CN111909986B - 一种基因治疗安全评估与毒副作用预防的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种基因治疗安全评估与毒副作用预防的方法,本发明在评估整合型载体介导基因治疗安全性时所采取的技术方案是利用Splinkerette‑PCR和illumina高通量测序定位整合型基因治疗载体在靶细胞中的插入位点从而判断有无原癌基因被激活。本发明能够评估基因治疗的安全性,另一方面提供了一种利用预设的可诱导性自杀基因清除癌变靶细胞的技术在相关安全风险存在时用于规避毒副作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种基因治疗安全评估与毒副作用预防的方法,属于基因检测领域。
背景技术
基因治疗是从DNA水平治疗人类疾病的治疗手段,具体地是将人的正常基因或有治疗作用的基因通过特定的基因治疗载体转移导入人体靶细胞以纠正基因的缺陷或者发挥治疗作用,从而达到治疗疾病的目的。
根据是否介导治疗基因整合入人体靶细胞基因组,基因治疗载体可分为整合型载体和非整合型载体。其中,整合型载体具体包括:逆转录病毒、慢病毒、PhiC31整合酶,Sleeping Beauty和piggyBac转座子。现有的整合型基因治疗载体大多介导治疗基因随机插入基因组,故存在诱导随机插入突变、引发细胞癌变的风险。从2002年开始,法国巴黎的研究人员陆续地报告了患者在运用逆转录病毒载体治疗重症联合免疫缺陷(SCID)后患上白血病样疾病的病例。当逆转录病毒载体不恰当地插入了基因组中与淋巴细胞增殖相关的原癌基因附近时,会激活原癌基因,导致淋巴细胞异常扩增(Hacein-Bey-Abina等,2003,Science 302:415-419;Hacein-Bey-Abina等,2008,J.Clin.Invest.118:3132-3142)。其他整合型基因治疗载体也同样存在插入突变诱导癌变的安全风险(Cavazzana-Calvo等,2010,Nature 467:318-322)。
迄今为止,在基因治疗领域仍缺乏一种可用于系统地评估整合型载体安全性并规避潜在风险毒副作用的方法。
发明内容
为了有效地评估整合型载体基因治疗的安全性并预防潜在毒副作用,本发明提供了一种利用高通量插入突变定位技术评估整合型载体介导基因治疗安全性,以及在相关安全风险存在时利用预设的可诱导性自杀基因规避毒副作用的方法。
本发明采用了如下技术方案:
本发明在评估整合型载体介导基因治疗安全性时所采取的技术方案是利用Splinkerette-PCR和illumina高通量测序定位整合型基因治疗载体在靶细胞中的插入位点从而判断有无原癌基因被激活,具体的步骤是:
1)提取携带整合型基因治疗载体的靶细胞的基因组,酶切获得DNA片段并在两端连接加上Splinkerette接头寡核苷酸,多聚酶链式反应(PCR)扩增整合型载体插入位点旁基因组序列,随后通过巢式PCR进一步扩增插入位点旁的基因组序列并在引物中加入illumina接头序列。
2)illumina高通量测序获得整合型载体随机插入位点旁的基因组序列信息,定位整合型基因治疗载体在靶细胞中的插入位点,判断有无插入位点位于原癌基因附近并激活原癌基因的可能。
本发明在相关安全风险存在时规避毒副作用所采取的技术方案是利用预设的可诱导型自杀基因iCaspase9清除癌变的靶细胞,具体的步骤是:
1)将iCaspase9基因与治疗基因串联在同一DNA分子内并通过2A肽连接,装入整合型基因治疗载体内,从而使得转录得到的单一信使RNA可以同时过表达iCaspase9基因与治疗基因。
2)在相关安全风险存在时为规避毒副作用,体内注射AP1903药物激活自杀基因,清除癌变的靶细胞。
进一步,本发明的规避基因治疗毒副作用的预防方法:
步骤一中,包括步骤1-1:使用引物EcoiCasF,序列见SEQ ID No:1和2AiCasR,序列见SEQ ID No:2,以pMSCV-F-del Casp9.IRES.GFP质粒为模板,PCR扩增可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9编码基因;使用引物2AlucF,序列见SEQ ID No:12和EcolucR,序列见SEQ ID No:13,以pGL3-Basic质粒为模板,PCR扩增荧光素酶Luc编码基因;使用引物EcoiCasF序列见SEQ ID No:1,和EcolucR序列见SEQ ID No:13,以iCaspase9和luciferase片段为模板,重叠延伸PCR扩增获得iCaspase-2A-Luc编码基因;然后,酶切装入pCAG-EGFP质粒的两个EcoRI位点间。
进一步,本发明的规避基因治疗毒副作用的预防方法:
步骤一中,还包括步骤1-2:鸡β-肌动蛋白复合启动子CAG、iCaspase-2A-luc编码序列和兔β-球蛋白polyA由SalI和HindIII酶切,末端补平后,装入缺陷piggyBac转座子中的PmeI位点内。
发明的有益效果
本发明一方面提供了一种基于illumina高通量测序的插入突变定位技术用于评估整合型载体介导基因治疗的安全性,另一方面提供了一种利用预设的可诱导性自杀基因清除癌变靶细胞的技术在相关安全风险存在时用于规避毒副作用。
附图说明
图1A为本发明整合型piggyBac转座子基因治疗载体构建的示意图;
图1B为利用Splinkerette-PCR和illumina高通量测序定位整合型piggyBac转座子载体在靶细胞中插入位点的流程;
图2A为携带可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9的整合型piggyBac转座子构建的示意图。
图2B是同时携带可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和荧光素酶基因的piggyBac转座子与piggyBac转座酶被同时通过液压尾静脉注射导入小鼠体内的实验结果。
具体实施方式
以下piggyBac转座子系统是现有在哺乳动物细胞中效率最高的非病毒整合型载体。piggyBac转座子早先于粉斑夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)的基因组中被发现,大小为2472bp,两端包含反向末端重复序列(ITR),中间包含编码594个氨基酸的转座酶。piggyBac转座子类属于DNA转座子,通过剪切和粘贴机制可以由位于外源DNA或内源基因组的起始位点切离,并随机插入基因组中的另一位点。piggyBac转座子插入靶位点的序列为四核苷酸的TTAA。piggyBac转座子在切离TTAA时一般不会改变原位点及原位点的附近序列,即所谓无痕转座(Cary等,1989,Virology172:156-169;Fraser等,1995,Virology 211:397-407;Fraser等,1996,Insect Molecular Biology 5:141-151)。2005年,复旦大学研究人员发现,piggyBac转座子能在体外培养哺乳动物细胞及小鼠基因组中高效转座(Ding等,2005,Cell 122:473-483)。本发明以piggyBac为例具体说明基因治疗安全评估与毒副作用预防的方法,相关方法同样适用于其他整合型载体包括:逆转录病毒、慢病毒、PhiC31整合酶和Sleeping Beauty转座子。
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐明创造和应用本发明的关键步骤。
1.高通量插入突变定位。
本发明利用高通量插入突变定位技术评估整合型载体介导基因治疗安全性的一个实施例中,高通量插入突变定位技术被用于评估piggyBac转座子的安全性,此piggyBac转座子可同时介导可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和治疗基因凝血因子VIII的表达。
在制备本实施例中携带可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和治疗基因凝血因子VIII的缺陷piggyBac转座子的过程中,所涉及的质粒抽提,质粒转化,大肠杆菌培养,PCR,酶切,Klenow酶末端补平,连接为本领域人员所熟知的实验。常规实验条件可参照M.R.格林和J.萨姆布鲁克编著的《分子克隆实验指南》第四版。
携带可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和治疗基因人凝血因子hFVIII的缺陷piggyBac转座子的具体建立步骤是:抗药筛选标记Blast编码基因由pLKO.1-Blast质粒(购自Addgene)酶切获得,装入pcDNA3质粒(购自Addgene)的StuI和BstBI位点间。随后,抗药筛选标记Blast基因表达盒再通过酶切装入缺陷piggyBac转座子中的NheI位点内,获得PB[Blast]质粒。
使用引物EcoiCasF(SEQ ID No:1)和2AiCasR(SEQ ID No:2),以pMSCV-F-delCasp9.IRES.GFP质粒(购自Addgene)为模板,PCR扩增可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9编码基因;使用引物2AVIIIF(SEQ ID No:3)和EcoVIIIR(SEQ ID No:4),以pCDNA4/BDD-FVIII质粒(购自Addgene)为模板,PCR扩增人凝血因子VIII编码基因。使用引物EcoiCasF(SEQ IDNo:1)和EcoVIIIR(SEQ ID No:4),以iCaspase9和hVIII片段为模板,重叠延伸PCR扩增获得iCaspase-2A-hFVIII编码基因。随后,酶切装入pCAG-EGFP质粒(购自Addgene)的两个EcoRI位点间。
鸡β-肌动蛋白复合启动子CAG、iCaspase-2A-hFVIII编码序列和兔β-球蛋白polyA由SalI和HindIII酶切,末端补平后,装入PB[Blast]质粒中的PmeI位点内。
最终获得的用于同时表达可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和治疗基因凝血因子VIII的piggyBac转座子PB[iCaspase9-2A-hFVIII]如图1A所示。
在应用高通量插入突变定位技术被用于评估piggyBac转座子的安全性的一个具体实施例中,PB[iCaspase9-2A-hFVIII]转座子整合入HEK293细胞基因组中,并进行安全性评估。
HEK293细胞单层贴壁培养于培养皿上,培养基的成分为:DMEM(购自Gibco),10%FBS胎牛血清(购自Gibco)。培养箱条件设定为37oC,5%CO2,90-95%湿度。
将PB[iCaspase9-2A-hFVIII]转座子的核酸和编码piggyBac转座酶的核酸各1ug与10uL Lipofectamine 2000脂质体(购自Invitrogen)混合于500uL Opti-MEM培养基中。随后,滴加至单层贴壁培养HEK293细胞并含2mL培养基的6孔板内,并在培养基中加入1μg/ml Blasticidine(购自Invitrogen),药物筛选两周,得到携带转座子的HEK293细胞。
如图2A所示,2ug靶细胞基因组DNA在30uL反应体系中经Sau3AI酶酶切后,在DNA片段两端同时加上Splinkerette接头,具体步骤为:将SpLink1(SEQ ID No:5)和SpLink2(SEQID No:6)寡核苷酸分别溶解于5X 2号NEB缓冲液中至50uM,1:1混合SpLink1和SpLink2接头引物溶液至每个引物终浓度25uM,混合液-20度冻存。在冰上溶解接头引物混合物,每300ug酶切后的基因组产物使用1uL的接头混合物。在PCR仪上,接头引物先于95度5min变性,然后以每15秒降低1度的速度,退火至室温,形成双链接头。最后在40uL反应体系中,用T4连接酶将接头连接至经Sau3AI酶切的基因组DNA片段上。
连有Splinkerette接头的基因组DNA文库经piggyBac转座子臂特异引物(左臂:PBLlink1,SEQ ID No:7)和接头特异引物(LinkAmp1,SEQ ID No:8)进行第一轮PCR扩增。扩增后得到的产物再经带有illumina接头序列的piggyBac转座子臂特异引物(左臂:iPBLlink2,SEQ ID No:9)和接头特异引物(iLinkAmp,SEQ ID No:10)进行第二轮巢氏PCR扩增。巢氏PCR扩增产物经定量后被用于illumina高通量测序,illumina高通测序具体上机步骤按照illumina上机使用说明书,其中测序引物使用PBLSEQ(SEQ ID No:11)自定义引物。测序得到的插入位点周旁基因组序列与基因组公开数据库中的序列进行比对,从而确定转座子的插入位点,并判断有无插入位点位于原癌基因附近并激活原癌基因的可能。
2.可诱导性自杀基因清除靶细胞。
本发明在相关安全风险存在时规避毒副作用的一个实施例中,可诱导型自杀基因iCaspase9被用于清除基因组中整合有携带荧光素酶(luciferase)基因的piggyBac转座子的靶细胞。
在制备本实施例中携带可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和荧光素酶基因luciferase的缺陷piggyBac转座子的过程中,所涉及的质粒抽提,质粒转化,大肠杆菌培养,PCR,酶切,Klenow酶末端补平,连接为本领域人员所熟知的实验。常规实验条件可参照M.R.格林和J.萨姆布鲁克编著的《分子克隆实验指南》第四版。
使用引物EcoiCasF(SEQ ID No:1)和2AiCasR(SEQ ID No:2),以pMSCV-F-delCasp9.IRES.GFP质粒(购自Addgene)为模板,PCR扩增可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9编码基因;使用引物2AlucF(SEQ ID No:12)和EcolucR(SEQ ID No:13),以pGL3-Basic质粒(购自Promega)为模板,PCR扩增荧光素酶Luc编码基因。使用引物EcoiCasF(SEQ ID No:1)和EcolucR(SEQ ID No:13),以iCaspase9和luciferase片段为模板,重叠延伸PCR扩增获得iCaspase-2A-Luc编码基因。随后,酶切装入pCAG-EGFP质粒(购自Addgene)的两个EcoRI位点间。
鸡β-肌动蛋白复合启动子CAG、iCaspase-2A-luc编码序列和兔β-球蛋白polyA由SalI和HindIII酶切,末端补平后,装入缺陷piggyBac转座子中的PmeI位点内。
最终获得的用于同时表达可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和荧光素酶基因luciferase的piggyBac转座子PB[iCaspase9-2A-Luc]如图2A所示。
在应用PB[iCaspase9-2A-Luc]转座子在体导入外源基因并诱导清除携带piggyBac转座子的靶细胞的一个具体实施例中,AP1903药物被注射入小鼠体内激活iCaspase9自杀基因清除小鼠肝脏中携带piggyBac转座子的靶细胞。
使用Qiagen去内毒素质粒大提试剂盒(Qiagen,货号:12362)制备PB[iCaspase9-2A-Luc]转座子的核酸和编码piggyBac转座酶的核酸。用乳酸林格氏液稀释DNA至10ug/mL。将小鼠尾巴至于50度水浴30秒中,使小鼠尾静脉扩张,便于识别。使用小鼠固定器固定小鼠,适用27G针头在4-7秒将10%(vol/wt,体积/质量)的乳酸林格氏液DNA混合液经尾静脉注射入小鼠体内。以体重为20克的小鼠为例,乳酸林格氏液DNA混合液注射量为2mL。小鼠恢复后,置回于饲养笼中饲养。1个月后,在测试组的小鼠体内腹腔注射50ug AP1903药物(5mg/mL),在对照组的小鼠体内腹腔注射同体积的PBS缓冲液。8天后,在测试组和对照组小鼠体内腹腔注射150mg/kg的荧光素酶底物荧光素luciferin,并在Xenogen IVIS Spectrum小动物活体成像仪上观察荧光信号。
结果如图2B所示,同时携带可诱导性自杀基因iCaspase9和荧光素酶基因的piggyBac转座子与piggyBac转座酶被同时通过液压尾静脉注射导入小鼠体内,荧光素酶稳定在肝脏靶细胞中表达。当向上述小鼠体内注射AP1903药物后,iCaspase9自杀基因被激活,小鼠肝脏中携带piggyBac转座子的靶细胞被清除。
在本发明的另一些实施例中,评估整合型载体基因治疗安全的方法中的整合型载体可以是逆转录病毒、慢病毒、PhiC31整合酶,Sleeping Beauty转座子。
在本发明的另一些实施例中,携带诱导型自杀基因的转座子系统可以通过磷酸钙转染、聚乙二醇-聚乙烯亚胺共聚物转染、或电穿孔转染导入体外培养的动物细胞。
在本发明的另一些实施例中,携带诱导型自杀基因的转座子系统可以被装入病毒载体。这里所述的病毒载体包括但不限于腺病毒、腺相关病毒,反转录病毒,慢病毒和单纯疱疹病毒。随后,对携带转座子系统的病毒进行包装,并感染导入靶细胞或哺乳动物体内。
在本发明的另一些实施例中,携带诱导型自杀基因的转座子系统可以通过纳米颗粒导入哺乳动物体内。
在本发明的另一些实施方式中,携带诱导型自杀基因的转座子系统可以通过上呼吸道,肌肉注射,静脉注射导入哺乳动物体内。
在本发明的另一些实施方式中,携带诱导型自杀基因的转座子系统可以先行导入离体的成纤维细胞、血液细胞(包括:造血干细胞或各祖细胞)、间质干细胞、诱导多能干细胞,随后将细胞植入哺乳动物体内。
在本发明的另一些实施方式中,携带诱导型自杀基因的转座子系统同时携带的治疗基因可以包括但不限于腺苷脱氨酶,凝血因子VIII和IX,β-球蛋白,血红蛋白,抗肌萎缩蛋白,α-抗胰蛋白酶,低密度蛋白受体,囊性纤维化跨膜通道调节因子,嵌合抗原受体。
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Claims (2)
1.一种非诊断目的的基因治疗安全评估的方法,其特征在于,包括:步骤一:提取携带整合型基因治疗载体的靶细胞的基因组,酶切获得DNA片段并在两端连接加上Splinkerette接头寡核苷酸,多聚酶链式反应扩增整合型载体插入位点旁基因组序列,随后通过巢式PCR进一步扩增插入位点旁的基因组序列并在引物中加入illumina接头序列;步骤二:illumina高通量测序获得整合型载体随机插入位点旁的基因组序列信息,定位整合型基因治疗载体在靶细胞中的插入位点,判断有无插入位点位于原癌基因附近并激活原癌基因的可能。
2.如权利要求1所述的非诊断目的的基因治疗安全评估的方法,其特征在于:
步骤一中,酶切使用Sau3AI酶。
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