CN112385749A - Litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed and breeding method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a feed for breeding litopenaeus vannamei and a breeding method, wherein the feed comprises a basic feed and an auxiliary feed, the basic feed reduces the content of fish meal, corresponding vegetable protein is adopted for substitution, and various components (a sugar source, a fat source, vitamins, mineral substances and the like) are compounded, so that the production cost is reduced; the auxiliary feed is added at different stages of prawn culture, so that the adaptability of the feed to the growth and development of the prawns is improved. According to the method for culturing the litopenaeus vannamei, different feeds are matched according to the characteristics of the litopenaeus vannamei in different growth periods, oxygenation is carried out in different degrees, meanwhile, the water quality modifier is periodically added to regulate and control the culture water body, the growth speed of the litopenaeus vannamei is obviously improved, and the survival rate and the disease resistance are improved.

Description

Litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed and breeding method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture, and particularly relates to a litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed and a breeding method.

Background

The litopenaeus vannamei, also known as penaeus vannamei, white leg prawn and the like, is one of the three economic prawn cultures in the world, can adopt various culture modes of pure fresh water, brackish water, seawater and the like, China is the country with the highest culture area and yield of the litopenaeus vannamei, and the culture range is mainly distributed in the coastal areas of the south.

Fish meal has the advantages of high protein content, rich amino acids essential for animals, capability of being digested and absorbed by animals and the like, and is an indispensable high-quality protein source in aquatic feeds, particularly carnivorous aquatic animal feeds. With the rapid development of aquaculture industry, the demand of fish meal rapidly rises, and the price of the fish meal continuously rises rapidly, so that the cost of feed production enterprises and culture producers continuously increases, and the culture development of litopenaeus vannamei is severely restricted.

In addition, due to the high nutritional requirement and the low absorption capacity, only 70% of feeding protein can be absorbed in the breeding process of the litopenaeus vannamei, and the rest of the protein which cannot be utilized exists in a breeding water body, so that the problem of environmental pollution caused by overhigh ammonia nitrogen emission is caused, and therefore, the low-fish-meal feed is a great trend in the current feed development.

In the existing low fish meal feed, vegetable protein raw materials are mostly used for replacing fish meal, so that the production cost is obviously reduced, but the problems of poor palatability, low feed utilization rate, slow growth speed of fed prawns, poor disease resistance and the like exist.

Therefore, the breeding feed for the litopenaeus vannamei with low fish meal has the advantages of good palatability, low production cost, high utilization rate, high growth speed of fed prawns and strong disease resistance.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to overcome the problems, the inventor carries out intensive research and designs a culture feed and a culture method for the litopenaeus vannamei, the culture feed comprises a basic feed and an auxiliary feed, the basic feed reduces the content of fish meal and the production cost, and the glutathione auxiliary agent is added, so that the disease resistance, the survival rate and the like of the litopenaeus vannamei are obviously improved; the auxiliary feed comprises auxiliary feeds A and B, is applied by assisting the basic feed according to the characteristics of the prawns in different growth periods, and is beneficial to improving the intestinal health and the growth speed of the prawns; the culture method is characterized in that different feeds are matched according to the characteristics of prawns in different growth periods, oxygenation with different degrees is carried out, meanwhile, the water quality modifier is periodically added to regulate and control the culture water body, the growth speed of the prawns is obviously improved, and therefore the invention is completed.

Specifically, the present invention aims to provide the following:

in a first aspect, the feed for breeding litopenaeus vannamei comprises a basic feed and an auxiliary feed, wherein the basic feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:

in a second aspect, a preparation method of a litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed is provided, and the method comprises the following steps:

step 1, preparing a basic feed;

step 2, preparing an auxiliary feed;

preferably, step 1 comprises the sub-steps of:

step 1-1, crushing raw materials;

step 1-2, mixing raw materials;

step 1-3, granulating;

and 1-4, drying.

In a third aspect, a method for breeding litopenaeus vannamei is provided, preferably, the breeding feed of the first aspect or the breeding feed prepared by the method of the second aspect is used for breeding, and the breeding method comprises the following steps:

step I, putting shrimp larvae;

step II, feeding breeding feed;

and step III, cultivation management.

The invention has the advantages that:

(1) the feed for breeding the litopenaeus vannamei provided by the invention has the advantages that the content of fish meal is reduced in the basic feed, the corresponding vegetable protein is adopted for substitution, and various components (a sugar source, a fat source, vitamins, mineral substances and the like) are compounded, so that the production cost is reduced, and the components are mutually matched and act synergistically, so that the nutritional ingredients of the feed are obviously improved;

(2) the glutathione auxiliary agent is added into the basic feed of the litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed, so that the basic feed obviously improves the growth effect, feed utilization, immune reaction, intestinal tissue shape and disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei;

(3) according to the litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed, different types of auxiliary feeds are added at different stages of the litopenaeus vannamei breeding, so that the adaptability of the feed to the growth and development of the litopenaeus vannamei is improved, the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei is enhanced, and the survival rate and the growth speed are improved;

(4) according to the method for culturing the litopenaeus vannamei, different feeds are matched according to the characteristics of the litopenaeus vannamei in different growth periods, oxygenation is carried out in different degrees, meanwhile, the water quality modifier is periodically added to regulate and control the culture water body, the growth speed of the litopenaeus vannamei is obviously improved, the survival rate and the disease resistance are improved, and the intestinal health is facilitated.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to preferred embodiments and examples. The features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the description.

The word "exemplary" is used exclusively herein to mean "serving as an example, embodiment, or illustration. Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

The invention provides a feed for breeding Litopenaeus vannamei, which comprises the following nutritional components of protein and fat, wherein the mass percent of the protein is 35-40%, the mass percent of the fat is 4-9%,

preferably, the mass percentage of protein is 36% to 39%, such as 38%; the fat is present in an amount of 4% to 7%, for example 8%, by weight.

Through a large amount of researches, the inventor screens out a litopenaeus vannamei formula which can effectively utilize the breeding feed, not only can meet the nutritional requirements under the optimal growth condition, but also reduces the production cost and the discharge amount of ammonia nitrogen.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the feed for breeding litopenaeus vannamei comprises a basic feed and an auxiliary feed, wherein the basic feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:

preferably, the basic feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:

more preferably, the basic feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:

according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the protein source material comprises fish meal and a plant-derived protein selected from one or more of peanut meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, cottonseed meal, corn gluten meal and wheat gluten protein.

Preferably, the plant-derived protein is selected from one or more of peanut meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, wheat gluten and soy protein concentrate.

More preferably, the plant-derived protein is peanut meal, soybean meal and wheat gluten.

In a further preferred embodiment, the protein source material is composed of fish meal, peanut meal, bean meal and wheat gluten, and the weight ratio of each component is 22: (0.5-4): (10-18): (3-8), preferably 22: (1-3): (12-16): (4-7), more preferably 22: (1.5-2.5): (13-15): (5-7).

In the invention, the plant source protein is adopted to replace part of fish meal, and the weight of each component is set to the proportion, so that the production cost is obviously reduced compared with the existing high fish meal feed.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fat source raw material is selected from one or more of fish oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, lecithin and cholesterol;

preferably, the fat source raw material is one or more of fish oil, soybean oil, lecithin and cholesterol, and preferably consists of fish oil, soybean oil, cholesterol and lecithin.

In a further preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of fish oil, soybean oil, lecithin and cholesterol is 2.36: (0.1-0.5): (0.5-3): (0.1 to 0.3), preferably 2.36: (0.2-0.4): (1.0-2.0): (0.15-0.25), such as 2.36:0.31:1.5: 0.2.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sugar source material is selected from one or more of flour, starch, corn starch, hard flour and sucrose,

preferably, the sugar source material is selected from one or more of starch, corn starch and hard flour;

more preferably, the sugar source material is a mixture of hard flour and starch.

In a further preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of hard flour to flour is 20: (5-25), preferably 20: (10-20), more preferably 20: (12-16), such as 20: 13.35.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the vitamins include choline and vitamin complex, the vitamin complex including vitamin C, vitamin a, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin D3, vitamin E, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, inositol, folic acid.

Wherein the compound vitamin can be common vitamins for shrimps in the prior art, such as vitamin premix feed for shrimps of Master biotech GmbH in Qingdao.

Preferably, the vitamins consist of choline, vitamin C and the shrimp multivitamins, and the weight ratio of each component is 0.1: (0.05-0.2): (1-2), preferably 0.1: (0.07-0.12): (1.2-1.8), more preferably 0.1:0.1: 1.5.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the minerals comprise monocalcium phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium selenite, sodium chloride, cupric methionine, zinc glycinate.

In the present invention, the mineral may be a mineral for shrimps which is commonly used in the prior art, such as a trace element premix feed for shrimps of the Master biotech Co., Ltd.

Preferably, the mineral substance consists of monocalcium phosphate and the composite ore for shrimps, and the weight ratio of the monocalcium phosphate to the composite ore for shrimps is 1.5: (1-2), preferably 1.5: 1.5.

The inventor researches and discovers that the sodium and potassium levels can influence the absorption and excretion of calcium, and the ratio of sodium to potassium influences the osmotic pressure regulation capacity of the prawns and obviously influences the survival and growth of the prawns; excessive calcium can affect the absorption of phosphorus, and excessive calcium and phosphorus can affect the absorption of copper, magnesium, zinc and manganese; excessive copper can affect zinc absorption; proper selenium levels can ameliorate toxicity caused by excess of other mineral elements, and excessive selenium can cause poisoning.

Therefore, through a great deal of research, the inventor obtains the formula of the mineral substance, so that the components in the mineral substance can reach balance, and the absorption effect of the prawns is optimal.

The research of the inventor finds that the glutathione serving as non-protein low-molecular-weight mercaptan has strong capacities of resisting oxidation and removing free radicals, and maintains the normal functions and metabolism of cell and tissue structures. Glutathione also participates in the absorption of amino acids, promotes the absorption and transportation of minerals such as iron, selenium, calcium and fat-soluble vitamins, and has detoxifying effect. The feed additive is added into the breeding feed of the litopenaeus vannamei, so that the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei can be effectively improved.

Therefore, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the litopenaeus vannamei basal feed further comprises a glutathione adjuvant, and the glutathione adjuvant can be added in the form of a pure glutathione product (100% GSH) and can also be added in the form of yeast powder or yeast extract.

Wherein the pure glutathione is a common commercial product available in the prior art, such as GSH (batch number is B20150703) of biological pharmaceutical industry Co., Ltd.

The yeast powder is added, namely the added yeast powder contains GSH, and the yeast extract is added, namely the added yeast extract contains GSH.

In a further preferred embodiment, when added in the form of yeast powder, the glutathione is present in a mass fraction of 5% to 10%, preferably 6% to 9%, more preferably 8% of the yeast powder;

when the glutathione is added in the form of yeast extract, the mass fraction of the glutathione in the yeast extract is 10-20%, preferably 12-17%, and more preferably 15%.

In a further preferred embodiment, the glutathione adjuvant may be added in the form of a pure glutathione (100% GSH), or

Adding the glutathione in the form of yeast powder, wherein the mass fraction of the glutathione is 8% (the yeast powder (8% GSH)); or

The glutathione was added in the form of yeast extract, wherein the mass fraction of glutathione was 15% (yeast extract (15% GSH)).

Wherein the yeast powder (8% GSH) and yeast extract (15% GSH) can be glutathione-rich yeast powder (150723) and glutathione-rich yeast extract (C150716) of Shandong Jincheng biological and pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Through a large number of experimental researches, the inventor discovers that 100% of GSH, yeast powder (8% of GSH) and yeast extract (15% of GSH) can obviously improve the specific growth rate of the litopenaeus vannamei and enhance the intestinal health of the litopenaeus vannamei; the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei can be obviously improved by 100 percent of GSH and yeast powder (8 percent of GSH).

Preferably, the content of Glutathione (GSH) in each kilogram of the basic feed for cultivation is 75-150 mg.

The inventor researches and discovers that in the low-fish-meal-content culture basic feed, the growth capacity, intestinal health and disease resistance of the cultured prawns are gradually improved along with the increase of the content of the GSH, but in consideration of the cost problem, when the content of the GSH is 75-150 mg/kg of the feed, the growth capacity, the intestinal health and the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei can be maximally improved while the addition cost of the glutathione is controlled.

More preferably, when the pure glutathione is added, the addition amount of the glutathione in each kilogram of culture basic feed is 75-225 mg, such as 75mg or 150 mg;

when the feed is added in the form of yeast powder (8% GSH), the addition amount of the yeast powder (8% GSH) in each kilogram of basic feed for cultivation is 937.5-2812.5 mg, such as 1875mg, so that the content of the GSH is 150 mg;

when the yeast extract (15% GSH) is added, the addition amount of the yeast extract (15% GSH) in each kilogram of the culture basic feed is 500-1500 mg, such as 1500mg, so that the content of the GSH is 225 mg.

In the invention, when the glutathione is added into the basic feed according to the three forms, the specific growth rate of the litopenaeus vannamei can be obviously improved.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the litopenaeus vannamei basal feed further comprises a phagostimulant, a mildew inhibitor, an antioxidant, a dehulline and cellulose, wherein the components are 5 to 15 parts, 0.05 to 0.2 part, 0.02 to 0.1 part, 0.05 to 0.2 part and 1.5 to 4 parts by weight, preferably 7 to 12 parts, 0.07 to 0.13 part, 0.03 to 0.08 part, 0.08 to 0.12 part and 2 to 3 parts by weight, more preferably 9 to 11 parts, 0.08 to 0.11 part, 0.04 to 0.06 part, 0.09 to 0.11 part and 2.2 to 2.8 parts by weight, such as 10 parts, 0.1 part, 0.05 part, 0.01 part and 2.5 parts by weight, based on 45 parts by weight of protein.

In a further preferred embodiment, the phagostimulant is selected from one or more of shrimp shell powder, squid viscera powder, laver, histidine and arginine, preferably from one or more of shrimp shell powder, squid viscera powder and arginine, and more preferably from shrimp shell powder and squid viscera powder.

In a further preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the shrimp shell powder to the squid viscera powder is 5: (3-8), preferably 5: (4-7), more preferably 5: 5.

The inventor finds that the palatability of the aquaculture feed can be improved by adopting the phagostimulant with the variety and the proportion, the phagostimulant is easy to be found and eaten by the prawns, the residual bait in the aquaculture water body is reduced, and the utilization rate of the feed is improved.

In the present invention, the mildewcide is a feed additive capable of reducing the number of molds in feed, inhibiting the production of mycotoxins, preventing the loss of nutrients during the storage of the feed, preventing the feed from mildewing and deteriorating, and prolonging the storage time. The kind of the mildewcide in the present invention is not particularly limited, and additives having a mildewproofing effect, which are commonly used in the prior art, such as: sorbic acid, calcium propionate, and the like.

In the present invention, the type of antioxidant is not particularly limited, and additives commonly used in the art to achieve antioxidant effects, such as: propyl gallate, ethoxyquinoline, and the like.

In the invention, the cellulose is added into the basic feed to accelerate intestinal peristalsis of the prawns and prevent the feed from being bonded on the inner wall of the intestinal tract, and the cellulose is preferably microcrystalline cellulose.

The litopenaeus vannamei basic feed disclosed by the invention is added with the glutathione auxiliary agent under the condition of reducing animal proteins such as fish meal and the like, so that the growth rate of the litopenaeus vannamei can be obviously improved, and the growth rate of the litopenaeus vannamei can reach the growth rate with high fish meal content; in addition, the basal feed added with the glutathione auxiliary agent can obviously improve the disease resistance and intestinal health of the prawns.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the supplementary feeds are of two types, namely a supplementary feed A and a supplementary feed B, and the basic feed is used together with different supplementary feeds at different stages of the feeding of the litopenaeus vannamei.

The inventor researches and discovers that in the middle stage of cultivation, the immunity of the prawns is low and the prawns are susceptible to diseases, and an auxiliary feed with the immunity enhancing function needs to be added on the basis of a basic feed so as to improve the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei; in the later culture period, toxic ammonia nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrite and other substances can be generated at the bottom of the culture water body, so that the death rate of the prawns is increased, auxiliary feed needs to be added, the feed utilization rate is improved, the water quality is regulated and controlled, the accumulation of toxic substances is reduced, and the survival rate of the prawns is improved.

In the invention, the period of the litopenaeus vannamei with the body length of 1-6 cm is at the initial stage of the culture, the period of the body length of 6-8 cm is at the middle stage of the culture, and the period of the body length of more than 8cm is at the later stage of the culture.

In a further preferred embodiment, the supplementary feed a comprises laminarin and algal polysaccharide, preferably the supplementary feed a is obtained by mixing laminarin and algal polysaccharide.

The inventor finds that the kelp contains three polysaccharides, i.e. algin, brown alginate starch and fucoidan. Algin and fucoidan are fillers of cell walls; brown algae starch is present in the cytoplasm. Algin generally refers to alginate, is rich in kelp, is about 19.7%, is a block copolymer comprising α -1, 4-L-guluronic acid and β -1, 4-D-mannuronic acid as monomers, and does not contain protein. Brown algae starch is glucan composed of glucose and mainly formed by connecting 1,3 glycosidic bonds. Laminarin has effects in improving and enhancing immunity. Research shows that laminarin has the functions of eliminating free radical and resisting oxidation and can activate macrophage, so as to inhibit proliferation of tumor cell and kill tumor cell.

Algal polysaccharides refer to various high molecular carbohydrates contained in seaweeds, including alginic acid, fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides in green algae, agar in red algae, carrageenan, and the like. Has important effect in improving the specific and nonspecific immunity of animal organism, has biological activities of resisting fatigue, regulating immunity, resisting aging, resisting tumor, resisting virus, etc., and has no toxic and side effects.

Therefore, in the invention, the laminarin and the algal polysaccharide are preferably mixed to form the auxiliary feed A, so as to enhance the immunity and disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei in the breeding middle period of the litopenaeus vannamei with easy disease occurrence and improve the survival rate.

In a further preferred embodiment, the laminarin and algal polysaccharide are added in an amount of 1 to 2.5 parts and 1 to 3 parts, respectively, preferably 1.5 to 2 parts and 1.5 to 2.5 parts, respectively, based on 45 parts by weight of the protein source material.

Since the laminarin and the algal polysaccharide have the effect of enhancing the immunity of prawns when applied separately and have the antagonistic or synergistic effect when applied in a mixed manner, the inventor conducts a great deal of experimental research to explore the optimal ratio of the laminarin to the algal polysaccharide and finds that the effects of enhancing the immunity and improving the survival rate are optimal under the conditions of the weight ratio.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the supplementary feed B is prepared from the following components in parts by weight, based on 45 parts by weight of the protein source raw material:

acidulant 10 parts

0.10-0.20 parts of composite probiotics.

0.04-0.08 part of a tolerance agent.

Preferably, the auxiliary feed B is prepared from the following components in parts by weight:

acidulant 10 parts

0.13-0.17 part of composite probiotics.

0.05-0.07 part of a tolerance agent.

More preferably, the auxiliary feed B is prepared from the following components in parts by weight:

acidulant 10 parts

0.15 part of composite probiotics.

0.06 part of a tolerance agent.

The feed additive is characterized in that the feed additive is prepared by mixing a feed additive and an acidifying agent, wherein the feed additive is prepared by mixing the feed additive and the acidifying agent, and the feed additive is prepared by mixing the feed additive and the acidifying agent.

Preferably, the organic acid is selected from one or more of citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid and lactic acid, preferably selected from one or more of citric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid, more preferably consisting of citric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid.

More preferably, the weight ratio of the citric acid to the malic acid to the fumaric acid is (10-18): (15-22): 15, preferably (12-17): (17-21): 15.

the inventor researches and discovers that when the organic acid is selected from the components and the weight ratio, the breeding of escherichia coli, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio fluorescens, vibrio alginolyticus and the like in a prawn digestive system can be effectively inhibited, and the breeding of probiotics such as lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium and the like is promoted.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the complex probiotic bacteria are selected from one or more of lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus plantarum, bifidobacterium, lactobacillus, yeast, actinomycetes, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis,

preferably, the composite probiotics are selected from one or more of lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus plantarum, bifidobacterium, saccharomycete, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis,

more preferably, the complex probiotic is selected from one or more of lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium, saccharomycetes and bacillus subtilis, for example, consisting of lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium, saccharomycetes and bacillus subtilis.

Wherein, various components of the composite probiotics can adopt commercially available bacterium powder commodities.

In a further preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium, saccharomycete and bacillus subtilis is (6-10): (3-7): (12-18): 5, preferably (7-9): (4-6): (14-16): 5.

four bacterial powders of lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium, saccharomycetes and bacillus subtilis are selected according to the weight ratio of (6-10): (3-7): (12-18): 5, preferably (7-9): (4-6): (13-17): 5, the feed additive is mixed, mutually supplemented and promoted, so that the intestinal health of the litopenaeus vannamei can be effectively improved, the feeding of the litopenaeus vannamei is promoted, the utilization rate of the feed is improved, and the accumulation of toxic substances such as ammonia nitrogen and the like in the aquaculture water body is reduced.

The inventor finds that in the later stage of cultivation, aiming at the problem that toxic substances such as ammonia nitrogen and the like in the cultivation water body are high, the utilization rate of the feed is improved, residual bait is reduced, and besides, an ammonia nitrogen tolerance agent can be added into the later-stage cultivation feed, so that the tolerance of the litopenaeus vannamei in the high ammonia nitrogen water body is improved, and the death rate is reduced.

The enteromorpha prolifera is a large green alga which is high in protein, dietary fiber and polysaccharide, rich in mineral elements and low in fat, and can remarkably improve the tolerance of the prawns to ammonia nitrogen when being added into a culture feed.

The inventor conducts a great deal of research on the addition ratio of the enteromorpha prolifera to the organic acid and the composite probiotics and explores the optimal addition ratio. The tolerance agent, the organic acid and the composite probiotics seem to be mutually independent, so that the effects are exerted in an integral mode, supplement each other, mutually promote and act synergistically, and finally the survival rate of the prawns in the high ammonia nitrogen water body is improved.

The auxiliary feed in the litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed provided by the invention can be completely added into the basic feed in the whole breeding period, and can also be added according to different breeding periods in different time periods, preferably according to different breeding periods in different time periods. The basic feed and the auxiliary feed have the synergistic effect of the components, play the effect in an integral mode, can obviously improve the specific growth rate and the feed utilization rate of the litopenaeus vannamei, enhance the intestinal health, the immunity and the disease resistance, and are suitable for large-scale industrial production.

In a second aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed is provided, preferably for preparing the breeding feed of the first aspect, the method comprises the following steps:

step 1, preparing a basic feed;

and 2, preparing the auxiliary feed.

Wherein, step 1 comprises the following substeps:

step 1-1, raw materials are crushed.

Wherein, the solid substances to be crushed in the raw materials are crushed and sieved by a sieve with 80 meshes.

And step 1-2, mixing the raw materials.

Preferably, the solid raw materials are mixed one by one according to the addition amount from small to large, after the solid raw materials are uniformly mixed, liquid raw materials (such as fish oil, soybean oil, lecithin and the like in the fat source raw materials) are added, and the oil micro-particles are manually rubbed out.

Preferably, the mixed raw materials are placed in a V-shaped high-efficiency mixer to be uniformly mixed.

And step 1-3, granulating.

Specifically, 15-25%, preferably 20% of distilled water is added into the uniformly mixed raw materials to be kneaded uniformly, and a double-helix extruding machine is adopted to extrude the mixture to obtain the granulated feed.

Wherein the diameter of the feed is 1mm and/or 1.5 mm.

And 1-4, drying.

Preferably, the prepared pellet feed is dried in an oven at 40-60 ℃, preferably in an oven at 50 ℃, and the drying time is 8-15 hours, preferably 12 hours.

The prepared basic feed is packaged and sealed in a refrigerator at the temperature of 20 ℃ below zero for freezing storage.

The inventor finds that the basic feed prepared by the method is simple to operate, and the prepared feed is good in stability in water.

In the step 2, the auxiliary feed A and the auxiliary feed B are prepared by uniformly mixing the raw material components according to the corresponding weight proportion, and the prepared auxiliary feed A and the prepared auxiliary feed B are added according to the weight proportion of 1:1 to the basic feed when being applied.

In a third aspect of the present invention, a litopenaeus vannamei farming method is provided, and preferably, the farming feed of the first aspect or the farming feed prepared by the method of the second aspect is used for farming, and the farming method includes the following steps:

step I, putting shrimp larvae;

step II, feeding breeding feed;

and step III, cultivation management.

The cultivation process is further described below:

and step I, putting the shrimp larvae.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the length of the shrimp larvae to be thrown is 0.6-0.8 cm, and the throwing density is 2-8 ten thousand tails per mu.

In a further preferred embodiment, the temperature of the water to be fed is 22 to 35 ℃.

Wherein, before the shrimp larvae grow to 1.0cm, the shrimp slices are adopted for feeding.

And step II, feeding the breeding feed.

Wherein, step II comprises the following substeps:

and step II-1, feeding basic feed at the initial stage of cultivation.

In the present invention, as described above, the initial stage of the culture of litopenaeus vannamei refers to a period in which the shrimp body length is 1 to 6 cm.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the feeding amount is 8-10% of the total weight of the prawns, and the feeding frequency is 2-5 times/day, preferably 4 times/day.

In a further preferred embodiment, the feeding time ranges from 06:00 to 08:00, from 10:00 to 12:00, from 15:00 to 17:00 and from 20:00 to 22:00,

the feeding amount of each time is 20-40%, 10-30% and 20-40% of the total feeding amount of the current day.

In a further preferred embodiment, the feeding time is 07:00, 11:00, 16:00 and 21:00 respectively, and the feeding amount per time is 30%, 20%, 30% of the total feeding amount on the day.

The inventor researches and discovers that when the feeding is carried out according to the feeding amount and the feeding frequency, the utilization rate of the feed can be improved, and the water body pollution caused by the residual feed can be reduced.

Wherein, the specific feeding amount can be adjusted according to the feeding condition of the prawns, and the feed is ensured to be fully fed within 30-60 min.

And step II-2, feeding the basic feed and the auxiliary feed A in the middle period of cultivation.

The inventor researches and discovers that the middle breeding period (the period of 6-8 cm of body length) of the litopenaeus vannamei is a disease-prone period, the feeding amount of the feed needs to be artificially reduced, the growth speed of the litopenaeus vannamei is limited, and the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei is improved.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the middle of the cultivation period, the total feeding amount of the basic feed and the auxiliary feed A is 5% -8% of the total weight of the prawns, and the feeding frequency is 2-4 times/day, preferably 4 times/day.

In a further preferred embodiment, the feeding time ranges from 06:00 to 08:00, from 10:00 to 12:00, from 15:00 to 17:00 and from 20:00 to 22:00,

the feeding amount of each time is 20-40%, 10-30% and 20-40% of the total feeding amount of the current day.

In a further preferred embodiment, the feeding time is 07:00, 11:00, 16:00 and 21:00, respectively, and the feeding amount per time is 25%, 20%, 25%, 30% of the total feeding amount on the day.

And step II-3, feeding a basic feed and an auxiliary feed B at the later stage of cultivation.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the later period of cultivation (the body length is more than 8 cm), the total feeding amount of the basic feed and the auxiliary feed B is 2-3% of the total weight of the prawns, and the feeding frequency is 2-4 times/day, preferably 2 times/day.

The inventor researches and discovers that in the later stage of cultivation, toxic ammonia nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrite and other substances can be generated at the bottom of a cultivation water body, so that the death rate of the prawns is increased, and at the moment, on the basis of feeding the auxiliary feed B, the total feeding amount and the feeding frequency are reduced, the probability of feed residue can be reduced, and the death rate is reduced.

In a further preferred embodiment, the feeding time is 07:00 to 08:00 and 18:00 to 20:00 respectively,

the feeding amount of each time is 40 to 50 percent and 50 to 60 percent of the total feeding amount of the current day.

In the process of feeding the culture feed, the feeding amount of the next day is preferably adjusted by checking the feed condition every day.

And step III, cultivation management.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, said cultivation management comprises managing water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen concentration and ammonia nitrogen content.

In a further preferred embodiment, the water temperature is between 26 ℃ and 28 ℃;

the pH value is 6.5-7.5, and preferably 7.0;

the concentration of dissolved oxygen is not lower than 6.0 mg/L;

the content of ammonia nitrogen is not higher than 0.03 mg/L.

In a further preferred embodiment, in the initial stage of cultivation, oxygen is increased for 1-1.5 h at 11: 00-13: 00 and for 2-2.5 h at 03: 00-06: 00 every day;

in the middle period of cultivation, oxygen is increased for 2-3 h at 11: 00-14: 00 every day and for 6-10 h at night;

in the later stage of cultivation, except that the oxygen is not increased when the feed is fed, the oxygen is increased at other times.

According to the invention, the water quality is regulated and controlled according to the oxygenation mode according to the growth characteristics of the prawns in different growth periods, so that the survival rate and the growth speed of the prawns are improved.

Wherein the residual feed and feces are removed by siphoning in the morning every day, and the water is changed by 50% every day.

The inventor finds that the water quality sometimes deteriorates in the culture process and affects the growth of prawns, so that a water quality modifier needs to be added to periodically improve the water quality, so that the water color is fresh and the pH value is stable.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the water quality modifier is prepared from the following components in parts by weight:

preferably, the water quality modifier is prepared from the following components in parts by weight:

more preferably, the water quality modifier is prepared from the following components in parts by weight:

the inventor researches and discovers that the oyster shell powder can eliminate the stink at the bottom of an aquaculture tank, adsorb colored substances and toxins in the tank, improve the transparency of a water body, and degrade toxins such as organic waste, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and the like.

The zeolite powder can increase the oxygen content of the water body, prevent the water quality from deteriorating, increase the content of trace elements in the water, optimize the culture ecological environment and promote the growth and development of the prawns.

The humic acid contains a large number of active groups, has ion exchange property, complexation property and adsorption, buffering and catalytic capabilities, can effectively adsorb toxic and harmful substances in the aquaculture water body, can also participate in the redox reaction of organisms, keeps vigorous metabolism and improves the growth speed of the prawns.

The EM bacterial liquid is a commercial product commonly used in the prior art, such as culture EM bacterial liquid of Luoyang Oucao Bye Biotech GmbH.

Because the four components can improve the water quality of the aquaculture water body from different aspects, the inventor conducts a large amount of repeated experimental researches in consideration of the synergistic effect or antagonistic effect caused by simultaneously applying a plurality of components, and the following results are obtained: when the oyster shell powder, the zeolite powder, the humic acid and the EM bacterial liquid are mixed according to the ratio of 50: (20-40): (10-20): (5-10), preferably according to a ratio of 50: (25-35): (12-18): (6-9), and more preferably mixing according to the proportion of 50:30:15:8, the prepared water quality modifying agent has the best modifying effect and the lowest cost, and the three components are mutually synergistic and mutually promoted to achieve the purpose of keeping and repairing the health of the aquaculture water.

In a further preferred embodiment, the water quality improver is applied once every 2 to 4 days, and the application amount of the water quality improver is 150 to 250 g/mu, preferably 200 g/mu.

Specifically, the dosage can be adjusted according to the change condition of water quality, and the application amount can be increased when the water quality is seriously polluted.

According to the breeding method provided by the invention, breeding feeds with different components are applied in different growth periods of the litopenaeus vannamei, so that the disease resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei is improved, and the survival rate is increased; during the culture period, the water temperature and the pH value of the water body are regulated and controlled, oxygen is added at proper time, and the water quality modifier is applied, so that the health of the culture water body is kept and repaired, and the growth speed, the specific growth rate and the survival rate of the prawns are improved.

Examples

The present invention is further described below by way of specific examples, which are merely exemplary and do not limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

Example 1

Preparing a basic feed:

(1) the raw materials comprise: every 100g dry weight feed comprises 22g fish meal, 2g peanut meal, 14.04g soybean meal, 6.77g wheat gluten, 2.36g fish oil, 0.31g soybean oil, 1.5g lecithin, 0.2g cholesterol, 20g high gluten flour, 13.35g starch, 0.1g choline, 0.1g 0.1gVC, 1.5g shrimp multivitamin and 1.5gCa (H)₂PO₄)₂1.5g of shrimp polymineral, 5g of shrimp shell powder, 5g of squid viscera powder, 0.05g of ethoxyquinoline, 0.1g of calcium propionate, 0.1g of chitosan, 2.5125g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.0075g of GSH pure product.

Wherein, fish meal, shrimp shell meal, peanut meal, high gluten flour, bean pulp, wheat gluten, fish oil, soybean oil and lecithin are purchased from QINGDAIHAO Biotech limited; the shrimp multivitamins and the shrimp polyminerals are vitamin premixed feed for shrimps and microelement premixed feed for shrimps which are purchased from the Macastel biotechnology limited of Qingdao respectively; the pure GSH was purchased from biological pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jincheng, Shandong (batch No. B20150703).

(2) Pulverizing raw materials, sieving with 80 mesh sieve, mixing with small amount of soybean oil and soybean lecithin, manually scattering oil particles, mixing in a V-shaped high-efficiency mixer, adding 20% distilled water, kneading, extruding with a double-screw extruder to obtain feed with diameter of 1mm and 1.5mm, oven drying at 50 deg.C for 12 hr, bagging, and storing in a refrigerator at-20 deg.C.

Example 2

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 1, except that the basal feed comprises 2.505g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.015g of pure GSH per 100g dry weight of feed.

Example 3

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 1, except that the basal feed comprises 2.4975g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.0225g of pure GSH per 100g of dry weight of feed.

Example 4

The process used in this example is similar to that of example 1, except that in the basal feed, GSH is added as yeast powder (8% GSH), comprising 2.42625g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.09375g of yeast powder (8% GSH) per 100g dry weight of feed.

Wherein the yeast powder (8% GSH) is obtained from biological pharmaceutical industry Co., Ltd, Jincheng, Shandong (batch No. 150723).

Example 5

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 4, except that the basal feed comprises 2.3325g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.1875g of yeast powder (8% GSH) per 100g dry weight of the feed.

Example 6

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 4, except that the basal diet comprises 2.23875g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.28125g of yeast powder (8% GSH) per 100g dry weight of the diet.

Example 7

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 1, except that in the basal feed, GSH is added in the form of a yeast extract (15% GSH) comprising 2.47g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.05g of yeast extract (15% GSH) per 100g of dry weight of feed.

Wherein the yeast extract (15% GSH) was obtained from biopharmaceutical industry Co., Ltd, Jincheng, Shandong (batch No. C150716).

Example 8

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 7, except that the basal feed comprises 2.42g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.1g of yeast extract (15% GSH) per 100g dry weight of feed.

Example 9

The procedure used in this example is similar to that of example 7, except that the basal feed comprises 2.37g of microcrystalline cellulose and 0.15g of yeast extract (15% GSH) per 100g dry weight of feed.

Example 10

Preparing an auxiliary feed A:

the composition of the auxiliary feed a was 2g of laminarin and 2g of algal polysaccharide per 100g of dry weight of the base feed.

Laminarin and algal polysaccharides were purchased from Soi-Anhuo Biotech, Inc.

Example 11

In this example, laminarin 1.5g and algal polysaccharide 1.5g per 100g dry weight of basal feed.

Example 12

In this example, laminarin was 2g and algal polysaccharide was 2g per 100g dry weight of basal feed.

Example 13

Preparation of auxiliary feed B

The auxiliary feed B comprises 3g of citric acid, 4g of malic acid, 3g of fumaric acid, 0.04g of lactobacillus acidophilus powder, 0.02g of bifidobacterium powder, 0.065g of saccharomycete powder, 0.025g of bacillus subtilis powder and 0.06g of enteromorpha powder based on 100g of dry weight of the basic feed.

Example 14

Preparation of auxiliary feed B

The auxiliary feed B comprises 3g of citric acid, 4g of malic acid, 3g of fumaric acid, 0.05g of lactobacillus acidophilus powder, 0.02g of bifidobacterium powder, 0.07g of saccharomycete powder, 0.025g of bacillus subtilis powder and 0.06g of enteromorpha powder based on 100g of dry weight of the basic feed.

Example 15

The auxiliary feed B comprises 3g of hawthorn powder, 4g of formic acid, 3g of lactic acid, 0.06g of lactobacillus plantarum powder, 0.02g of bifidobacterium powder, 0.065g of saccharomycete powder, 0.025g of bacillus licheniformis powder and 0.06g of enteromorpha powder based on 100g of dry weight of the basic feed.

Example 16

Culturing litopenaeus vannamei:

(1) the young litopenaeus vannamei is purchased from Guangdong Zhuhai one aquatic feed limited company, the body length of the young litopenaeus vannamei is 0.6-0.8 cm, the young litopenaeus vannamei is temporarily cultured in a cement land, the young litopenaeus vannamei is fed in the early stage, and commercial feed is fed in the middle and later stages until the young litopenaeus vannamei grows to the body length of 1.0 cm. Stopping feeding 24h before formally feeding the feed, and selecting the prawns with uniform individual sizes for breeding, wherein the initial weight is 0.30 +/-0.00 g.

(2) And 6 repetitions are carried out by adopting an indoor culture system, each repetition is 1 300L glass fiber reinforced plastic barrel, and each culture barrel is used for stocking 30 prawns for 8 weeks.

Feeding the basic feed prepared in the example 1 in a period of 1-6 cm of prawn body, wherein the feeding amount per day is 8% of the total weight of the prawn, feeding is carried out four times per day, the feeding time is 07:00, 11:00, 16:00 and 21:00 respectively, and the feeding amount per time is 30%, 20% and 30% of the total feeding amount per day;

feeding the basic feed prepared in example 1 and the auxiliary feed A prepared in example 10 in a period of 6-8 cm of prawn body, wherein the feeding amount per day is 5% of the total weight of the prawn, feeding the prawns four times a day, the feeding time is 07:00, 11:00, 16:00 and 21:00, and the feeding amount per time is 25%, 20%, 25% and 30% of the total feeding amount per day;

and feeding the basic feed prepared in the example 1 and the auxiliary feed B prepared in the example 13 in a period that the bodies of the prawns are more than 8cm, wherein the feeding amount per day is 3 percent of the total weight of the prawns, the feeding is carried out twice per day, the feeding time is 07:00 and 19:00 respectively, and the feeding amount per time is 50 percent of the total feeding amount per day.

During the culture period, the water temperature is 26-28 ℃; the pH value is 6.5-7.5; the concentration of dissolved oxygen is not lower than 6.0 mg/L; the content of ammonia nitrogen is not higher than 0.03 mg/L.

In the initial stage of cultivation, oxygenation is carried out for 1 hour at a speed of 11: 00-13: 00 and for 2 hours at a speed of 03: 00-06: 00 every day;

in the middle of cultivation, oxygen is increased for 2.5 hours at 11: 00-14: 00 every day and for 8 hours at night;

in the later stage of cultivation, except that the oxygen is not increased when the feed is fed, the oxygen is increased at other times.

Applying the water quality modifier every three days, wherein the application amount is 60mg each time, and the water quality modifier comprises the following components: 50g of oyster shell powder, 30g of zeolite powder, 15g of humic acid and 8gEM bacterial liquid.

The specific feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding condition of the penaeus vannamei boone, so that the feed is ensured to be fully fed within 30min to 1 h. The feeding amount of the next day is adjusted by checking the feeding condition every day. The residual bait and feces were removed by siphoning every morning and water was changed 50% every day.

Examples 17 to 24

The methods of examples 17-24 are similar to example 16, except that the basal feeds used in the cultivation were prepared as in examples 2-9, respectively.

Example 25

This example is similar to example 16 except that co-feed a was prepared as in example 11 and co-feed B was prepared as in example 14.

Example 26

This example is similar to example 16 except that co-feed a was prepared as in example 12 and co-feed B was prepared as in example 15.

Example 27

The procedure of this example is similar to that of example 16 except that the same feed, i.e., the basal feed prepared in example 1 + the supplemental feed a prepared in example 10 + the supplemental feed B prepared in example 13, is fed in the early, middle and late stages of the cultivation.

Comparative example

Comparative example 1

The prepared basic feed comprises the following raw materials: every 100g of dry weight feed comprises 27g of fish meal, 4g of peanut meal, 5.02g of soybean meal, 6.89g of wheat gluten, 1.88g of fish oil, 0.36g of soybean oil, 1.5g of lecithin, 0.2g of cholesterol, 20g of strong flour, 14.32g of starch, 0.1g of choline, 0.1g of 0.1gVC, 1.5g of shrimp multivitamin and 1.5g of 1.5gCa (H)₂PO₄)₂1.5g of shrimp polymineral, 5g of shrimp shell powder, 5g of squid viscera powder, 0.05g of ethoxyquinoline, 0.1g of calcium propionate, 0.1g of chitosan and 3.88g of microcrystalline cellulose.

Comparative example 2

The prepared basic feed comprises the following raw materials: every 100g dry weight feed comprises 22g fish meal, 2g peanut meal, 14.04g soybean meal, 6.77g wheat gluten, 2.36g fish oil, 0.31g soybean oil, 1.5g lecithin, 0.2g cholesterol, 20g high gluten flour, 13.35g starch, 0.1g choline, 0.1g 0.1gVC, 1.5g shrimp multivitamin and 1.5gCa (H)₂PO₄)₂1.5g of shrimp polymineral, 5g of shrimp shell powder, 5g of squid viscera powder, 0.05g of ethoxyquinoline, 0.1g of calcium propionate, 0.1g of chitosan and 2.52g of microcrystalline cellulose.

Comparative example 3

The process of this comparative example is similar to that of example 16 except that the basal feed to be fed is the feed prepared in comparative example 1.

Comparative example 4

The process of this comparative example is similar to that of example 16 except that the basal feed to be fed is the feed prepared in comparative example 2.

Comparative example 5

The process of this comparative example is similar to that of example 16, except that the feed fed does not include an auxiliary feed, but is only the basal feed prepared in example 1.

Examples of the experiments

Experimental example 1 feed ingredient analysis

The basic feeds prepared in examples 1 to 9 and comparative examples 1 and 2 were subjected to compositional analysis, crude protein was subjected to kjeldahl method (N × 6.25), and crude fat was subjected to soxhlet extraction method (ether as an extraction solvent), and the results are shown in table 1:

table 1:

as can be seen from Table 1, the basic feed ingredients described in examples 1 to 9 and comparative examples 1 and 2 of the present invention have no significant difference in the contents of crude protein and crude fat.

Experimental example 2 analysis of growth Effect of Litopenaeus vannamei

The prawn cultured by the method of the embodiment 16-24 and the comparative example 3-5 is subjected to growth effect analysis, and growth effect indexes comprise prawn Survival Rate (SR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), ingestion rate, Feed Coefficient (FCR), Protein Efficiency (PER) and liver index (HSI), and the calculation formulas are respectively as follows:

survival rate (%) ═ 100 × experimental terminal shrimp mantissa/experimental initial shrimp mantissa;

specific growth rate (%) -100 × (end body weight Ln-initial body weight Ln)/days of culture;

rate of food intake (% day)^-1) 100 x food intake/[ days of culture x (initial body weight + final body weight)/2]；

Meat yield (%) - < 100 x shrimp meat weight/shrimp body weight;

feed factor ═ feed intake/(terminal weight-initial weight);

protein efficiency (end weight-initial weight)/food intake x feed protein content;

liver mass index (%) ═ 100 × weight of liver and pancreas (g)/weight (g).

Specifically, after the culture is finished, starving the litopenaeus vannamei for 24 hours, then counting and weighing, and randomly taking out 6-8 shrimps for conventional analysis; taking another hepatopancreas of 6-8 shrimps in each barrel for liver-to-body ratio detection.

The experimental data are expressed as mean ± standard error (X ± SE).

The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

As can be seen from Table 2, the survival rate, specific growth rate, feeding rate, feed factor, protein efficiency and liver-to-body ratio of each example were significantly higher than those of comparative examples 3 to 5. From a growth perspective, a low fish meal (22%, comparative example 4) content in the feed resulted in a reduction in the specific growth rate of the shrimp compared to a high fish meal (27%, comparative example 3) content in the feed. On the basis of the low fish meal feed, the aquaculture feed disclosed by the embodiment 16-24 can be used for remarkably improving the specific growth rate of the prawns. Therefore, the culture method provided by the invention can obviously influence the growth performance and the feed utilization rate of the prawns.

Experimental example 3 analysis of the body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei

The compositions of the prawns cultured by the methods described in examples 16 to 24 and comparative examples 3 to 5 were analyzed, and the results are shown in table 3.

Wherein the meat yield (%) is 100 x shrimp meat weight/shrimp body weight.

The routine analysis of prawn and feed samples is carried out by the international standard method (AOAC, 1995); drying (105 ℃) for water by a constant weight method; the crude protein is subjected to Kjeldahl method (Nx 6.25); the crude fat was extracted by Soxhlet extraction (ether as extraction solvent).

The experimental data are expressed as mean ± standard error (X ± SE).

Table 3:

	moisture (%)	Crude protein (%)	Crude fat (%)	Meat yield (%)
					Comparative example 3	77.29±0.55	74.75±0.16	5.27±0.29	55.70±0.34
Comparative example 4	77.26±0.12	74.55±0.20	5.14±0.33	55.40±0.59
					Comparative example 5	77.30±0.18	74.49±0.38	4.42±0.37	54.63±0.17
Example 16	77.75±0.23	75.62±0.16	5.56±0.11	56.42±0.23
					Example 17	77.31±0.25	76.66±0.20	5.99±0.57	57.43±0.11
Example 18	77.65±0.14	77.85±0.38	6.55±0.21	58.03±0.57
					Example 19	77.72±0.26	75.54±0.41	5.42±0.49	56.16±0.65
Example 20	77.26±0.20	76.43±0.20	5.82±0.84	57.01±0.69
					Example 21	77.63±0.39	77.33±0.28	6.36±0.21	57.61±0.74
Example 22	78.49±0.31	75.75±0.42	5.48±0.26	56.33±0.09
					Example 23	77.40±0.34	76.71±0.31	5.91±0.21	57.27±0.47
Example 24	77.72±0.12	77.62±0.20	6.48±0.42	57.86±0.54

As can be seen from table 3, the moisture content was not significantly different between each example and comparative example; the content of crude protein and crude fat and the meat yield of the feed are higher than those of the feed in comparative examples 3-5, so that the feed and the method for culturing the prawns are more advantageous in improving the meat yield of the prawns.

Experimental example 4 analysis of the number of blood cells and the cumulative mortality after challenge of Litopenaeus vannamei

Performing a challenge experiment on the prawns cultured by the methods of examples 16-24 and comparative examples 3-5: randomly selecting 3 times for each treatment, taking 15 shrimps for each time, and injecting 100 μ L parahaemolysis arcus liquid (bacterial liquid concentration is 1.0 × 10) at the junction of the first abdominal section and the second abdominal section⁶CFU/ml), feeding normally 4 times a day, and counting the number of dead shrimps in the morning and at night to calculate the cumulative mortality. The time of the challenge experiment is 8 days.

The number of blood cells and the cumulative mortality rate after challenge of the prawns cultured by the methods described in examples 16-24 and comparative examples 3-5 were analyzed.

Selecting 5 shrimps per barrel for blood cell countingThe measurement of (1). The shrimp blood sucked by a 1ml syringe was injected into a container containing 2ml of an anticoagulant (30mmol/L trisodium citrate, 10mmol/L EDTA, 0.34mmol/L sodium chloride, 0.12mmol/L glucose, adjusted to pH 7.55, and osmosed to 780mOsm Kg^-1In a 10ml centrifuge tube. The ratio of the shrimp blood to the anticoagulant is 1:1.

first, a drop of anticoagulated lymph was taken and counted under a microscope (when counted, the number of blood cells in 25 cells (total 0.1 mm)³)。

The experimental data are expressed as mean ± standard error (X ± SE).

The results are shown in table 4:

TABLE 4

As can be seen from Table 4, the blood cell numbers of the prawns cultured in examples 16-24 are significantly higher than those of comparative examples 3-5, and the blood cell number of the prawns cultured in example 18 is the highest; the cumulative mortality rate after challenge is significantly lower than that of comparative examples 3-5.

It can be seen that the disease resistance of the prawns in the embodiments 16-24 of the invention is significantly higher than that in the comparative examples 3 and 4, and the disease resistance of the prawns in the comparative example 5 is significantly lower than that in the embodiments of the invention although the disease resistance is higher than that in the comparative examples 3 and 4, which indicates that the disease resistance of the prawns can be significantly improved by adding the auxiliary feed.

Experimental example 5 analysis of the content of serum GSH, hepatopancreas GSH and muscle GSH of Litopenaeus vannamei

The contents of serum GSH, hepatopancreas GSH and muscle GSH of the prawns cultured in the methods described in examples 16 to 24 and comparative examples 3 to 5 were measured using a Glutathione (GSH) assay kit from the Nanjing institute of bioengineering, and the results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5

As can be seen from Table 5, the GSH content in serum, hepatopancreas and muscle of the prawns cultured by the culture method in the embodiments 16 to 24 is higher than that of the prawns in the comparative examples 3 to 5, wherein the GSH content in each part of the prawns cultured in the embodiments 18, 21 and 24 is higher, which indicates that the culture feed is beneficial to the accumulation of the GSH of the prawns, can obviously improve the GSH content in bodies of the prawns and enhance the oxidation resistance of the prawns.

Experimental example 6 analysis of serum antioxidant index of Litopenaeus vannamei

Serum antioxidant indicators including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Glutathione Reductase (GR), Glutathione S Transferase (GST), gamma-L-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined for shrimps cultured as described in examples 16-24 and comparative examples 3-5.

Randomly taking 15 shrimps in each barrel, drawing blood from the pericardial cavity by using a 1ml sterile syringe, storing in a 1.5ml centrifuge tube, standing overnight at 4 ℃, then centrifuging at 8000rpm for 10min, and taking the supernatant for determination.

The results of the measurements are shown in tables 6 and 7.

TABLE 6

TABLE 7

	T-AOC(U/ml)	MDA(nmol/ml)
			Comparative example 3	8.03±0.43	41.16±0.45
Comparative example 4	7.74±0.34	47.76±0.59
			Comparative example 5	6.68±0.12	47.82±0.43
Example 16	8.63±0.48	35.46±2.02
			Example 17	11.86±0.14	31.92±0.82
Example 18	26.57±0.18	21.54±0.39
			Example 19	8.08±0.25	40.13±0.53
Example 20	9.09±0.12	33.50±0.48
			Example 21	12.21±0.18	23.50±0.54
Example 22	8.14±0.03	37.31±1.04
			Example 23	11.16±0.07	32.01±0.08
Example 24	12.83±0.21	23.38±1.15

As is clear from tables 6 and 7, the activities of Glutathione Reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Glutathione S Transferase (GST), gamma-L-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) in the serum of the prawns in examples 16 to 24 were all significantly higher than those in comparative examples 3 to 5, and the activities of the above-mentioned antioxidant indexes were gradually improved with the increase of the GSH addition amount in examples 16 to 18, examples 19 to 21 and examples 22 to 24; in the examples 16 to 24, the MDA content in the prawn serum is obviously lower than that in the comparative examples 3 to 5.

According to the above, the aquaculture feed and the method provided by the invention can obviously improve the antioxidant activity in the blood serum of the prawns, and particularly, the GSH added into the basic feed can obviously improve the antioxidant level in the bodies of the prawns.

Experimental example 7 analysis of hepatopancreas antioxidant index of Litopenaeus vannamei

SOD content, MDA content and T-AOC content of the hepatopancreas of the prawns cultured by the methods of examples 16 to 24 and comparative examples 3 to 5 are determined by adopting an SOD determination kit, a T-AOC determination kit and an MDA determination kit of a Nanjing institute of bioengineering, and the detection results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8

As can be seen from Table 8, the SOD activity and the MDA content of the hepatopancreas of the prawns in the examples 16 to 24 are both significantly higher than those of the comparative examples 3 to 5, and the MDA content of the hepatopancreas of the prawns in the examples 16 to 24 is significantly lower than those of the comparative examples 3 to 5, which indicates that the breeding feed and the method provided by the embodiment of the invention can significantly improve the oxidation resistance of the hepatopancreas of the prawns.

Experimental example 8 analysis of intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei

The intestinal tissue morphology of the prawns cultured by the methods of examples 16-24 and comparative examples 3-5 is detected, the midgut of 5 prawns is taken from each barrel and stored in a Boehringer solution for tissue section, the fixed midgut of the prawns is respectively transferred into 70% absolute ethyl alcohol for storage, then the tissues are dehydrated by ethyl alcohol with different concentrations, and then the prawns are placed into xylene for transparency and paraffin embedding. H & E staining was used, and the slides were mounted with neutral gum. Histological features such as fold height and villus height of the intestinal tract were observed using an optical microscope.

The results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9

As can be seen from Table 9, the intestinal thickness of the prawn midgut in comparative example 3 is significantly higher than that of comparative examples 4 and 5, and the intestinal thicknesses of examples 16-24 are significantly higher than those of comparative examples 3-5. In each of the examples, the shrimp of example 18 had the highest intestinal thickness values.

The villus height of the midgut of the prawns in comparative examples 3 and 4 is obviously higher than that of comparative example 5, and the intestinal villus height of each example is obviously higher than that of comparative examples 3-5. In each example, the prawn in example 18 had the highest intestinal villus height value.

It can be seen that the intestinal health degree of the prawns cultured by the culture method in the embodiments 16-24 of the invention is significantly higher than that of the prawns cultured in the comparative examples 3-5, and the intestinal thickness and the villus height of the prawns cultured in the embodiment 18 are the highest, which indicates that the culture feed and the method in the embodiments of the invention can significantly improve the intestinal structure of the prawns and enhance the digestion capability of the prawns.

The invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments and illustrative examples, but the description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various equivalent substitutions, modifications or improvements may be made to the technical solution of the present invention and its embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The feed for breeding the litopenaeus vannamei is characterized by comprising a basic feed and an auxiliary feed, wherein the basic feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:

2. the aquaculture feed of claim 1 wherein the protein source material comprises fish meal and plant-derived proteins;

the fat source raw material is selected from one or more of fish oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, lecithin and cholesterol.

3. The aquaculture feed of claim 1, wherein the litopenaeus vannamei basal feed further comprises a glutathione adjuvant, and the glutathione adjuvant can be added in the form of a pure glutathione product or in the form of yeast powder or yeast extract.

4. The aquaculture feed of claim 1 wherein the basal feed further comprises a phagostimulant, a mildewcide, an antioxidant, a chitosan, and a cellulose,

the weight parts of each component are 5-15 parts, 0.05-0.2 part, 0.02-0.1 part, 0.05-0.2 part and 1.5-4 parts based on 45 parts of protein.

5. The aquaculture feed of claim 1 wherein the supplementary feeds are of two types, supplementary feed A and supplementary feed B, and the basal feed is used in combination with different supplementary feeds at different stages of the feeding of the litopenaeus vannamei.

6. A preparation method of a litopenaeus vannamei breeding feed is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step 1, preparing a basic feed;

step 2, preparing an auxiliary feed;

preferably, step 1 comprises the sub-steps of:

step 1-1, crushing raw materials;

step 1-2, mixing raw materials;

step 1-3, granulating;

and 1-4, drying.

7. A method for breeding litopenaeus vannamei, preferably by using the breeding feed of any one of claims 1 to 5 or the breeding feed prepared by the method of claim 6, wherein the breeding method comprises the following steps:

step I, putting shrimp larvae;

step II, feeding breeding feed;

and step III, cultivation management.

8. The culture method according to claim 7, wherein in the step I, the temperature of the water for feeding the shrimp seeds is 22-35 ℃.

9. The farming method of claim 7, wherein step II comprises the substeps of:

step II-1, feeding basic feed at the initial stage of cultivation;

step II-2, feeding basic feed and auxiliary feed A in the middle of cultivation;

and step II-3, feeding a basic feed and an auxiliary feed B at the later stage of cultivation.

10. The culture method according to claim 7, wherein in the step III, the culture management comprises management of water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen concentration and ammonia nitrogen content.