CN112205542A - 一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料及其生产工艺 - Google Patents
一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料及其生产工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/189—Enzymes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Zoology (AREA)
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- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料及其生产工艺,包括以下质量百分比的组分:鱼粉1~3%、蚕豆粉2~5%、豆粕5~10%、玉米8~10%、棉粕5~15%、菜粕15~25%、葵花粕4~8%、次粉10~15%、米糠5~10%、面粉2~5%、DDGS1~5%、磷酸二氢钙1~3%、石粉1~3%、大豆油1~3%、鱼油0.2~1.5%、磷脂油0.5~1.5%、微量元素预混剂1~2%、鱿鱼膏0.5~2%、赖氨酸盐酸盐0.1~0.5%、防霉剂0.1~0.3%、维生素预混剂0.15~1%、胆汁酸0~0.15%、L‑肉碱0~0.02%、复合酶制剂0~0.2%、复合益生菌0.2~1.0%。该饲料中含有芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌及有机酸、酶制剂、活性小肽等有益代谢产物,能够提高草鱼的诱食能力,保护肠道健康,改善水体环境,增强鱼体免疫力,降低病害。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及益生菌发酵和草鱼膨化饲料技术领域,特别涉及一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料及其生产工艺。
背景技术
草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)属于鲤形目鲤科雅罗鱼亚科草鱼属,俗称鲩、鲩鱼、草鲩、草鱼、黑青鱼等,广泛分布于各江河、湖泊区域,喜居中下层水域,最适生长温度在20-30℃,高于32℃或者低于15℃采食下降,生长速度减缓。草鱼作为我国淡水养殖四大家鱼之一,年产量达淡水鱼总量20%以上,成为重要的养殖品种,以其肉质细嫩、肌间刺少、具有平肝祛风、温中补虚的养生功效而备受消费者喜爱。
在全国环保整治的大环境下很多重点江河湖泊的围网养殖方式被拆除,一定程度上缩减了淡水养殖规模。为满足消费市场的总量需求,必然要求改变传统的养殖模式,高密度精养模式是快速提高产量的重要途径。高密度精养模式由于投饵量、水体承载量增加容易导致水域环境恶化,水质下降,增加草鱼的病害发生机率,如养殖过程中的肠炎病、烂鳃病、赤皮病等疾病制约着草鱼养殖行业的发展,同时大大增加了养殖户的投资风险。
为了防治草鱼疾病的发生,在饲料中添加了抗生素类药物,长期使用抗生素却给生态环境和人类健康带来了诸多的负面影响。国家农业农村部规定2020年7月1日起饲料全面禁止添加抗生素,在“无抗”饲料的时代唯有科学防治,改善养殖环境,从本质上增加鱼体的免疫力和体质以提高抗病能力,因此,目前市面上急需一种能够保护肠道健康,改善水体环境,增强鱼体免疫力,降低病害的饲料。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料及其生产工艺,该饲料中含有芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌及有机酸、酶制剂、活性小肽等有益代谢产物,其能够提高草鱼的诱食能力,保护肠道健康,改善水体环境,增强鱼体免疫力,降低病害的需求,另外,通过该膨化工艺和微生物发酵技术工艺得到的发酵型功能性膨化饲料产品能够提高草鱼的诱食性,增加投喂量,保护肠道健康,提高消化率,减少排放,改善水体环境,保肝护胆功能的需求,以解决上述背景技术中提出的问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,包括以下质量百分比的组分:鱼粉1~3%、蚕豆粉2~5%、豆粕5~10%、玉米8~10%、棉粕5~15%、菜粕15~25%、葵花粕4~8%、次粉10~15%、米糠5~10%、面粉2~5%、DDGS1~5%、磷酸二氢钙1~3%、石粉1~3%、大豆油1~3%、鱼油0.2~1.5%、磷脂油0.5~1.5%、微量元素预混剂1~2%、鱿鱼膏0.5~2%、赖氨酸盐酸盐0.1~0.5%、防霉剂0.1~0.3%、维生素预混剂0.15~1%、胆汁酸0~0.15%、L-肉碱0~0.02%、复合酶制剂0~0.2%、复合益生菌0.2~1.0%。
进一步地,微量元素预混剂每千克包括有以下成分:甘氨酸铁6500mg、蛋白锰2500mg、蛋白锌5000mg、蛋白铜1200mg、酵母硒35mg、碘150mg。
进一步地,维生素预预混剂每千克包括有以下成分:维生素A≥2500KIU、维生素D3≥600KIU、维生素E≥25000mg、维生素K3≥5750mg、维生素B1≥11250mg、维生素B2≥9000mg、维生素B6≥10000mg、维生素B12≥20mg、烟酰胺≥37500mg、泛酸钙≥21500mg、叶酸≥2000mg、维生素C≥125000mg、肌醇≥8000mg,用于提供草鱼各阶段生长所必须的各种维生素。
进一步地,所述复合酶制剂每千克包括有以下成分:植酸酶≥1.00*106U、蛋白酶≥1.00*107U。
进一步地,所述复合益生菌每千克包括有以下成分:枯草芽孢杆菌≥1.00*1012CFU;地衣芽孢杆菌≥1.00*1011CFU、屎肠球菌≥1.00*1010CFU、乳杆菌≥1.00*1010CFU、酿酒酵母≥1.00*1010CFU。
本发明提供另一种技术方案:一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料的生产工艺,首先按照膨化浮性料加工工艺生产,而后再进行益生菌发酵工艺处理,分两阶段进行,包括如下步骤:
阶段一、膨化饲料生产工艺
步骤1:精选原料,选择高品质的饲料原料,控制原料的营养指标、有效成分、新鲜度和卫生指标;
步骤2:一次配料,将经过粗粉的原料豆粕、玉米、棉粕、菜粕、葵花粕、DDGS与不需粉碎的次粉、米糠、面粉、蚕豆粉、磷酸二氢钙、石粉、鱿鱼膏、赖氨酸盐酸盐、微量元素预混剂按比例进行配料,混合时间120秒,保证混合均匀;
步骤3:超微粉处理,将混合均匀的物料进行超微粉碎处理,确保粉碎细度80目通过率95%,去除筛上物;
步骤4:二次配料,将经过超微粉碎处理的物料与磷脂油、防霉剂、维生素预混剂、胆汁酸、L-肉碱再次进行混合,混合时间150秒,混合均匀;
步骤5:调质膨化,调质温度控制在90~100℃,物料调质水分20~28%,调质时间180s,然后进入挤压膨化机,将膨化腔内高温高压的物料挤出模孔,饲料的膨化系数一般1.2~2.0,确保全部漂浮;
步骤6:烘干喷涂,将膨化后的物料进行烘干处理,烘干机采用四区分布不同的温度进行烘干处理,温度控制在80-105℃,烘干时间10-20分钟,烘干水分不超过15%,烘干机水分差异在1%以内,确保烘干水分均匀性,再进行油脂喷涂处理;
步骤7:冷却筛分,将喷涂后的物料进行冷却,冷却温度不超过环境温度的5℃,然后过分级筛处理,筛除杂质,打包待用;
阶段二、发酵生产工艺
步骤8:菌种活化,将发酵所需菌种进行活化处理,30℃水温活化12小时,以提高益生菌繁殖速度;
步骤9:接种混合,将活化后的菌液、酶制剂、冷却后的膨化饲料按比例进行接种混合,菌液与饲料充分搅拌,混合均匀;
步骤10:饲料发酵,接种后的膨化饲料在发酵房进行发酵,发酵温度控制在25~35℃,发酵时间120小时,确保活菌总数≥1.00*108CFU,pH值在5.2以下,酶活1000~3000U/kg,酸溶蛋白含量10%以上,具有明显的酸香、酵香气味。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1.本发明的生产工艺中结合膨化饲料的生产工艺和微生物发酵技术相结合,不仅提高了饲料的熟化度,水中稳定性好,还含有大量的活性益生菌及其有益代谢产物。比饲料中添加发酵原料更能保证发酵饲料的特性。
2.本发明的饲料产品添加了胆汁酸,具有促进脂类的消化吸收,保护杆胰脏健康,修复受损的肝脏器官组织,提高抗应激能力;富含酶制剂、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母,改善适口性,提高摄食量,改善肠道健康,提高饲料消化率,减少排放物,改善水体环境。
3.本发明的饲料产品添加了大量的益生菌及酶制剂,微生物的发酵过程对饲料的粗蛋白、粗纤维进行降解,相当于体外预消化的处理过程,发酵产生的酸味、酵香味等具有良好的诱食效果,酸溶蛋白、氨基酸等含量增加,大大提高了饲料的消化利用率,更利于肠道吸收。
4.本发明的饲料与常规的硬颗粒料和膨化饲料相比,发酵型功能性膨化饲料更适合高密度精养草鱼模式,大大提高了饲料的利用率,肠道健康改善明显,增强鱼体抗病能力,提高草鱼成活率。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明的实施例,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其使用原料组分如下:鱼粉2%、蚕豆粉2%、豆粕7%、玉米8%、棉粕13%、菜粕22%、葵花粕7%、次粉13%、米糠10%、面粉3%、DDGS3%、磷酸二氢钙1.5%、石粉2.5%、大豆油1%、鱼油1%、磷脂油1.2%、微量元素预混剂1%、鱿鱼膏1.3%、赖氨酸盐酸盐0.2%、防霉剂0.3%、维生素预混剂0.15%、胆汁酸0.03%、L-肉碱0.01%、复合酶制剂0.02%、复合益生菌0.3%。饲料先进行膨化生产工艺,再进行益生菌发酵工艺处理。
实施例2
一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其使用原料组分如下:鱼粉3%、蚕豆粉4%、豆粕10%、玉米9%、棉粕7%、菜粕25%、葵花粕5.3%、次粉12%、米糠6%、面粉5%、DDGS4.6%、磷酸二氢钙2%、石粉1%、大豆油2%、鱼油0.5%、磷脂油1%、微量元素预混剂1%、鱿鱼膏1%、赖氨酸盐酸盐0.3%、防霉剂0.3%、维生素预混剂0.15%、胆汁酸0.05%、L-肉碱0.01%、复合酶制剂0.02%、复合益生菌0.5%。饲料先进行膨化生产工艺,再进行益生菌发酵工艺处理。
试验例
某养殖场进行试验,选择两个相邻的塘口,每个塘口10亩,水深2米,3月15日投苗,每个塘口放养3000斤草鱼,规格8尾/斤,每亩密度2400尾,同时搭配鲫鱼和花白鲢,总体每亩密度在3000尾,保持相同的日常管理和增氧效率,对照组投喂正常的商品饲料,试验组投喂发酵型功能性膨化饲料。对比结果如表一所示。
表一 发酵前后饲料养分的变化(88%干物质计算)
检测项目 | 发酵前 | 发酵后 |
pH值 | 5.76 | 5.18 |
活菌总数 | 未检测出 | 1.4*10<sup>8</sup>CFU |
粗纤维 | 5.68% | 5.51% |
粗蛋白 | 28.23% | 28.96% |
酸溶蛋白含量 | 7.50% | 12.38% |
酶活含量 | 未检测出 | 2250U/kg |
根据表一的检测结果可以反应出:发酵后饲料产品微生物指标和酶活含量指标差异较为明显,发酵120小时后活菌总数达到1.4*108CFU,pH值明显下降,酸性物质明显增加。
与发酵前的对比:粗纤维含量下降3%,粗蛋白含量增加2.59%,酸溶蛋白含量增加65.07%。经过后期的检测发现发酵时间越长,pH值越低,最终可稳定4.8左右,活菌总数在30天可达到最高值,酸溶蛋白含量也会持续增加,表明微生物的发酵对饲料营养指标改善较明显,更加有益于提高鱼的消化吸收率。
表二 草鱼养殖试验对比
经过养殖对比发现:使用发酵型功能性草鱼膨化饲料能够提高鱼的摄食量,投喂量增加4.62%,鱼的死亡率减少0.51%,塘口水质较好,改水成本减少。解剖鱼体发现对肠道的改善非常明显,跟对照组相比可以明显看出肠壁厚度增加,肠道的韧性较大,肝脏的颜色更加红润,得到养殖户的认可。
本发明采用特殊的生产工艺,结合膨化饲料的优势和微生物发酵技术的特点。产品经过膨化加工和发酵处理后不仅营养成分全面,还富含大量的活性益生菌及其代谢产物,对精养草鱼的健康养殖发挥重要作用,具有诱食性好、改善肠道健康、消化利用率高、减排护水、保肝护胆、增强机体免疫力等效果,提高了饲料的工艺技术和商品价值,为精养草鱼模式的推广提供一款优质的饲料。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明披露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其特征在于,包括以下质量百分比的组分:鱼粉1~3%、蚕豆粉2~5%、豆粕5~10%、玉米8~10%、棉粕5~15%、菜粕15~25%、葵花粕4~8%、次粉10~15%、米糠5~10%、面粉2~5%、DDGS1~5%、磷酸二氢钙1~3%、石粉1~3%、大豆油1~3%、鱼油0.2~1.5%、磷脂油0.5~1.5%、微量元素预混剂1~2%、鱿鱼膏0.5~2%、赖氨酸盐酸盐0.1~0.5%、防霉剂0.1~0.3%、维生素预混剂0.15~1%、胆汁酸0~0.15%、L-肉碱0~0.02%、复合酶制剂0~0.2%、复合益生菌0.2~1.0%。
2.如权利要求1所述的发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其特征在于,微量元素预混剂每千克包括有以下成分:甘氨酸铁6500mg、蛋白锰2500mg、蛋白锌5000mg、蛋白铜1200mg、酵母硒35mg、碘150mg。
3.如权利要求1所述的发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其特征在于,维生素预预混剂每千克包括有以下成分:维生素A≥2500KIU、维生素D3≥600KIU、维生素E≥25000mg、维生素K3≥5750mg、维生素B1≥11250mg、维生素B2≥9000mg、维生素B6≥10000mg、维生素B12≥20mg、烟酰胺≥37500mg、泛酸钙≥21500mg、叶酸≥2000mg、维生素C≥125000mg、肌醇≥8000mg,用于提供草鱼各阶段生长所必须的各种维生素。
4.如权利要求1所述的发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其特征在于,所述复合酶制剂每千克包括有以下成分:植酸酶≥1.00*106U、蛋白酶≥1.00*107U。
5.如权利要求1所述的发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料,其特征在于,所述复合益生菌每千克包括有以下成分:枯草芽孢杆菌≥1.00*1012CFU;地衣芽孢杆菌≥1.00*1011CFU、屎肠球菌≥1.00*1010CFU、乳杆菌≥1.00*1010CFU、酿酒酵母≥1.00*1010CFU。
6.一种如权利要求1-5任一项所述的发酵型功能性精养草鱼膨化饲料的生产工艺,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
步骤1:精选原料,选择高品质的饲料原料,控制原料的营养指标、有效成分、新鲜度和卫生指标;
步骤2:一次配料,将经过粗粉的原料豆粕、玉米、棉粕、菜粕、葵花粕、DDGS与不需粉碎的次粉、米糠、面粉、蚕豆粉、磷酸二氢钙、石粉、鱿鱼膏、赖氨酸盐酸盐、微量元素预混剂按比例进行配料,混合时间120秒,保证混合均匀;
步骤3:超微粉处理,将混合均匀的物料进行超微粉碎处理,确保粉碎细度80目通过率95%,去除筛上物;
步骤4:二次配料,将经过超微粉碎处理的物料与磷脂油、防霉剂、维生素预混剂、胆汁酸、L-肉碱再次进行混合,混合时间150秒,混合均匀;
步骤5:调质膨化,调质温度控制在90~100℃,物料调质水分20~28%,调质时间180s,然后进入挤压膨化机,将膨化腔内高温高压的物料挤出模孔,饲料的膨化系数一般1.2~2.0,确保全部漂浮;
步骤6:烘干喷涂,将膨化后的物料进行烘干处理,烘干机采用四区分布不同的温度进行烘干处理,温度控制在80-105℃,烘干时间10-20分钟,烘干水分不超过15%,烘干机水分差异在1%以内,确保烘干水分均匀性,再进行油脂喷涂处理;
步骤7:冷却筛分,将喷涂后的物料进行冷却,冷却温度不超过环境温度的5℃,然后过分级筛处理,筛除杂质,打包待用;
步骤8:菌种活化,将发酵所需菌种进行活化处理,30℃水温活化12小时,以提高益生菌繁殖速度;
步骤9:接种混合,将活化后的菌液、酶制剂、冷却后的膨化饲料按比例进行接种混合,菌液与饲料充分搅拌,混合均匀;
步骤10:饲料发酵,接种后的膨化饲料在发酵房进行发酵,发酵温度控制在25~35℃,发酵时间120小时,确保活菌总数≥1.00*108CFU,pH值在5.2以下,酶活1000~3000U/kg,酸溶蛋白含量10%以上。
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