CN112076741B - 一种CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂及其制备方法。该催化剂包括CeO2纳米颗粒和Bi2O4亚纳米棒;所述CeO2纳米颗粒附着在所述Bi2O4亚纳米棒上;CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料中,CeO2和Bi2O4耦合形成异质结。该催化剂的制备方法为,以六水合硝酸铈(Ⅲ)为铈前驱体,通过均相沉淀法制备出纯CeO2,将其加入到铋酸钠溶液中,通过一步水热法合成出CeO2/Bi2O4复合光催化剂。CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料中,设定CeO2和Bi2O4的摩尔比为(0.2~0.6):1,按这种比例复合的光催化材料在可见光驱动下,展现出比纯CeO2和纯Bi2O4更加优异的光催化性能。本发明采用均相沉淀法和水热法制备CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,工艺简单,可控性好,可重复性强。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光催化剂领域,具体涉及一种CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
背景技术
废水中有机污染物的降解和病原细菌的灭活是环境修复的两个重要问题。光催化剂因其能直接利用充足的太阳光来进行氧化分解各种抗生素和水中有机污染物而受到广泛关注。ZnO、TiO2和SnO2等作为第一代光催化剂,具有较大的局限性,例如禁带宽度较大,只能吸收紫外线,光生电子和空穴的复合率较高,这些缺点严重限制了其在可见光区域的应用。因此,科学家们致力于寻找具有可见光吸收能力且性能较优异的材料。
含铋化合物作为一种潜在的可见光驱动的光催化材料,在光催化领域的应用越来越受到关注。通常,这些化合物中的铋以三价(Ⅲ)或五价(Ⅴ)状态存在,具有更窄的带隙和具有优异的光催化活性。
发明内容
为了提供一种具有可见光吸收能力且性能较优异的材料,发明人对含铋化合物以及二氧化铈等进行了研究。发明人首先研究了Bi2O4,Bi2O4作为一种N型半导体,具有较窄的带隙能(~2.0ev),吸收波长可以达到620nm。更重要的是,单斜二丁基四氧化二铋(Bi2O4)以其混合价态Bi(Ⅲ)和Bi(Ⅴ)在可见光下具有良好的光催化降解污染物的活性,然而,由于单一组分仍然存在载流子复合率较高的问题,所以仍然需要对其进行改性。
发明人进一步利用CeO2纳米颗粒对单组分Bi2O4进行修饰,提出了一种 CeO2/Bi2O4复合光可见光催化剂及其制备方法,该技术方案如下。
一种CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,包括CeO2纳米颗粒和Bi2O4亚纳米棒。所述CeO2纳米颗粒附着在所述Bi2O4亚纳米棒上。CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料中,CeO2和 Bi2O4耦合形成异质结。
进一步地,CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料中,CeO2和Bi2O4的摩尔比为(0.2~0.6):1。
优选地,CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料中,CeO2和Bi2O4的摩尔比为0.4:1或0.6:1,该比例的复合材料,表现出良好的光催化性能。
上述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1,将Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在水溶液中,加热至40~60℃并搅拌均匀,再缓慢加入氨水,透明溶液立即变成淡黄色的悬浮液,继续在40~60℃中搅拌反应 12~36h,收集沉淀物并进行清洗、干燥,最后将沉淀物在400~600℃中煅烧 0.5~1.5h,得到球形CeO2纳米颗粒;
在上述步骤S1中,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O在40~60℃水溶液中,在搅拌过程中,被水中和空气中的氧气氧化,反应式为
4Ce3++O2+2H2O→4Ce4++4OH-
生成的Ce4+与碱性的氨水反应,生成淡黄色沉淀,反应式如下
Ce4++4NH3·H2O→Ce(OH)4↓+4NH4+
生成的Ce(OH)4沉淀在400~600℃中煅烧分解为CeO2和水,反应式如下
Ce(OH)4→CeO2+2H2O
S2,将NaBiO3·2H2O分散到水中,加入步骤S1制得的球形CeO2纳米颗粒,搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液,再转移入反应釜中进行水热反应,温控条件为100~180℃保持4~8h,反应后进行冷却、过滤得到固体,固体进行清洗、干燥,得到所述 CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
在上述步骤S2中,NaBiO3·2H2O在100~180℃的水中,溶解并受热分解,均相析出Bi2O4亚纳米棒,涉及的反应式为
2BiO3 -+H2O→Bi2O4+1/2O2+2OH-
不溶于水的CeO2负载在析出的Bi2O4亚纳米棒上,耦合形成CeO2/Bi2O4异质结。即通过均相沉淀法和水热法制备得到了CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述水溶液为60~80%v/v的乙二醇溶液。
优选地,步骤S1中,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和氨水中的氨的摩尔比为(0.1~1):3。
优选地,步骤S1中,沉淀物煅烧的温度为500℃,煅烧时间为1h。
优选地,步骤S2中,NaBiO3·2H2O和CeO2的摩尔比为1:(0.2~0.6)。
优选地,步骤S2中,水热反应的温控条件为160℃保持6h。
如上所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,可应用于光催化降解有机污染物、光催化分解水、光催化固氮和光催化还原CO2。
本发明的有益效果是:以六水合硝酸铈(Ⅲ)为铈前驱体,通过均相沉淀法制备出纯CeO2,将其加入到铋酸钠溶液中,通过一步水热法合成出CeO2/Bi2O4复合光催化剂。CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料中,设定CeO2和Bi2O4的摩尔比为(0.2~0.6):1,按这种比例复合的光催化材料在可见光驱动下,展现出比纯CeO2和纯Bi2O4更加优异的光催化性能。本发明采用均相沉淀法和水热法制备CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,工艺简单,可控性好,可重复性强。
附图说明
图1为样品CeO2、Bi2O4和复合样品CeO2/Bi2O4的XRD图。
图2是实施例1制备的60%CeO2/Bi2O4的扫描电镜图。
图3的(a)是60%CeO2/Bi2O4的透射电镜图,(b)是60%CeO2/Bi2O4的元素分布图。
图4是在可见光下,CeO2、Bi2O4、CeO2/Bi2O4材料分别对甲基橙的光催降解性能图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合附图对本发明的实施例进行清楚、完整地描述。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1
S1,CeO2的制备
称取10.91g的Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在100ml(80%v/v)乙二醇溶液中。将溶液于50℃下加热,不断搅拌,直到获得均匀溶液。随后,将25mL、浓度为3M的氨水缓慢添加到上述溶液中,透明溶液立即变成淡黄色的悬浮液。将悬浮液在50℃下继续搅拌24h,通过离心收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤3次,80℃下干燥24h,将所得黄色粉末转移至马弗炉,在500℃下煅烧1h,得到球型CeO2纳米颗粒。
S2,CeO2/Bi2O4的制备
将1mmoLNaBiO3·2H2O分散到30mL超纯水中,磁力搅拌30min后,将 0.6mmoLCeO2加到铋酸钠溶液中,得混合溶液A,得到的混合溶液A继续搅拌30min 后转移到50mL的聚四氟乙烯内胆中,160℃下保持6h,冷却至室温后,过滤得到的固体用200mL~250mL去离子水清洗,80℃干燥12h,得到CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,记为60%CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
实施例2
S1,CeO2的制备
称取8g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在100ml(70%v/v)乙二醇溶液中。将溶液于60℃下加热,不断搅拌,直到获得均匀溶液。随后,将25mL、浓度为3M的氨水缓慢添加到上述溶液中,透明溶液立即变成淡黄色的悬浮液。将悬浮液在60℃下继续搅拌36h,通过离心收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤3次,80℃下干燥24h,将所得黄色粉末转移至马弗炉,在600℃下煅烧1.5h,得到球型CeO2纳米颗粒。
S2,CeO2/Bi2O4的制备
将1mmoLNaBiO3·2H2O分散到30mL超纯水中,磁力搅拌30min后,将 0.2mmoLCeO2加到铋酸钠溶液中,得混合溶液A,得到的混合溶液A继续搅拌30min 后转移到50mL的聚四氟乙烯内胆中,180℃下保持8h,冷却至室温后,过滤得到的固体用200mL~250mL去离子水清洗,80℃干燥12h,得到CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,记为20%CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
实施例3
S1,CeO2的制备
称取6g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在100ml(60%v/v)乙二醇溶液中。将溶液于40℃下加热,不断搅拌,直到获得均匀溶液。随后,将25mL、浓度为3M的氨水缓慢添加到上述溶液中,透明溶液立即变成淡黄色的悬浮液。将悬浮液在40℃下继续搅拌12h,通过离心收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤3次,80℃下干燥24h,将所得黄色粉末转移至马弗炉,在400℃下煅烧0.5h,得到球型CeO2纳米颗粒。
S2,CeO2/Bi2O4的制备
将1mmoLNaBiO3·2H2O分散到30mL超纯水中,磁力搅拌30min后,将 0.4mmoLCeO2加到铋酸钠溶液中,得混合溶液A,得到的混合溶液A继续搅拌30min 后转移到50mL的聚四氟乙烯内胆中,100℃下保持4h,冷却至室温后,过滤得到的固体用200mL~250mL去离子水清洗,80℃干燥12h,得到CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,记为40%CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
实施例4
S1,CeO2的制备
称取4g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在100ml(65%v/v)乙二醇溶液中。将溶液于55℃下加热,不断搅拌,直到获得均匀溶液。随后,将25mL、浓度为3M的氨水缓慢添加到上述溶液中,透明溶液立即变成淡黄色的悬浮液。将悬浮液在55℃下继续搅拌30h,通过离心收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤3次,80℃下干燥24h,将所得黄色粉末转移至马弗炉,在550℃下煅烧0.8h,得到球型CeO2纳米颗粒。
S2,CeO2/Bi2O4的制备
将1mmoLNaBiO3·2H2O分散到30mL超纯水中,磁力搅拌30min后,将 0.5mmoLCeO2加到铋酸钠溶液中,得混合溶液A,得到的混合溶液A继续搅拌30min 后转移到50mL的聚四氟乙烯内胆中,120℃下保持6h,冷却至室温后,过滤得到的固体用200mL~250mL去离子水清洗,80℃干燥12h,得到CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,记为50%CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
实施例5
S1,CeO2的制备
称取3g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在100ml(75%v/v)乙二醇溶液中。将溶液于45℃下加热,不断搅拌,直到获得均匀溶液。随后,将25mL、浓度为3M的氨水缓慢添加到上述溶液中,透明溶液立即变成淡黄色的悬浮液。将悬浮液在45℃下继续搅拌20h,通过离心收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤3次,80℃下干燥24h,将所得黄色粉末转移至马弗炉,在450℃下煅烧1.2h,得到球型CeO2纳米颗粒。
S2,CeO2/Bi2O4的制备
将1mmoLNaBiO3·2H2O分散到30mL超纯水中,磁力搅拌30min后,将 0.8mmoLCeO2加到铋酸钠溶液中,得混合溶液A,得到的混合溶液A继续搅拌30min 后转移到50mL的聚四氟乙烯内胆中,140℃下保持6h,冷却至室温后,过滤得到的固体用200mL~250mL去离子水清洗,80℃干燥12h,得到CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,记为80%CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
试验例1XRD测试
图1是样品CeO2、Bi2O4和复合样品CeO2/Bi2O4的XRD谱线图,图中的七条XRD 谱线从上之下依次表示纯CeO2、80%CeO2/Bi2O4、60%CeO2/Bi2O4、50%CeO2/Bi2O4、 40%CeO2/Bi2O4、20%CeO2/Bi2O4、纯Bi2O4的测试结果。对于纯Bi2O4,在26.8°和 29.5°处的特征衍射峰归因于Bi2O4的(111)和(31-1)平面。纯CeO2在28.8°、33.3°、47.6°和56.4°2θ的衍射峰可标为(111)、(200)、(220)和(311) 萤石CeO2的平面。Bi2O4/CeO2复合材料的X射线衍射图谱显示了Bi2O4和CeO2相的特征衍射峰。从图1可知道,当CeO2(0.2摩尔比)浓度较低时,复合材料的衍射图谱与纯Bi2O4的衍射图谱非常相似;当复合材料中的CeO2的摩尔比增加到80%时,复合材料的衍射图谱与纯CeO2的衍射图谱相似。在Bi2O4/CeO2复合材料中所有的峰均归属于CeO2和Bi2O4的衍射峰,无杂质峰出现。
试验例2SEM测试
图2是实施例1制备的60%CeO2/Bi2O4的扫描电镜图。图中显示有少量颗粒状的CeO2附着在棒状的Bi2O4表面上。粒径较小的CeO2颗粒与粒径较大的Bi2O4棒状结构实现了均匀的复合。
试验例3HAADF-STEM和EDS测试
图3是实施例1制得的60%CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料的透射电镜图(a)及元素分布图(b)。图3的(a),HAADF-STEM测试结果清楚地表明CeO2和Bi2O4耦合形成 CeO2/Bi2O4异质结,异质结有利于提高光致载流子的分离效率。该结果与扫描电镜图的结果一致,这表明我们成功的将CeO2纳米粒子负载在Bi2O4亚微棒上。 60%CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料的EDS映射图如图3的(b)所示,清楚地显示了Bi、O 和Ce元素的分布,进一步证实了产物的化学成分,有力地证明了CeO2均匀地分布在Bi2O4表面。
试验例4光催化降解性能测试
图4为在可见光下,材料对甲基橙的光催化降解性能。Bi2O4,CeO2和不同比例Bi2O4/CeO2复合催化剂的光催化活性通过在可见光下甲基橙(MO,15mg/L)的光分解来评估。在这项研究中,带有400nm截止滤光片的300W的Xe灯用作可见光源,它位于光催化反应器上方约30cm,光强度为300mW·cm-2。通常,将20mg 制备的样品浸入50mL的MO水溶液中。之后,将悬浮液超声处理15分钟,然后在黑暗中搅拌30分钟以在光照之前达到吸附-解吸平衡。打开Xe灯光源,照射 MO水溶液,在一定的时间间隔内,从反应体系中提取2mL均匀悬浮液,离心去除光催化剂颗粒,然后通过UV-Vis分光光度计测量464nm的MO吸光度进行分析。 20min时,60%CeO2/Bi2O4的降解率达到了89%。40min时,60%CeO2/Bi2O4的降解率达到了92%,而纯Bi2O4和纯CeO2在40min时的降解率分别为82%,4.7%。在一定的比例范围内,如20%CeO2/Bi2O4、40%CeO2/Bi2O4、50%CeO2/Bi2O4、60%CeO2/Bi2O4复合材料均相比于单一组分展现出较好的光催化性能,充分体现了构造复合材料可以显著提高单一组分的光催化性能。
以上所描述的实施例仅是本发明的部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例,本发明的实施例的详细描述并非旨在限制本发明要求保护的范围,而仅仅表示本发明的选定实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,其特征在于,所述复合可见光催化剂包括CeO2纳米颗粒和Bi2O4亚纳米棒;所述CeO2纳米颗粒附着在所述Bi2O4亚纳米棒上;CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂中,CeO2和Bi2O4耦合形成异质结,CeO2和Bi2O4的摩尔比为(0.2~0.6):1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂,其特征在于,CeO2和Bi2O4的摩尔比为0.4:1或0.6:1。
3.一种如权利要求1-2任意一项所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1,将Ce(NO3)3·6H2O溶解在水溶液中,加热至40~60℃并搅拌均匀,再加入氨水,继续在40~60℃中搅拌反应12~36h,收集沉淀物并进行清洗、干燥,最后将沉淀物在400~600℃中煅烧0.5~1.5h,得到球形CeO2纳米颗粒;
S2,将NaBiO3·2H2O分散到水中,加入步骤S1制得的球形CeO2纳米颗粒,搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液,再转移入反应釜中进行水热反应,温控条件为100~180℃保持4~8h,冷却、过滤得到固体,固体进行清洗、干燥,得到所述CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述水溶液为60~80%v/v的乙二醇水溶液。
5.根据权利要求3所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O与氨水中的氨的摩尔比为(0.1~1):3。
6.根据权利要求3所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,沉淀物煅烧的温度为500℃,煅烧时间为1h。
7.根据权利要求3所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,NaBiO3·2H2O与CeO2的摩尔比为1:(0.2~0.6)。
8.根据权利要求3所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,水热反应的温控条件为160℃保持6h。
9.一种如权利要求1-2任意一项所述的CeO2/Bi2O4复合可见光催化剂的应用,其特征在于,用于光催化降解有机污染物、光催化分解水、光催化固氮或光催化还原CO2。
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