CN111955305B - Clean production method of sugar cane in sloping field - Google Patents
Clean production method of sugar cane in sloping field Download PDFInfo
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- CN111955305B CN111955305B CN202010856838.6A CN202010856838A CN111955305B CN 111955305 B CN111955305 B CN 111955305B CN 202010856838 A CN202010856838 A CN 202010856838A CN 111955305 B CN111955305 B CN 111955305B
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil improvement, and particularly relates to a clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields, which comprises the following preparation steps: 1) firstly measuring N, P and organic matter content in the sugar cane planting sloping field soil; 2) selecting a corresponding formula according to different soil properties, and determining a comprehensive index value of nitrogen and phosphorus loss risks; 3) calculating according to N, P of the sugar cane planting slope land and the content of organic matters according to the formula to obtain a Pi value; 4) and (4) carrying out nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk evaluation on the Pi value of the sugar cane planted in the sloping field, and then selecting interplanted crops. According to the clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields, leguminous crops are planted in the sloping fields, and the planting row angle is selected according to the slope orientation, so that the productivity problem of the sloping fields can be effectively solved, the loss of slope soil and soil nutrients is reduced, the high yield of the crops is realized, the water and soil are maintained, and the farmland runoff is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil improvement, and particularly relates to a clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields.
Background
Sugarcane is one of the important economic crops in China, about 70% -80% of sugar all over the world is produced from sugarcane, is widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions and is mainly concentrated in Asia and America, wherein Brazil, India, China and Thailand are four major sugarcane planting countries. China is in the northern hemisphere, sugarcane is distributed in the southern area from the southern island of the sea, the northern area to 33 degrees of northern latitude in Shaanxi, and the ground spans the latitudes of 15 degrees; the Yaluzan Bujiang in the east of Taiwan and the southeast of Tibet, west, spans over 30 degrees of longitude, has wide distribution range, and is rare in other countries. The main sugarcane producing areas in China are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas which are more than 24 degrees north latitude and comprise 12 provinces and autonomous areas in south, such as Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hainan and the like, and the healthy continuous development of the sugarcane industry plays an important role in guaranteeing the safety of sugar supply in the world. Under the same precipitation condition, on one hand, the height drop is formed due to the matching of intercropping planting mode crops, when raindrops splash on the long-stalk plants, primary buffering is formed, when the raindrops splash on the short-stalk plants again, secondary buffering is formed, single-cropping only has primary buffering and is single in spatial distribution, and the raindrops directly or with larger kinetic energy impact the ground surface, so that the intercropping can increase the roughness of the ground surface to a great extent, effectively prevent the direct impact of the rainwater on the ground surface, further weaken the kinetic energy of the raindrops, increase the moisture content permeating into the soil body, delay the runoff formation time and reduce the runoff production times; on the other hand, the intercropping planting mode forms underground complicated root-shaped distribution, and the soil-fixing and water-retaining capacity is stronger.
The sugarcane belongs to four-carbon crops, has the characteristics of strong stress resistance and high photosynthesis rate, converts solar energy into fiber and sugar, is also a crop with large nutrient and water demand, is closely related to the yield and quality of main nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and is an important factor for forming the sugarcane yield. The sugarcane is planted in the sloping field, because the sloping field is thin in soil layer and is poor in fertility, the fertilizing amount of the sugarcane is often too high, the structure is unbalanced, the planting row spacing of the sugarcane is wide (100 + 120cm), 4-6 months are needed from seeding to closing, and even if a perennial root needs 3-4 months, the sugarcane is exposed in the period, surface runoff is easily generated in case of strong rainfall, so that water and soil loss is caused, and in addition, the rainy season in the main sugarcane planting area in the south is long, the rainfall is large, so that the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the soil in the sugarcane planting area in the sloping field is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems and provides a clean production method of sugar cane on sloping fields, which effectively solves the prominent problems of productivity of the sloping fields and non-point source pollution of the farmlands.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields comprises the steps of deep ploughing and soil preparation, sowing, weeding, mulching film mulching, interplanting crop selection, interplanting crop planting, interplanting crop mowing and returning to fields, field management, harvesting and the like, wherein the interplanting crop selection comprises the following steps:
1) firstly measuring N, P and organic matter content in the sugar cane planting sloping field soil;
2) determining a comprehensive index value of nitrogen and phosphorus loss risks, wherein the calculation formulas of different soils are as follows:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) obtaining a Pi value, wherein the Pi value represents a comprehensive index of nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk of a sugar cane planting slope, the Pi value directly reflects the nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk of soil in the slope, and the higher the Pi value is, the larger the loss risk is;
CNthe content of N in the sugar cane planting sloping field is expressed, the unit is g/kg, and H2SO4 in NY/T53 is used for digestion-half trace Kelvin method determination;
CPthe content of P in the sugar cane planting sloping field is expressed, the unit is g/kg, and sodium hydroxide fusion-molybdenum-antimony colorimetry in GB8937-88 is adopted for determination;
Corganic matterThe content of organic matters in the sugar cane planting sloping field is expressed, the unit is g/kg, and the content is measured by adopting a potassium dichromate external heating volumetric method in NY/T1121.6;
a represents the value of the slope/100 of the sugar cane planting area, the slope unit is DEG, and the slope of the planting area is measured by a slope ruler;
3) according to N, P of the sugar cane planting sloping field and the content of organic matters, calculating according to the corresponding formula to obtain a Pi value;
4) carrying out nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk evaluation on the Pi value of the sugar cane planted in the sloping field, and then selecting interplanted crops, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps:
when Pi is more than or equal to 3.0, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil are in a high level, the gradient is high, the loss risk is high, and in order to achieve the aim of clean production, the catbeans and the soybeans are selected as interplanted crops;
when Pi is more than or equal to 1.5 and less than 3.0, the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss is in a common level, and the catbeans are selected as interplanted crops for cultivated land conservation;
when Pi is less than 1.5, the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss is in a lower level, the interplanting and flow reducing effect is obvious, and soybeans are selected as interplanted crops in order to improve the economic output value.
The mechanical composition of the soil is measured by a specific gravity method in NYT 1121.3-2006, clay, loam and sandy soil are classified according to a Kaqing Si soil texture classification table (table 2), and different calculation formulas are selected according to the types of the soil texture, and the specific formula is shown in table 2;
TABLE 1 Calqing si-based soil texture grading table
Compared with the north-south row direction, the selection of the east-west row direction increases the accumulation of plant biomass, is beneficial to constructing a good colony canopy structure, enables the interplanting system to receive light in an all-round and three-dimensional manner, promotes the concentration of sugar to cane stems, accumulates more nutrition, improves the yield and reduces the morbidity. In addition, the east-west row planting has the advantages of large light receiving area, strong illumination intensity, high photosynthetic efficiency, good ventilation condition, fast temperature and humidity rise and fall, and better growth of sugar cane. Therefore, before deep ploughing and land preparation, row direction selection is carried out, specifically: the whole east-west line direction is deviated to the southwest by A degrees according to the latitudes of different planting areas by taking the meridian as a reference, wherein when the north latitude is 16-20 degrees, the A degrees are 5.5 degrees, and the main area is the Hainan island; when north latitude is 21-25 degrees, A degree is 8.5 degrees, and main areas are Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Taiwan; when north latitude is 26-30 degrees, A degree is 11.0 degrees, and the main areas are Fujian and Sichuan.
When soybeans are interplanted, the specific planting is as follows: taking soybean varieties, planting sugarcane stalks, covering with a mulching film, planting the soybeans in a planting ditch in a zigzag double-row alternate arrangement mode, performing hole sowing, planting 3 seedlings in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the emergence condition of the soybeans, thinning the seedlings in time when the seedlings are few, and removing weeds in a soybean planting belt when the planting belt is used for weeding.
When interplanted with the catbeans, the specific planting is as follows: selecting a cat bean variety, planting the cat beans in a delta-shaped mode after the large hilling of the initial period of sugar cane topping in a sowing period, performing hole sowing, wherein the plant spacing of the cat beans is 80-100 cm, the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the seedling emergence condition of the cat beans, thinning the seedlings in time when more seedlings are planted, and removing weeds in the cat bean planting zone when the planting zone is used for weeding.
When the catbeans and the soybeans are interplanted at the same time, the specific planting is as follows: the cat beans and the soybeans are alternately planted in the planting furrows, wherein the soybeans in the same planting furrows are planted as follows: taking soybean varieties, planting sugarcane stalks, covering with a mulching film, planting the soybeans in a planting ditch in a zigzag double-row alternate arrangement mode, performing hole sowing, planting 3 seedlings in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the emergence condition of the soybeans, thinning the seedlings in time when the seedlings are more, and removing weeds in a soybean planting belt when the planting belt is used for weeding; wherein the planting of the catbeans in the same planting ditch is as follows: selecting a cat bean variety, planting the cat beans in a delta-shaped mode after the large hilling of the initial period of sugar cane topping in a sowing period, performing hole sowing, wherein the plant spacing of the cat beans is 80-100 cm, the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the seedling emergence condition of the cat beans, thinning the seedlings in time when more seedlings are planted, and removing weeds in the cat bean planting zone when the planting zone is used for weeding.
The invention relates to a method for cutting and returning interplanted soybean crops to field, which specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) harvesting soybeans when the pods are full and seeds are not mature yet and are in a full-grain period to an initial mature period, the seed plumpness is more than 80% of the length of the pods, harvesting for 2-3 times before the sugar cane is subjected to large ridging, reserving soybean plants, and turning over soybean branches and leaves to press in planting ditches and return to the field in situ during the large ridging.
The invention relates to a method for cutting interplanted cat bean crops and returning the interplanted cat bean crops to field, which specifically comprises the following steps: when the stems of the cat beans grow to 80-120 cm high, the stems and leaves of the cat beans are firstly mowed, the mowed stems and leaves cover the ground surface, then the cat beans are mowed once when the stems and leaves grow to 80-120 cm high, the stubble height of each mowed is 30-40 cm, the cat beans are mowed for 2-3 times before the sugar cane is sealed, and branches and leaves cover the planting furrows and are returned to the field in situ.
In the invention:
stizolobium capitatum is an annual, sprawling legume belonging to the genus Trigonella, the family Leguminosae, the academic name Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, which is known as Canavalia gladiata, Stizolobium calthaefolium, Stizolobium lobii, Stizolobium tigrinum, and Stizolobium nipponensis. The cat beans have strong regeneration capacity, fast growth, strong drought resistance, high yield and good fertilizer efficiency, and are green manure suitable for being planted in summer.
Soybean is an annual herb of dicotyledonae, leguminosae and glycine, with a scientific name: glycine max (Linn.) Merr, commonly known as Soybean. Soybean is adopted as one of soybean, soybean pods are physiologically between the full-drum stage and the early maturity, and the grain plumpness is 80-90% of the pod length, which is the type of the harvested soybean. The soybean and the rhizobia have symbiotic relationship, and the rhizobia fixes free nitrogen in the atmosphere to provide a nitrogen source for soybean plants.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields can effectively improve soil fertility and ground surface coverage, delay initial runoff time, promote root development, reduce loss of slope soil and soil nutrients, maintain water and soil while realizing high yield of crops and reduce farmland runoff, so that the outstanding problems of productivity in sloping fields and non-point source pollution of the fields can be effectively solved by adopting a mode of planting leguminous crops in the sloping fields and selecting planting row angles according to the orientation of the slope, and the clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields is provided.
2. According to the invention, the east-west row direction is selected to increase the accumulation of plant biomass, so that a good group canopy structure is favorably constructed, the interplanting system can receive light in an all-dimensional manner, the concentration of sugar to sugarcane stems is promoted, more nutrition is accumulated, the yield is improved, the morbidity is reduced, the light receiving area of the east-west row direction planting is large, the illumination intensity is strong, the photosynthetic efficiency is high, the ventilation condition is good, the temperature and humidity rise and fall are fast, and the growth of sugar sugarcane is better. In addition, according to the planting areas with different latitudes, the row direction of the crops is inclined to the southwest by different angles, so that the illumination and ventilation conditions can be fully utilized, the yield of the sugar cane can be further improved, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matters can be reduced, and the aim of clean production is fulfilled.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of sugarcane and catbean interplanting in the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of sugarcane and soybean interplanting in the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the simultaneous interplanting of sugarcane with kidney beans and soybeans in accordance with the present invention.
The reference numerals in fig. 1 to 3 are:
1. sugar cane; 2. soybean; 3. and (5) the cat beans.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1) And (3) selecting a row direction: 2 mu of soil in Chang Ping county of Chongseiu city on the left is selected for planting, the latitude is N22.20 degrees, the whole east-west walking direction is based on the meridian, and 22.20 degrees are within the range of 21-25 degrees, so that the A degree is selected to be 8.5 degrees, namely the walking direction deviates 8.5 degrees towards the southwest for planting;
2) deep ploughing and land preparation: deeply ploughing and deeply ploughing the soil for 35cm, integrally carrying out east-west row direction, excavating planting ditches with the depth of 20cm by deflecting 8.5 degrees to southwest, carrying out row spacing of 120cm, and applying a base fertilizer to the bottoms of the sugarcane ditches;
3) sowing: selecting newly-planted sugarcane, cutting 70cm of the cut average tip as seeds, cutting the newly-planted sugarcane into double-section buds, soaking 50 g of 50% carbendazim in water for 10 minutes, soaking and sterilizing the seeds, planting 60000 double-section buds per hectare, and covering soil for 5cm after seed arrangement;
4) weeding: after covering soil, adding 750 liters of acetochlor with 1.5 kg of water in each hectare in a sowing range, uniformly spraying the acetochlor on the soil surface in the sowing range, covering a film, and spraying the acetochlor among rows in the same way;
5) and (3) mulching film covering: covering each hectare with a mulching film with the width of 40cm and the weight of 60 kg, flatly pasting the mulching film on the ground and tensioning, compacting and compacting two edges of the mulching film by fine soil, and removing the mulching film when seedlings in the film are evenly spread with 3 true leaves;
6) evaluating the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss and selecting interplanted crops: actually measuring 1.61g/kg of total nitrogen and 0.16g/kg of total phosphorus in soil, measuring the gradient of a planting area by a gradient ruler to be 7 degrees and the content of organic matters to be 35.7g/kg, measuring the content of physical sticky particles to be 55 percent and measuring the content of physical sand particles to be 45 percent, comparing with a table 1, wherein the soil is clay, and the selection calculation formula is as follows:
7) planting interplanted crops: selecting high-yield and disease-resistant pinto bean varieties, planting the pinto beans in a delta-shaped mode after the sowing period is the large hilling of the sugar cane at the initial stage of sugar cane topping, performing hole sowing, wherein the average plant spacing of the pinto beans is 80cm, the average sowing depth is 2cm, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil is performed after sowing, according to the seedling emergence condition of the pinto beans, the number of seedlings is less, the seedlings are timely replanted, and the weeds in the pinto bean planting zones are removed simultaneously when the planting zones weed;
8) cutting and returning the interplanted crops: when the average stem length of the cat beans is 80cm high, the cat beans are firstly mowed, the mowed stems and leaves cover the ground surface, then the cat beans are mowed once when the average stem length is 120cm, the average height of the cat beans is kept 30cm for each time of harvesting, the cat beans are mowed for 2 times before the sugar cane is row-sealed, and the branches and leaves cover the planting furrows and are returned to the field in situ;
9) field management: carrying out large ridging at the initial stage of sugar cane jointing, and sealing a ditch in time for water storage after ridging; 3750 g of the sugarcane field herbicide is added with 1125 liters of water per hectare and sprayed to the space between the rows in a sunny day at evening after the sugarcane is greatly earthed up, and if the sugarcane is sprayed again on the next day when meeting rain, the sugarcane field herbicide is prevented from being sprayed to sugarcane plants; fertilization according to planned per hectare yield and local climate, soil and fertilizer utilization, the recommended per hectare rate of fertilizer application is: 900 kg of urea, 1500 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 600 kg of potassium chloride;
10) harvesting: after the sugarcane is squeezed in the sugar refinery in the middle and last ten days of 11 months, the sugarcane is harvested, old leaves are removed in the first half month of harvesting, the sugarcane heads are protected during harvesting, and the tips of the sugarcane are light yellow and have no mud.
The planting results of the embodiment are converted by mu and hectare and are shown in table 2.
Example 2
1) And (3) selecting a row direction: selecting 2 mu of soil in Xingsheng zone bridge, Roche village of the guest city, wherein the latitude is N23.76 degrees, the whole east-west row direction is based on the meridian line, and the angle of 23.76 degrees is within the range of 21-25 degrees, so that the angle A is 8.5 degrees, namely the row direction deviates 8.5 degrees towards the southwest for sowing and planting;
2) deep ploughing and land preparation: deeply ploughing and deeply ploughing the soil for 35cm, integrally carrying out east-west row direction, excavating planting ditches with the depth of 20cm by deflecting 8.5 degrees to southwest, carrying out row spacing of 120cm, and applying a base fertilizer to the bottoms of the sugarcane ditches;
3) sowing: selecting newly planted sugarcane, cutting 50cm of the cut average tip as seeds, cutting the seeds into double-section buds, soaking 50 g of 50% carbendazim in water for 5 minutes, disinfecting the soaked seeds, planting 63000 double-section buds per hectare, and covering soil for 8cm on average after seed arrangement;
4) weeding: after covering soil, 3 kilograms of atrazine colloidal suspension agent with the mass concentration of 40 percent is added with 750 liters of water in each hectare in a sowing width, the atrazine colloidal suspension agent is uniformly sprayed on a soil surface in the sowing width range, and the atrazine colloidal suspension agent is sprayed between rows in the same way after covering a film;
5) and (3) mulching film covering: covering each hectare with a mulching film with the width of 50cm and the weight of 70 kg, flatly pasting the mulching film on the ground and tensioning, compacting and compacting two edges of the mulching film by fine soil, and removing the mulching film when the seedlings in the film are spread with 4 main leaves on average;
6) evaluating the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss and selecting interplanted crops: the measured total nitrogen is 0.96g/kg, the measured total phosphorus is 0.13g/kg, the measured gradient of a planting area through a gradient ruler is 3 degrees, the measured organic matter content is 12.21g/kg, the measured physical clay grains are 42 percent, the measured physical sand grain content is 58 percent, the soil is loam, and the selected calculation formula is as follows according to a comparison table 1:
calculating to obtain a Pi value of 1.3 and a Pi value of 1.3 less than 1.5, so that soybeans are selected as interplanted crops;
7) planting interplanted crops: selecting a high-yield disease-resistant vegetable soybean variety, planting sugarcane stalks, covering with a mulching film, planting soybeans in a zigzag double-row alternate arrangement in a planting ditch, performing hole sowing, wherein the average plant spacing of the soybeans is 40cm, the average sowing depth is 3cm, 3 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing and planting in time according to the emergence condition of the soybeans, thinning the seedlings in time when the seedlings are more, and removing weeds in a soybean planting belt when the planting belt weeds are removed;
8) cutting and returning the interplanted crops: harvesting soybeans when the pods are full and seeds are not mature yet and are in a full-grain period to an initial mature period, the seed fullness is more than 80% of the length of the pods, harvesting for 3 times before the sugar cane hilling, reserving soybean plants, and turning over soybean branches and leaves to return to the field in situ in a planting ditch during the hilling;
9) field management: carrying out large ridging at the initial stage of sugar cane jointing, and sealing a ditch in time for water storage after ridging; 3750 g of the sugarcane field herbicide is added with 1125 liters of water per hectare and sprayed to the space between the rows in a sunny day at evening after the sugarcane is greatly earthed up, and if the sugarcane is sprayed again on the next day when meeting rain, the sugarcane field herbicide is prevented from being sprayed to sugarcane plants; fertilization according to planned per hectare yield and local climate, soil and fertilizer utilization, the recommended per hectare rate of fertilizer application is: 950 kg of urea, 1200 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 700 kg of potassium chloride;
10) harvesting: after the sugarcane is squeezed in the sugar refinery in the middle and last ten days of 11 months, the sugarcane is harvested, old leaves are removed in the first half month of harvesting, the sugarcane heads are protected during harvesting, and the tips of the sugarcane are light yellow and have no mud.
The planting results of the embodiment are converted by mu and hectare and are shown in table 2.
Example 3
1) And (3) selecting a row direction: selecting 2 mu of soil in Thonayacun of Tooseli county at latitude N22.34 degrees, and seeding and planting at an A degree of 8.5 degrees, namely a row direction deviating to southwest by 8.5 degrees, wherein the A degree is in a range of 21-25 degrees by taking a meridian as a reference;
2) deep ploughing and land preparation: deeply ploughing and deeply ploughing the soil for 35cm, integrally carrying out east-west row direction, excavating planting ditches with the depth of 20cm by deflecting 8.5 degrees to southwest, carrying out row spacing of 120cm, and applying a base fertilizer to the bottoms of the sugarcane ditches;
3) sowing: selecting newly planted sugarcane, cutting 60cm of the cut average tip part as seeds, cutting the seeds into double-section buds, soaking 50 g of 50% carbendazim in water for 8 minutes, disinfecting the soaked seeds, planting 67500 double-section buds per hectare, and covering soil for 6cm on average after seed arrangement;
4) weeding: after covering soil, 3 kilograms of atrazine colloidal suspension agent with the mass concentration of 40 percent is added with 750 liters of water in each hectare in a sowing width, the atrazine colloidal suspension agent is uniformly sprayed on a soil surface in the sowing width range, and the atrazine colloidal suspension agent is sprayed between rows in the same way after covering a film;
5) and (3) mulching film covering: covering each hectare with a mulching film with the width of 45cm and the weight of 65 kg, flatly pasting the mulching film on the ground and tensioning, compacting and compacting two edges of the mulching film by fine soil, and removing the mulching film when 4 true leaves are spread in the seedlings in the film;
6) evaluating the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss and selecting interplanted crops: actually measured total nitrogen is 1.43g/kg, total phosphorus is 0.13g/kg, measured gradient of a planting area through a gradient ruler is 12 degrees, organic matter is 24.31g/kg, physical sticky grains are 10 percent, physical sand grain content is 90 percent, compared with table 1, the soil is sandy soil, and the selected calculation formula is as follows:
calculating to obtain a Pi value of 3.6, 3.6>3.0, so that soybeans and catbeans are selected as interplant crops;
7) planting interplanted crops: the cat beans and the soybeans are alternately planted in the planting furrows, wherein the soybean planting is as follows: taking soybean varieties, planting sugarcane stalks, covering with a mulching film, planting the soybeans in a planting ditch in a zigzag double-row alternate arrangement mode, performing hole sowing, wherein the average plant spacing of the soybeans is 30cm, the average sowing depth is 2cm, 3 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil is performed after sowing, according to the emergence condition of the soybeans, less seedlings need to be replanted in time, more seedlings need to be thinned in time, and weeds in a soybean planting belt are removed simultaneously when the planting belt weeds are removed; wherein the planting of the cat beans is as follows: selecting a cat bean variety, planting the cat beans in a delta-shaped mode after the large hilling of the initial period of sugar cane topping in a sowing period, performing hole sowing, wherein the average plant spacing of the cat beans is 100cm, the average sowing depth is 2cm, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing and planting the cat beans in time according to the seedling emergence condition of the cat beans, thinning the cat beans in time when more seedlings are planted, and removing weeds in a cat bean planting zone when weeding is carried out in the planting zone;
8) cutting and returning the interplanted crops: when soybean pods are full and seeds are not mature yet and are in a full-grain period to an initial mature period, the seed fullness is more than 80% of the length of the soybean pods, the soybean plants are collected for 3 times before sugar cane big hilling, the soybean plants are reserved, and the branches and leaves of the soybeans are turned over and pressed in a planting ditch to return to the field in situ during the big hilling; when the average stem length of the cat beans is 80cm high, the cat beans are firstly mowed, the stem leaves of the mowed cat beans cover the ground surface, then the cat beans are mowed once when the cat beans grow to 120cm, the average height of the stubble left after each time of harvesting is 40cm, the cat beans are mowed for 2 times before the sugar cane is row-sealed, and the branches and leaves cover the planting furrows and return to the field in situ;
9) field management: carrying out large ridging at the initial stage of sugar cane jointing, and sealing a ditch in time for water storage after ridging; 3750 g of the sugarcane field herbicide is added with 1125 liters of water per hectare and sprayed to the space between the rows in a sunny day at evening after the sugarcane is greatly earthed up, and if the sugarcane is sprayed again on the next day when meeting rain, the sugarcane field herbicide is prevented from being sprayed to sugarcane plants; fertilization according to planned per hectare yield and local climate, soil and fertilizer utilization, the recommended per hectare rate of fertilizer application is: 1000 kg of urea, 800 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 750 kg of potassium chloride;
10) harvesting: after the sugarcane is squeezed in the sugar refinery in the middle and last ten days of 11 months, the sugarcane is harvested, old leaves are removed in the first half month of harvesting, the sugarcane heads are protected during harvesting, and the tips of the sugarcane are light yellow and have no mud.
The planting results of the embodiment are converted by mu and hectare and are shown in table 2.
Example 4
2 mu of soil with latitude of N20.26 degrees in Xuwen county and Yizhen province in the Zhanjiang city is selected, the whole row direction is east-west, the meridian line is used as the reference, 20.26 degrees are within the range of 16-20 degrees, and therefore, the A degree is selected to be 5.5 degrees, namely, the row direction is inclined towards the southwest by 5.5 degrees for seeding and planting; actually measuring that total nitrogen is 1.25g/kg, total phosphorus is 0.21g/kg, the gradient of a planting area is 3 degrees and the organic matter is 18.47g/kg through a slope ruler, the gradient of the planting area is 8 degrees through the slope ruler, physical sticky particles are 3.6 percent and the physical sand content is 96 percent, comparing with a table 1, the soil is sandy soil, and the selection calculation formula is as follows:
calculating to obtain a Pi value of 3.08, wherein 3.08 is more than 3.0, so that soybeans and catbeans are selected as interplanted crops;
the remaining steps and parameters were the same as in example 3.
The planting results of the embodiment are converted by mu and hectare and are shown in table 2.
Example 5
2 mu of soil with latitude of N29.60 degrees in Fushun county cattle Buddha town Ningyuan of Sichuan province is selected, the whole east-west row direction is based on the meridian line, 28.42 degrees is within the range of 26-30 degrees, so that the A degree is 11.0 degrees, namely the row direction deviates 11.0 degrees towards the southwest for sowing and planting; the measured total nitrogen is 1.08g/kg, the measured total phosphorus is 0.31g/kg, the measured gradient of a planting area through a gradient ruler is 18 degrees, the measured organic matter content is 20.74g/kg, the measured physical clay grains are 35 percent, the measured physical sand grain content is 62 percent, the soil is loam, and the selected calculation formula is as follows according to a comparison table 1:
the Pi value is 2.36 and 1.5 is more than 2.36 and less than 3.0 through calculation, so the catbeans are selected as interplanted crops;
the remaining steps and parameters were the same as in example 1.
The planting results of the embodiment are converted by mu and hectare and are shown in table 2.
Comparative example 1
The same soil 2 mu as the soil of example 1 was selected, and the same soil as the soil of example 1 except for the soil of steps 6), 7) and 8) was used, and the rest of the soil was the same as the soil of example 1.
The results of this comparative example are shown in Table 2, which are obtained by converting the results into mu and hectare, as compared with example 1.
Comparative example 2
The same soil 2 mu as the soil of example 2 was selected, and the soil was different from the soil of example 2 in steps 6), 7) and 8) and the rest of the soil was the same as the soil of example 2.
The results of this comparative example are shown in Table 2, which are converted into acres and hectare, as compared with example 2.
Comparative example 3
The same soil 2 mu as that of example 3 was selected, and the same soil as that of example 3 except for the steps 6), 7) and 8) was used, and the rest was the same as that of example 3.
The results of this comparative example are shown in Table 2, which are obtained by converting the results into mu and hectare, as compared with example 3.
Comparative example 4
The same soil 2 mu as the soil in example 1 is selected, and the difference from the example is that: the overall east-west row direction is based on the meridian line, the A degree is 5.5 degrees, namely the row direction deviates 5.5 degrees to the southwest for sowing and planting; the remaining steps and parameters were the same as in example 1.
The results of this comparative example are shown in Table 2, which are obtained by converting the results into mu and hectare, as compared with example 1.
Comparative example 5
The same soil 2 mu as the soil in example 1 is selected, and the difference from the example is that: the overall east-west row direction takes the meridian as a reference, the A degree is 11 degrees, namely the row direction deviates 11 degrees to the southwest for sowing and planting; the remaining steps and parameters were the same as in example 1.
The results of this comparative example are shown in Table 2, which are obtained by converting the results into mu and hectare, as compared with example 1.
Comparative example 6
The same piece of soil of 2 mu is selected as the example 2, and the difference from the example 2 is that: the set crop was changed from soybean to peanut, and the rest of the procedure and parameters were the same as in example 2.
The results of this comparative example are shown in Table 2, which are converted into acres and hectare, as compared with example 2.
The parts not mentioned in the above examples and comparative examples were managed according to the conventional art.
The planting results of the above examples and comparative examples are shown in table 2:
table 2 planting results of different examples and comparative examples
Note: kg/hectare/year means the amount of kilograms lost per hectare per year on average; % per hectare per year means the percentage reduction per hectare per year on average.
As shown in Table 2, in comparative example 1, compared with example 1 in which the catbeans were not interplanted, the yield of sugar cane was reduced by 9.21%, the nitrogen loss was increased by 10.78%, and the phosphorus loss was increased by 11.36%; in comparative example 2, compared with the method of not interplanting soybeans in example 2, the yield of sugar cane is reduced by 6.52%, the nitrogen loss is increased by 8.89%, the phosphorus loss is increased by 7.39%, and the yield of fresh pods of soybeans is lost by 2098 kg; in comparative example 3, compared with example 3, the soybean and the cat bean are not interplanted, the yield of the sugar cane is reduced by 16.2%, the nitrogen loss is increased by 13.06%, the phosphorus loss is increased by 16.48%, and the yield of the fresh pod of the soybean is lost by 1120 kg; in comparative example 4, compared with example 1, the angle of changing the row direction to incline towards the southwest is smaller, the yield of sugar cane is reduced by 5.5%, the nitrogen loss is increased by 11.93%, and the phosphorus loss is increased by 11.9%; in comparative example 5, compared with example 1, the angle of the inclination of the row direction to the southwest is changed to be larger, the yield of the sugar cane is reduced by 4.89%, the nitrogen loss is increased by 13.99%, and the phosphorus loss is increased by 18.18%; in comparative example 6, compared with example 2, when the interplanted crop soybean was changed to peanut, the sugar cane yield was reduced by 5.81%, the nitrogen loss was increased by 6.49%, and the phosphorus loss was increased by 5.36%. As can be seen from comparison of the planting result data of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-6, the invention not only does not affect the yield of sugarcane by interplanting the sugarcane with soybean and catpea, but also effectively reduces the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matters by adjusting the southwest deviation angle of the row direction of the sugarcane according to different latitude soils, can fully utilize land resources to achieve the aim of clean production, and in addition, the selection of the interplanted crops is not arbitrary, under certain conditions, the selection of the soybean, the catpea and the combination thereof for interplanting with the sugarcane can increase the yield of the sugarcane, obviously reduce the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matters, reduce the loss of slope soil and soil nutrients, maintain water and soil while realizing high yield of the crops, reduce farmland runoff, effectively solve the prominent problems of productivity of sloping fields and non-point source pollution of the farmland,
the above description is intended to describe in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made within the technical spirit of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The clean production method of sugar cane in sloping fields is characterized by comprising interplanted crop selection and comprises the following specific preparation steps:
1) firstly measuring N, P and organic matter content in the sugar cane planting sloping field soil;
2) determining a comprehensive index value of nitrogen and phosphorus loss risks, wherein the calculation formulas of different soils are as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
pi represents a comprehensive index of nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk of the sloping field;
CN represents the content of N in the sloping field, and the unit is g/kg;
CP represents the content of P in the sloping field, and the unit is g/kg;
c, organic matter represents the content of organic matter in the sloping field, and the unit is g/kg;
a represents the value of the slope of the sugar cane planting area/100, and the slope unit is DEG;
3) according to N, P of the sugar cane planting sloping field and the content of organic matters, calculating according to the corresponding formula to obtain a Pi value;
4) carrying out nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk evaluation on the Pi value of the sugar cane planted in the sloping field, and then selecting interplanted crops, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps:
when Pi is more than or equal to 3.0, selecting the catbeans and the soybeans as interplanted crops;
when Pi is more than or equal to 1.5 and less than 3.0, selecting the catbeans as interplanted crops;
when Pi is less than 1.5, selecting soybean as interplanted crop.
2. The clean production method of sugar cane on sloping fields according to claim 1, characterized in that before sowing the sugar cane, the row direction selection is carried out, specifically: the overall east-west line direction is deviated to the southwest by an angle A degree based on the meridian line according to the latitudes of different planting areas, wherein the angle A is 5.5 degrees when the north latitude is 16-20 degrees; when the north latitude is 21-25 degrees, the A degree is 8.5 degrees; when the north latitude is 26-30 degrees, the A degree is 11.0 degrees.
3. The clean production method of sugar cane on sloping fields according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, when interplanted with soybean, the specific planting is as follows: taking soybean varieties, planting sugarcane stalks, covering with a mulching film, planting the soybeans in a planting ditch in a zigzag double-row alternate arrangement mode, performing hole sowing, planting 3 seedlings in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the emergence condition of the soybeans, thinning the seedlings in time when the seedlings are few, and removing weeds in a soybean planting belt when the planting belt is used for weeding.
4. The clean production method of sugar cane for sloping fields according to claim 1 or 2, wherein when interplanted with the catbeans, the specific planting is as follows: selecting a cat bean variety, planting the cat beans in a delta-shaped mode after the large hilling of the initial period of sugar cane topping in a sowing period, performing hole sowing, wherein the plant spacing of the cat beans is 80-100 cm, the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the seedling emergence condition of the cat beans, thinning the seedlings in time when more seedlings are planted, and removing weeds in the cat bean planting zone when the planting zone is used for weeding.
5. The clean production method of sugar cane for sloping fields according to claim 1 or 2, wherein when the catbeans and the soybeans are interplanted at the same time, the specific planting is as follows: the cat beans and the soybeans are alternately planted in the planting furrows, wherein the soybean planting is as follows: taking soybean varieties, planting sugarcane stalks, covering with a mulching film, planting the soybeans in a planting ditch in a zigzag double-row alternate arrangement mode, performing hole sowing, planting 3 seedlings in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the emergence condition of the soybeans, thinning the seedlings in time when the seedlings are more, and removing weeds in a soybean planting belt when the planting belt is used for weeding; wherein the planting of the cat beans is as follows: selecting a cat bean variety, planting the cat beans in a delta-shaped mode after the large hilling of the initial period of sugar cane topping in a sowing period, performing hole sowing, wherein the plant spacing of the cat beans is 80-100 cm, the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, covering soil after sowing, supplementing the seedlings in time according to the seedling emergence condition of the cat beans, thinning the seedlings in time when more seedlings are planted, and removing weeds in the cat bean planting zone when the planting zone is used for weeding.
6. The clean production method of sugar cane for sloping fields according to claim 3, characterized in that: cutting and returning the interplanted soybean crops to the field specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) harvesting soybeans when the pods are full and seeds are not mature yet and are in a full-grain period to an initial mature period, the seed plumpness is more than 80% of the length of the pods, harvesting for 2-3 times before the sugar cane is subjected to large ridging, reserving soybean plants, and turning over soybean branches and leaves to press in planting ditches and return to the field in situ during the large ridging.
7. The clean production method of sugar cane for sloping fields according to claim 4, characterized in that: cutting and returning the interplanted cat bean crops to the field specifically as follows: when the stems of the cat beans grow to 80-120 cm high, the stems and leaves of the cat beans are firstly mowed, the mowed stems and leaves cover the ground surface, then the cat beans are mowed once when the stems and leaves grow to 80-120 cm high, the stubble height of each mowed is 30-40 cm, the cat beans are mowed for 2-3 times before the sugar cane is sealed, and branches and leaves cover the planting furrows and are returned to the field in situ.
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