excited in the pipe fitting (3), the magnetic field around the coil and the induced eddy current in the pipe fitting interact to generate strong electromagnetic force (5), the magnetic field of the pipe fitting to be flanged is strengthened through the adjustment of the solenoid bulging magnet collector (2), the distribution of the electromagnetic force is changed, and the flanging of the pipe fitting is driven.
7. The flanging method of the large-size pipe fitting based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 6, wherein the flanging method comprises the following steps: the method for adjusting the magnetic collector in the step 5 comprises the following steps: the thickness of the solenoid bulging magnetic collector (2) is adjusted, the shape of the solenoid bulging magnetic collector can be changed correspondingly, and the shape and the position of the solenoid bulging magnetic collector are selected by numerical simulation according to the type of the pipe fitting (3), so that the magnetic field of a pipe fitting to be flanged is enhanced, the distribution of electromagnetic force is changed, and the flanging forming of the pipe fitting is realized; if the flanging of the pipe fittings of different models is to be realized, the shape and the position of the corresponding magnetic collector are calculated only by utilizing numerical simulation.
8. The flanging method of the large-size pipe fitting based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 6, wherein the flanging method comprises the following steps: and (4) setting the pressure of the hydraulic equipment to be 1-1.5 Mpa.
9. The flanging method of the large-size pipe fitting based on the magnetic collector as claimed in claim 6, wherein the flanging method comprises the following steps: during the flanging process of the pipe fitting, the size and the direction of the electromagnetic force meet the following requirements:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
in the form of the lorentz force,
the clockwise direction is specified as the positive direction for the density of the induced eddy current on the pipe fitting,
is a pulsed magnetic field.
10. A pipe fitting, characterized in that, the pipe fitting is prepared by the electromagnetic flanging method of the large-size pipe fitting based on the magnetic collectors in the claims 6-9.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202011277702.6A CN112387845A (en) | 2020-11-16 | 2020-11-16 | Large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on magnetic collector |
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| CN202011277702.6A CN112387845A (en) | 2020-11-16 | 2020-11-16 | Large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on magnetic collector |
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| CN112387845A true CN112387845A (en) | 2021-02-23 |
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| CN202011277702.6A Pending CN112387845A (en) | 2020-11-16 | 2020-11-16 | Large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device and method based on magnetic collector |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113664360A (en) * | 2021-10-22 | 2021-11-19 | 湖南大学 | Magnetic pulse connecting device and method for double-layer circular tube and eddy current damper |
| CN114632862A (en) * | 2022-03-17 | 2022-06-17 | 武汉理工大学 | Electromagnetic forming system and method based on axial double coils |
| CN114871326A (en) * | 2022-04-02 | 2022-08-09 | 三峡大学 | Pipe fitting bulging method and device adopting metal coating magnetic collector |
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| CN214053294U (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-08-27 | 湖北继扬电力科技有限公司 | Large-size pipe fitting electromagnetic flanging device based on magnetism collector |
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| CN209156826U (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-07-26 | 广东工业大学 | A kind of device for realizing tubing flange |
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| CN114871326A (en) * | 2022-04-02 | 2022-08-09 | 三峡大学 | Pipe fitting bulging method and device adopting metal coating magnetic collector |
| CN114871326B (en) * | 2022-04-02 | 2024-05-28 | 三峡大学 | Pipe bulging method and device adopting metal coating magnetic collector |
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