CN112042994B - Flue-cured tobacco ash hanging prevention and control method caused by corn pollen and tobacco leaf baking prevention and control method after flue-cured tobacco leaf baking - Google Patents
Flue-cured tobacco ash hanging prevention and control method caused by corn pollen and tobacco leaf baking prevention and control method after flue-cured tobacco leaf baking Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/10—Roasting or cooling tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/04—Humidifying or drying tobacco bunches or cut tobacco
Abstract
The invention discloses a flue-cured tobacco ash-hanging prevention method caused by corn pollen and a tobacco leaf baking method after prevention and treatment. According to the control method, before the corn pollen falls off and the upper tobacco leaves are mature, the protective agent is sprayed on the upper tobacco leaves in the adjacent corn plants for prevention; identifying the anaphylactic damage symptoms of tobacco plants sprayed for 7-8 days; spraying a protective agent to the tobacco leaves on the middle upper part of the tobacco plants with anaphylactic damage according to identification for prevention and treatment; the protective agent comprises 0.5-1.5 parts of cellulase, 0.5-1.5 parts of pectinase, 1-3 parts of lysozyme and 200-300 parts of water. The baking method comprises the steps of harvesting and furnace loading, yellowing stage, color fixing stage and tendon drying stage. According to the method, pollen is inactivated and prevented in the early stage, infected tobacco leaves are prevented in the later stage, and then a targeted baking scheme is formulated, so that the problem of ash hanging of flue-cured tobacco caused by corn pollen can be relieved, the health degree of field tobacco leaves and the grade of the flue-cured tobacco leaves are effectively improved, and theoretical and technical supports are provided for preventing and treating the ash hanging of the flue-cured tobacco caused by the corn pollen.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco, and particularly relates to a control method capable of effectively relieving flue-cured tobacco ash hanging caused by corn pollen and a curing method of controlled tobacco leaves.
Background
China is a world-wide tobacco leaf producing nation and provides rich raw materials for world flue-cured tobacco production. So far, the planting area of Yunnan flue-cured tobacco in China has reached more than 600 ten thousand mu, which accounts for more than 25% of the total amount of the world, and the flue-cured tobacco is an important economic source of some provinces in China and makes great contribution to tax in China. Therefore, the quality and quality of the flue-cured tobacco variety directly affect the economic income of tobacco growers and the national fiscal tax.
Yunnan is the main tobacco area in China, and corn and flue-cured tobacco are economic crops commonly planted in Yunnan. Generally, corn is planted in 4 months, before the tobacco leaves on the upper part of flue-cured tobacco are mature in the middle ten days of 6 months, pollen is scattered from early corn, is driven by natural wind power and is scattered on the tobacco leaves of adjacent tobacco fields, and the pollen of corn is scattered on the tobacco leaves, so that mildew is easily bred, tobacco maize pollinosis is induced, black and fine spots are densely distributed on leaves, particularly, more spots are arranged near the veins, and the pollen is scattered on the tobacco leaves like a layer of ash. The tobacco leaves with the tobacco maize pollinosis are observed through a microscope, the air holes of the leaves display particles, non-green particles and plaques appear on the surfaces of the fresh tobacco leaves, in addition, substances in the plaques partially undergo a browning reaction in the leaves in the baking process to cause the flue-cured tobacco to hang ash, the color of the baked tobacco leaves is in a grey brown state and a grey red state, and the quality of the tobacco leaves is reduced.
With the shift of the demand from yield to quality of agricultural demand terminals and the acceptance of plant protection policies of 'prevention is leading and comprehensive control' by vast farmers, more and more farmers begin to pay attention to the prediction and prevention protection of crop diseases. The key point of the plant protective agent which is different from the therapeutic bactericide is the use time, and the plant protective agent is applied on the surface of the crop before the crop is infected by the pathogenic bacteria to prevent the invasion of the pathogenic bacteria and play a role in protection. The disease prevention characteristic and principle is that a layer of air-permeable, water-permeable and light-permeable compact protective medicine film can be formed on the surface of crops, and the protective film can inhibit germination and invasion of germ spores so as to achieve the effects of sterilization and disease prevention.
At present, the flue-cured tobacco ash hanging prevention and control caused by corn pollen mainly focuses on sterilization operation after infection, the generated harm is not reversible, and most tobacco growers adopt carbendazim or 200U agricultural streptomycin for spraying sterilization, the sterilization effect is poor, and agricultural residues are easy to generate to cause the quality reduction of the flue-cured tobacco.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the first purpose of the invention is to provide a method for preventing and controlling flue-cured tobacco ash hanging caused by corn pollen, the second purpose of the invention is to provide a method for baking tobacco leaves after the flue-cured tobacco ash hanging caused by the corn pollen is prevented and controlled based on the first purpose, and the third purpose of the invention is to provide a method for baking tobacco leaves after the flue-cured tobacco ash hanging caused by the corn pollen is prevented and controlled based on the first purpose.
The first object of the present invention is achieved by: the method comprises the steps of pollen allergy injury prevention, allergy injury symptom identification and infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment, and comprises the following specific steps:
A. pollen allergy injury prevention: before the corn pollen is scattered and the upper tobacco leaves are mature, spraying a protective agent on the upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco plants adjacent to the corn for prevention;
B. and (3) identifying the symptoms of the allergic injury: identifying the corn pollen allergic injury symptoms of tobacco plants sprayed for 7-8 days in a preventive manner, wherein the identification is classified into the following grades:
level 0: the whole leaf is disease-free;
level 1: non-green spots appear on the upper leaves, and the area of the spots in the tobacco leaves is less than 35%;
and 2, stage: the upper parts of the tobacco plants present non-green spots, and the area of the patches in the tobacco leaves is more than or equal to 35% and less than 70%;
and 3, level: large-area non-green spots appear on the upper parts of tobacco plants, and the patches occupy more than or equal to 70% of the area of tobacco leaves and are rotten;
C. and (3) infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment: according to the severity of the pollen allergy damage symptom identification in the step B, spraying the protective agent again on the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of the tobacco plants which are already subjected to pollen allergy damage to prevent and treat;
the protective agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
0.5-1.5 parts of cellulase, 0.5-1.5 parts of pectinase, 1-3 parts of lysozyme and 200-300 parts of water.
The second object of the present invention is achieved by: the method comprises the steps of harvesting and furnace charging, yellowing, fixing color and drying ribs, and comprises the following specific steps:
E. harvesting and furnace charging: collecting middle and upper tobacco leaves of the properly-cured K326 tobacco plant which is controlled by the flue-cured tobacco ash-hanging control method caused by the corn pollen, and putting the tobacco leaves into an airflow descending type bulk curing barn;
F. and (3) yellowing stage: opening the furnace to heat, and in the early yellowing stage, heating the dry bulb temperature to 30-35 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, heating the wet bulb temperature to 29-34 ℃ from room temperature, and baking at a stable temperature for 16-20 h until the bottom tobacco leaves become yellow by 5-6 and half of main ribs of the leaves become soft; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 38-41 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-4 h, adjusting the temperature of the wet pellets to 35-36 ℃, adjusting a moisture exhaust fan to a high speed after the temperature of the dry pellets rises to 48-41 ℃, and baking for 28-40 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom table are completely yellow;
G. a color fixing stage: after the yellowing stage is finished, adjusting the dry bulb temperature to 43 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature to 36-37 ℃ in the initial color fixing stage, accelerating moisture discharge, and baking for 20-24 h at a stable temperature until two tobacco leaves become yellow and branch veins become white to 5; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 46-48 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-5 h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets unchanged, and baking the dry pellets for 25-35 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are wound into large rolls to finish color fixing;
H. and (3) a tendon drying stage: and (4) continuously baking for 32-40 h according to the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the humidity removing fan wind speed in the stem drying stage of the conventional tobacco leaf baking process until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the full baking room is dried.
The third object of the present invention is achieved by: the method comprises the steps of harvesting and furnace charging, yellowing, fixing color and drying ribs, and comprises the following specific steps:
m, harvesting and furnace charging: harvesting middle and upper tobacco leaves of the ripe safflower Honghuadajinyuan tobacco plants after the flue-cured tobacco ash-hanging prevention and control method caused by the corn pollen, and loading the tobacco leaves into an airflow descending type bulk curing barn;
n, yellowing stage: opening the furnace and heating, wherein in the early yellowing stage, the temperature of the dry pellets is increased from room temperature to 36-38 ℃ at the heating rate of 1-2 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet pellets is increased from room temperature to 36-37 ℃, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 36-50 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform become yellow by 5-6 hours and half of main ribs of the leaves become soft; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 42-43 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-4 h, adjusting the temperature of the wet pellets to 37-38 ℃, adjusting a moisture exhaust fan to a high speed after the temperature of the dry pellets rises to 42-43 ℃, and baking for 28-40 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom table are completely yellow;
p, color fixing stage: after the yellowing stage is finished, adjusting the dry bulb temperature to 45 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature to 36-37 ℃ in the initial color fixing stage, accelerating moisture discharge, and baking for 25-30 h at a stable temperature until the branch veins of two tobacco leaves become white to 6-7 percent; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 46-48 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-5 h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets unchanged, and baking the dry pellets for 25-30 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are wound into large rolls to finish color fixing;
q, a tendon drying stage: and (4) continuously baking for 35-45 hours according to the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the humidity removing fan wind speed in the stem drying stage of the conventional tobacco leaf baking process until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the full baking room is dried.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. because the outer wall of the corn pollen contains a large amount of cellulose and pectin, the cellulose can be decomposed into oligosaccharide or monosaccharide by cellulase (cellulose) used by the invention, the pectin can be hydrolyzed by pectinase (macrozyme), the pollen cell wall can be completely enzymolyzed, thus the corn pollen structure is destroyed, the corn pollen on the tobacco leaves is inactivated, and the two enzymes belong to natural substances, do not contain toxicity or other harmful components and can be self-decomposed. In addition, the lysozyme (lysozyme) used is a natural antibacterial protein, widely exists in plant juice, animal secretion and partial bacteria, can hydrolyze mucopolysaccharide in pathogenic bacteria, and mainly breaks beta-1, 4 glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in cell walls to decompose insoluble mucopolysaccharide of the cell walls into soluble glycopeptides, so that the ruptured contents of the cell walls escape to dissolve the bacteria. The lysozyme not only has muramidase activity, but also has antibacterial peptide activity, has extremely strong bactericidal action, and is widely applied to the food industry. The lysozyme is non-toxic and harmless, has high safety performance, can effectively eliminate bacteria and fungi on the tobacco leaves, and has no toxic or harmful effect on the tobacco leaves. The compound enzyme preparation sprayed by the invention can not only play a role in protection, but also play a role in prevention and treatment when being used as a protective agent, and does not contain toxicity or other harmful components.
2. The prevention and control method is a comprehensive treatment method taking prevention as a main part, can effectively relieve the generation of field gray tobacco, and solves the problem of the generation of the field gray tobacco caused by factors such as corn pollen and the like, thereby effectively improving the health degree of the field tobacco and the grade of the baked tobacco, and providing theoretical and technical support for preventing and controlling the field gray tobacco.
3. The control method is convenient and fast to operate in the field. Aiming at the problem of ash hanging of tobacco leaves caused by pollen, the invention only needs to prepare the protective agent into solution with corresponding concentration for spraying on the leaves in the field, and has the advantages of simple operation and low cost. The protective agent of the invention can also promote the absorption of tobacco plants, enhance the photosynthesis of crops and increase the yield remarkably.
4. The control method has low technical cost. Compared with other chemical prevention and control methods, the spraying of the protective agent is economical and applicable to large-area popularization.
5. The control method disclosed by the invention is long in release duration and remarkable in effect. Firstly, spraying a protective agent on a tobacco plant which is not scattered with pollen, and after 15d of comparison treatment, the tobacco plant leaves which are not sprayed with the protective agent have the symptoms of dense black fine spots, particularly more leaves; the tobacco plants which are sprayed with the protective agent and have allergic damage have few symptoms, the symptoms of a small part of tobacco plants which have allergic damage are obviously relieved after secondary prevention and control spraying, the tobacco plants show stronger resistance and grow vigorously, and the plant height of the tobacco plants and the influence of corn pollen on tobacco leaves are obviously improved.
6. According to the characteristics of allergic damage symptoms of tobacco leaf and corn pollen and the formula of the sprayed protective agent, the baking method adopts the basic principle of stable moisture discharge, slow temperature rise, equal time of temperature rise in the middle and later yellowing stages as well as the basic principle of stable temperature rise, and can effectively reduce the ash hanging problem of the flue-cured tobacco caused by the corn pollen.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but is not limited thereto in any way, and any modification or improvement based on the teaching of the present invention is within the scope of the present invention.
The invention relates to a method for preventing flue-cured tobacco ash hanging caused by corn pollen, which is characterized by comprising the steps of pollen allergy injury prevention, allergy injury symptom identification and tobacco leaf infection prevention, and the specific steps are as follows:
A. pollen allergy injury prevention: before the corn pollen is scattered and the upper tobacco leaves are mature, spraying a protective agent on the upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco plants adjacent to the corn for prevention;
B. and (3) identifying the symptoms of the allergic injury: identifying the corn pollen allergic injury symptoms of tobacco plants sprayed for 7-8 days in a preventive manner, wherein the identification is classified into the following grades:
level 0: the whole leaf is disease-free;
level 1: non-green spots appear on the upper leaves, and the area of the spots in the tobacco leaves is less than 35%;
and 2, stage: the upper parts of the tobacco plants present non-green spots, and the area of the patches in the tobacco leaves is more than or equal to 35% and less than 70%;
and 3, level: large-area non-green spots appear on the upper parts of tobacco plants, and the patches occupy more than or equal to 70% of the area of tobacco leaves and are rotten;
C. and (3) infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment: according to the severity of the pollen allergy damage symptom identification in the step B, spraying the protective agent again on the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of the tobacco plants which are already subjected to pollen allergy damage to prevent and treat;
the protective agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
0.5-1.5 parts of cellulase, 0.5-1.5 parts of pectinase, 1-3 parts of lysozyme and 200-300 parts of water.
The concentration of the protective agent is 17-23 mmol.L-1。
The concentration of the protective agent sprayed in the step A is 17-20 mmol.L-1。
The concentration of the protective agent sprayed on the grade 1 anaphylactic injury symptom in the step C is 17-19 mmol.L-1The concentration of the protective agent sprayed on the level 2 anaphylactic injury symptom is 19-21 mmol.L-1The concentration of the protective agent sprayed on the 3-grade anaphylactic injury symptom is 20-23 mmol.L-1。
And B, spraying a protective agent to the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of the tobacco plants in 1-5 rows adjacent to the corns for prevention.
And in the step A and/or the step C, spraying a protective agent on the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of the tobacco plant until the upper parts of the leaves are uniformly moistened and no liquid drips.
And in the step A and/or the step C, spraying a protective agent on the middle upper leaves of the tobacco plants before 10 am without rain.
After the step C is finished, at least one subsequent allergic injury symptom identification step and a subsequent infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment step are further included, the subsequent allergic injury symptom identification is carried out 7-8 days after the previous prevention and treatment step is finished, the application requirement of the subsequent infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment step is executed according to the step C, and the step from the subsequent infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment step to the last subsequent allergic injury symptom identification step is stopped when the middle-upper tobacco leaves without pollen allergic injury are detected.
The tobacco leaf baking method after the K326 flue-cured tobacco ash hanging prevention and control caused by corn pollen comprises the steps of harvesting and furnace loading, yellowing, color fixing and tendon drying, and specifically comprises the following steps:
E. harvesting and furnace charging: collecting middle and upper tobacco leaves of the properly-cured K326 tobacco plant which is controlled by the flue-cured tobacco ash-hanging control method caused by the corn pollen, and putting the tobacco leaves into an airflow descending type bulk curing barn;
F. and (3) yellowing stage: opening the furnace to heat, and in the early yellowing stage, heating the dry bulb temperature to 30-35 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, heating the wet bulb temperature to 29-34 ℃ from room temperature, and baking at a stable temperature for 16-20 h until the bottom tobacco leaves become yellow by 5-6 and half of main ribs of the leaves become soft; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 38-41 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-4 h, adjusting the temperature of the wet pellets to 35-36 ℃, adjusting a moisture exhaust fan to a high speed after the temperature of the dry pellets rises to 48-41 ℃, and baking for 28-40 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom table are completely yellow;
G. a color fixing stage: after the yellowing stage is finished, adjusting the dry bulb temperature to 43 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature to 36-37 ℃ in the initial color fixing stage, accelerating moisture discharge, and baking for 20-24 h at a stable temperature until two tobacco leaves become yellow and branch veins become white to 5; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 46-48 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-5 h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets unchanged, and baking the dry pellets for 25-35 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are wound into large rolls to finish color fixing;
H. and (3) a tendon drying stage: and (4) continuously baking for 32-40 h according to the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the humidity removing fan wind speed in the stem drying stage of the conventional tobacco leaf baking process until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the full baking room is dried.
And F, adjusting the humidity-discharging fan at the later yellowing stage to a high speed, so that the wind speed between the tobacco leaves in the curing barn reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.2-0.3 m/s in a low wind speed layer.
And G, accelerating moisture removal at the initial stage of color fixation, so that the wind speed between tobacco leaves in the curing barn reaches 0.35-0.45 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in a low wind speed layer.
The tobacco leaf baking method after the ash hanging prevention and control of the Honghuadajinyuan flue-cured tobacco caused by the corn pollen comprises the steps of harvesting and furnace loading, yellowing, color fixing and tendon drying, and specifically comprises the following steps:
m, harvesting and furnace charging: harvesting middle and upper tobacco leaves of the ripe safflower Honghuadajinyuan tobacco plants after the flue-cured tobacco ash-hanging prevention and control method caused by the corn pollen, and loading the tobacco leaves into an airflow descending type bulk curing barn;
n, yellowing stage: opening the furnace and heating, wherein in the early yellowing stage, the temperature of the dry pellets is increased from room temperature to 36-38 ℃ at the heating rate of 1-2 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet pellets is increased from room temperature to 36-37 ℃, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 36-50 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform become yellow by 5-6 hours and half of main ribs of the leaves become soft; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 42-43 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-4 h, adjusting the temperature of the wet pellets to 37-38 ℃, adjusting a moisture exhaust fan to a high speed after the temperature of the dry pellets rises to 42-43 ℃, and baking for 28-40 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom table are completely yellow;
p, color fixing stage: after the yellowing stage is finished, adjusting the dry bulb temperature to 45 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature to 36-37 ℃ in the initial color fixing stage, accelerating moisture discharge, and baking for 25-30 h at a stable temperature until the branch veins of two tobacco leaves become white to 6-7 percent; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 46-48 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-5 h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets unchanged, and baking the dry pellets for 25-30 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are wound into large rolls to finish color fixing;
q, a tendon drying stage: and (4) continuously baking for 35-45 hours according to the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the humidity removing fan wind speed in the stem drying stage of the conventional tobacco leaf baking process until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the full baking room is dried.
And in the N step, the moisture removing fan at the later yellowing stage is adjusted to a high speed, so that the wind speed between the tobacco leaves in the curing barn reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.2-0.3 m/s in a low wind speed layer.
And in the step P, the moisture removal is accelerated at the initial stage of color fixation, so that the wind speed between tobacco leaves in the curing barn reaches 0.35-0.45 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in a low wind speed layer.
And in the N step, if the moisture of the collected tobacco leaves exceeds 92%, the wet bulb temperature at the early yellowing stage is reduced by 1-2 ℃.
Example 1 (different reagents)
The test is carried out in a test base of research and town in Hongta district of Yuxi city, the flue-cured tobacco variety is K326, 0.2 percent of carbendazim is set, and 17 mmol.L-1Mixing cellulose: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: 2, preparing a complex enzyme aqueous solution protective agent by using sterile water in a mass ratio, and spraying the complex enzyme aqueous solution protective agent before 10:00 in the morning of sunny day by using the sterile water as a contrast. Spraying a protective agent on the middle and upper leaves of 50 tobacco plants which are not allergic to each solution to prevent pollen allergic injury, and investigating 3 leaves (2 nd to 4 th leaves) of each solution. And (3) identifying pollen allergy damage symptoms of the tobacco leaves after spraying for 7-8 d, wherein the identification is carried out on the tobacco leaves at a level of 0: the whole leaf is disease-free; level 1: non-green particles appear on the upper leaves, and the spots occupy the area of the tobacco leaves<35 percent; and 2, stage: the upper part of the tobacco plant presents non-green particles, the area of the patch is more than or equal to 35 percent of the tobacco leaf area<70 percent; and 3, level: large-area non-green particles appear at the upper parts of tobacco plants, and plaques account for more than or equal to 70% of the area of tobacco leaves and are rotten; then, the tobacco leaves are baked according to the parameter intermediate value of the baking process provided by the invention, the average price of the baked tobacco leaves is tested, and the test result is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 control of maize pollen and average effect after roasting by different reagents
Table 1 the results are shown: the tobacco leaves sprayed with the sterile water as a reference have serious anaphylactic injury phenomena, the ash hanging degree of the tobacco leaves after baking is highest, and the average price is lowest; the tobacco plant sprayed with the reagent has the advantages that the allergic damage degree of the corn pollen is greatly reduced, the ash hanging degree of the tobacco leaves after baking is also relieved, and the average price is increased along with the reduction of the allergic damage degree of the corn pollen. Compared with the compound enzyme protective agent, the 0.2% carbendazim has low prevention and treatment effect on the corn pollen allergic injury, the ash hanging degree of the baked tobacco leaves is higher, the average price is lower, and toxic residues can be generated on the tobacco leaves after the carbendazim is sprayed, so that the quality of the tobacco leaves is not facilitated. Mixing cellulose: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: 2, the control effect of the compound enzyme aqueous solution protective agent prepared by the mass ratio is best, the ash hanging degree of the baked tobacco leaves is minimum, and the average price is also highest.
And (4) conclusion: mixing cellulose: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: the compound enzyme aqueous solution protective agent prepared by the mass ratio of 2 has better effect of preventing and treating the corn pollen allergy injury than 0.2 percent of carbendazim, and the baked tobacco leaves have the highest average price.
Example 2 (different concentrations)
The test is carried out in the test base of the research and town in the Hongta district of Yuxi city, the flue-cured tobacco variety is K326, and the settings are 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 mmol.L-1In total, 5 concentrations of protective agents were expressed as cellulase: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: 2, preparing a complex enzyme aqueous solution protective agent (0 concentration is pure sterile water) by using sterile water according to the mass ratio, and spraying before 10:00 am on the same day. Spraying a protective agent on the middle and upper leaves of 50 tobacco plants which are not allergic to pollen at each concentration for preventing the pollen allergic injury, and investigating 3 leaves (2 nd to 4 th leaves) of each tobacco plant. And (4) identifying pollen allergy damage symptoms of the tobacco leaves after spraying for 7-8 days, and selecting the corn pollen allergy damage level 1/2/3 for marking. The tobacco leaves are roasted according to the intermediate value of the parameters of the roasting process provided by the invention, the average price of the roasted tobacco leaves is tested, and the test result is shown in a table 2.
TABLE 2 control of maize pollen by different concentrations of reagents and the average effect after baking
Table 2 the results are shown: the tobacco leaves (with concentration of 0) which are not sprayed with the protective agent have serious allergic injury phenomenon, and the tobacco leaves after being baked have high ash hanging degree and lowest average price. And the tobacco plants sprayed with the protective agent in advance have greatly reduced allergic injury degree and relieved ash hanging degree. As the spraying concentration increases, the preventive effect increases and the average price also increases, but the average price is 20 mmol.L-1The post-control effect is reduced, and the concentration is 25 mmol.L-1With a concentration of 15 mmol.L-1The effect is equivalent. The spraying concentration is 20 mmol.L-1The prevention effect is optimal, the ash hanging degree of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is lowest, and the average price is also highest.
And (4) conclusion: the spraying concentration is 20 mmol.L-1The prevention and treatment effect on the corn pollen allergy injury is most obvious, and the tobacco leaves after baking have the highest average price and are the most suitable spraying concentration.
Example 3 (spray time)
The test is carried out in Shilin county of Kunming, the variety of the flue-cured tobacco is K326, three spraying time periods of 9: 30-10: 00 in the morning, 13: 45-14: 15 in the noon and 18: 00-18: 30 in the evening are set, and cellulase: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: 2 mass ratio is prepared into 20 mmol.L with sterile water-1The compound enzyme aqueous solution protective agent is sprayed, 50 tobacco plants which are not allergic damage are treated in each time period, the protective agent is sprayed on the leaves at the middle upper parts of the tobacco plants to prevent pollen allergic damage, and 3 leaves (2 nd to 4 th leaves) are investigated by each plant. And (4) identifying pollen allergy damage symptoms of the tobacco leaves after spraying for 7-8 days, and selecting the corn pollen allergy damage level 1/2/3 for marking. The tobacco leaves are roasted according to the intermediate value of the parameters of the roasting process provided by the invention, the average price of the roasted tobacco leaves is tested, and the test result is shown in a table 3.
TABLE 3 controlling effect of different spraying time on corn pollen and average price after baking
Table 3 the results are shown: the compound enzyme protective agent is sprayed before 10:00 in the morning to prevent and treat the corn pollen allergic injury most effectively, the ash hanging degree of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is lowest, the average price is highest, then 18:00 in the afternoon, the spraying time with the worst prevention and treatment effect is about 14:00 in the noon, and the average price is also lowest.
And (4) conclusion: the spraying effect is best when the spraying agent is sprayed before 10:00 am in the morning, and the spraying effect is worst when the spraying agent is prevented from being sprayed at about 14:00 am.
Example 4 (K326 baking Process)
The test is carried out in Shilin county, Kunming, the flue-cured tobacco variety is K326, clear weather is selected, and the test is carried out by using cellulase: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: 2 mass ratio is prepared into 20 mmol.L with sterile water-1The compound enzyme aqueous solutionSpraying the protective agent, spraying the protective agent on the middle and upper leaves of 50 tobacco plants which are not allergic to damage to prevent pollen allergic damage, and investigating 3 leaves (2 nd to 4 th leaves) of each tobacco plant. And (4) identifying pollen allergy damage symptoms of the tobacco leaves after spraying for 7-8 days, and selecting the corn pollen allergy damage level 1/2/3 for marking. And then, A, B baking processes are adopted for baking, wherein the process A is the K326 baking process (parameter intermediate value) of the invention, the process B is the K326 conventional baking process (the specific baking process and parameters are executed according to the process CN 201110065145), and the test results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 controlling effect of different roasting processes on maize pollen and average price after roasting (K326)
Table 4 the results are shown: the tobacco leaves treated by the two baking processes are sprayed with the most suitable compound enzyme protective agent, so that good prevention and treatment effects on the corn pollen allergic injury are obtained. Among different processes, the ash hanging degree of the tobacco leaves after the process A is roasted is lower than that of the process B, and the process A is higher than that of the process B in the aspect of average price.
And (4) conclusion: the quality of the tobacco leaves after the process A is baked is higher than that of the tobacco leaves after the process B; the flue-cured tobacco curing process can obviously reduce the quality reduction of tobacco leaves caused by ash hanging after curing, and the average price of the tobacco leaves is the local price in the current year.
Example 5 (Red flower big gold dollar baking process)
The test is carried out in Hongyan town of Ministry of Kiyote, the flue-cured tobacco variety is Honghuadajinyuan, and clear weather is selected and the cellulose: and (3) pectinase: the lysozyme is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 1: 2, preparing a compound enzyme aqueous solution protective agent with the concentration of 20 mmol.L < -1 > by using sterile water in a mass ratio, spraying the protective agent on 50 tobacco leaves which do not generate allergic damage, and performing pollen allergic damage prevention, wherein each tobacco plant investigates 3 leaves (2 nd to 4 th leaves). And (4) identifying pollen allergy damage symptoms of the tobacco leaves after spraying for 7-8 days, and selecting the corn pollen allergy damage level 1/2/3 for marking. C, D are adopted for baking, wherein the process C is the baking process (parameter intermediate value) of the safflower large golden yuan of the invention, the process D is the conventional baking process (specific baking process and parameter reference literature (Shaoxing; flue-cured tobacco baking process research for safflower large golden yuan; farmer friend-making; 06 years 2018) of safflower large golden yuan), and the test results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5 control of maize pollen and average effect after baking (Hongda) by different baking processes
Table 5 the results are shown: the tobacco leaves treated by the two baking processes are sprayed with the most suitable compound enzyme protective agent, so that good prevention and treatment effects on the corn pollen allergic injury are obtained. Among different processes, the ash hanging degree of the tobacco leaves after the C process is baked is lower than that of the D process, so the C process is higher than that of the D process in the aspect of average price.
And (4) conclusion: the quality of the tobacco leaves after the C process is baked is higher than that of the tobacco leaves after the D process; the flue-cured tobacco curing process can obviously reduce the quality reduction of tobacco leaves caused by ash hanging after curing, and the average price of the tobacco leaves is the local price in the current year.
Claims (7)
1. A method for preventing flue-cured tobacco ash hanging caused by corn pollen is characterized by comprising the steps of pollen allergy injury prevention, allergy injury symptom identification and tobacco leaf infection prevention, and specifically comprises the following steps:
A. pollen allergy injury prevention: spraying the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of the tobacco plant adjacent to the corn with the concentration of 17-23 mmol.L before the corn pollen is scattered and the tobacco leaves at the upper part are mature-1The protective agent of (4) for prevention;
B. and (3) identifying the symptoms of the allergic injury: identifying the corn pollen allergic injury symptoms of tobacco plants sprayed for 7-8 days in a preventive manner, wherein the identification is classified into the following grades:
level 0: the whole leaf is disease-free;
level 1: non-green spots appear on the upper leaves, and the area of the spots in the tobacco leaves is less than 35%;
and 2, stage: the upper parts of the tobacco plants present non-green spots, and the area of the patches in the tobacco leaves is more than or equal to 35% and less than 70%;
and 3, level: large-area non-green spots appear on the upper parts of tobacco plants, and the patches occupy more than or equal to 70% of the area of tobacco leaves and are rotten;
C. and (3) infected tobacco leaf prevention and treatment: according to the severity of the pollen allergy injury symptom identification in the step B, spraying the protective agent again on the middle-upper tobacco leaves of the tobacco plants with the identification grades of 1-3 for preventing and treating; 1. the concentration of the spray protective agent for the 2 and 3-grade allergic injury symptoms is 17-19 mmol.L respectively-1、19~21mmol·L-1、20~23mmol·L-1；
And A, C, spraying the protective agent to the middle-upper leaves of the tobacco plants before 10 am without rain until the leaves are uniformly moistened and have no liquid dripping.
2. The method for preventing flue-cured tobacco ash bearing caused by corn pollen according to claim 1, wherein in the step A, a protective agent is sprayed on the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of tobacco plants in 1-5 rows adjacent to corn for prevention.
3. The method for curing tobacco leaves after the K326 variety is applied with the method for preventing flue-cured tobacco from ash hanging caused by corn pollen according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized by comprising the steps of harvesting and furnace loading, yellowing, color fixing and tendon drying, and comprises the following specific steps:
E. harvesting and furnace charging: collecting middle and upper tobacco leaves of a K326 well-cured tobacco plant, and putting the tobacco leaves into an airflow descending type bulk curing barn;
F. and (3) yellowing stage: opening the furnace to heat, and in the early yellowing stage, heating the dry bulb temperature to 30-35 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, heating the wet bulb temperature to 29-34 ℃ from room temperature, and baking at a stable temperature for 16-20 h until the bottom tobacco leaves become yellow by 5-6 and half of main ribs of the leaves become soft; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 38-41 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-4 h, adjusting the temperature of the wet pellets to 35-36 ℃, adjusting a moisture exhaust fan to a high speed after the temperature of the dry pellets rises to 48-41 ℃, and baking for 28-40 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom table are completely yellow;
G. a color fixing stage: after the yellowing stage is finished, adjusting the dry bulb temperature to 43 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature to 36-37 ℃ in the initial color fixing stage, accelerating moisture discharge, and baking for 20-24 h at a stable temperature until two tobacco leaves become yellow and branch veins become white to 5; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 46-48 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-5 h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets unchanged, and baking the dry pellets for 25-35 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are wound into large rolls to finish color fixing;
H. and (3) a tendon drying stage: and (4) continuously baking for 32-40 h according to the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the humidity removing fan wind speed in the stem drying stage of the conventional tobacco leaf baking process until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the full baking room is dried.
4. The baking method according to claim 3, wherein the speed of the moisture removing fan in the later yellowing stage in the step F is adjusted to high speed, so that the wind speed between tobacco leaves in the baking room reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.2-0.3 m/s in a low wind speed layer; and G, accelerating moisture removal at the initial stage of color fixation, so that the wind speed between tobacco leaves in the curing barn reaches 0.35-0.45 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in a low wind speed layer.
5. The method for baking the tobacco leaves after the flue-cured tobacco ash hanging prevention and control method caused by the maize pollen according to claim 1 or 2 is applied to Honghuadajinyuan varieties, which is characterized by comprising the steps of harvesting and furnace loading, yellowing, color fixing and tendon drying, and specifically comprises the following steps:
m, harvesting and furnace charging: collecting the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part of the ripe safflower Honghuadajinyuan tobacco plant, and loading the tobacco leaves into an airflow descending type bulk curing barn;
n, yellowing stage: opening the furnace and heating, wherein in the early yellowing stage, the temperature of the dry pellets is increased from room temperature to 36-38 ℃ at the heating rate of 1-2 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet pellets is increased from room temperature to 36-37 ℃, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 36-50 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform become yellow by 5-6 hours and half of main ribs of the leaves become soft; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 42-43 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-4 h, adjusting the temperature of the wet pellets to 37-38 ℃, adjusting a moisture exhaust fan to a high speed after the temperature of the dry pellets rises to 42-43 ℃, and baking for 28-40 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves on the bottom table are completely yellow;
p, color fixing stage: after the yellowing stage is finished, adjusting the dry bulb temperature to 45 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature to 36-37 ℃ in the initial color fixing stage, accelerating moisture discharge, and baking for 25-30 h at a stable temperature until the branch veins of two tobacco leaves become white to 6-7 percent; then raising the temperature of the dry pellets to 46-48 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/3-5 h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets unchanged, and baking the dry pellets for 25-30 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are wound into large rolls to finish color fixing;
q, a tendon drying stage: and (4) continuously baking for 35-45 hours according to the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the humidity removing fan wind speed in the stem drying stage of the conventional tobacco leaf baking process until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the full baking room is dried.
6. The baking method according to claim 5, wherein the speed of the moisture removing fan in the later yellowing stage in the N step is adjusted to high speed, so that the wind speed between tobacco leaves in the baking room reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.2-0.3 m/s in a low wind speed layer; and in the step P, the moisture removal is accelerated at the initial stage of color fixation, so that the wind speed between tobacco leaves in the curing barn reaches 0.35-0.45 m/s in a high wind speed layer, reaches 0.3-0.4 m/s in an intermediate wind speed layer, and reaches 0.25-0.35 m/s in a low wind speed layer.
7. The curing method according to claim 5, wherein in the N step, if the moisture of the harvested tobacco leaves exceeds 92%, the wet bulb temperature at the early yellowing stage is reduced by 1-2 ℃.
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| US10813383B2 (en) * | 2016-12-12 | 2020-10-27 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Dehydration of tobacco and tobacco-derived materials |
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