CN111848158B - 湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法 - Google Patents

湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法 Download PDF

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CN111848158B
CN111848158B CN202010558597.7A CN202010558597A CN111848158B CN 111848158 B CN111848158 B CN 111848158B CN 202010558597 A CN202010558597 A CN 202010558597A CN 111848158 B CN111848158 B CN 111848158B
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潘光慎
魏春城
王鹏
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Abstract

本发明提供一种湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,其特征在于采用以下步骤:1)采用湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:先将固化剂和增塑剂加入有机溶剂中搅拌溶解,再分别加入纤维独石前驱体胞体和胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料,形成两种不同组分的喷丝料浆,倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,通过共挤出喷丝头喷入凝胶槽中,凝固成型,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体;2)温压成型;3)真空脱脂;4)热压烧结;5)高温氧化,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷。本发明所得的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,微观结构达到精确控制,孔壁完全致密,厚度均匀,具有较高强度和韧性,孔壁厚度可达250µm,孔径可达到微米级。

Description

湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法
技术领域
本发明提供一种湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,属于多孔陶瓷的制备技术领域。
背景技术
多孔陶瓷具有体积密度小、孔隙率较高、比表面积大、对液体和气体介质有选择透过性、能量吸收或阻尼特性等特点, 尤其是直通孔多孔陶瓷,其内部平行贯通的蜂窝状孔道结构,有利于反应物的进入和生成物排出,其几何表面大,流体在其中流量分布均匀,因而被广泛应用于气体液体过滤、净化分离等多方面。传统制备直通孔多孔陶瓷的方法是泥料挤出成型,即干纺法成型,生坯经过陈腐、真空练泥使其具有一定可塑性,在挤出机的螺杆或柱塞的挤压作用下,通过一定形状的口模而连续成型。但所制备的直通孔陶瓷具有以下缺点:一是孔径大,孔径一般在毫米级,由于泥料具有可塑性,收缩性大,孔径过小易堵塞。二是孔壁厚,孔壁厚度越薄,挤出压力越大,孔壁小于1mm的直通孔陶瓷成型困难;三是孔壁不致密,挤出成型的原料大多属于瘠性料,不具有可塑性。在挤压成型前必须将其塑化,通常加入塑化剂或粘结剂使其成为可塑料。工业生产中常用糊精、工业糖浆、羧甲基纤维素、聚醋酸乙烯脂、聚乙烯醇等有机塑化剂。有机塑化剂的添加,烧结后形成孔洞,降低了孔壁的致密性,进而使挤出成型制备的直通孔陶瓷弯曲强度较低。进一步减小直通孔陶瓷的孔径尺寸,提高孔壁的致密性对直通孔陶瓷的推广和应用具有重要理论意义和实用价值。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决现有直通孔陶瓷孔径大,孔壁不致密的问题,而提供一种湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法。其技术方案为:
一种湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,其特征在于采用以下步骤:
1) 采用湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:先将固化剂和增塑剂加入有机溶剂中搅拌溶解,再分别加入纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料、搅拌均匀,形成两种不同组分的喷丝料浆,然后将喷丝料浆分别倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,将喷丝料浆通过共挤出喷丝头喷入盛满水的凝胶槽中,凝胶槽水温为0~10℃,凝固成型后浸泡8~24h,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体由纤维独石前驱体胞体和胞体界面层组成,纤维独石前驱体胞体直径为500~2000µm,胞体界面层厚度为250~1000µm,其中固化剂为聚醚砜,增塑剂为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯,有机溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮的混合物,N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮质量比为(4~9 ):1;
2)温压成型:根据热压烧结用石墨模具大小裁切具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,在石墨模具中进行平行排布,再在60~100℃,20~50MPa下,温压使其致密得到陶瓷生坯;
3)真空脱脂:将陶瓷生坯连同石墨模具放入真空脱脂炉中,真空脱脂,升温速度为0.2~0.5℃/min,升温至600~700℃,保温0.5~1h;
4)热压烧结:脱脂后,在氩气气氛下热压烧结,烧结温度为1500~1600℃,保温0.5~2h,压力为20~60MPa,得到纤维独石陶瓷;
5)高温氧化:纤维独石陶瓷经过1000~1200℃氧化1~5h,胞体被氧化去除,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,其孔径为250~1000µm,孔壁厚度为250~1000µm。
所述的湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,步骤1)中,制备纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料由碳黑或木炭粉组成。
所述的湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,步骤1)中,制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料由氧化锆粉末、氧化钇粉末和氧化镁粉末按质量百分比94~98%:1~3%:1~3%混合而成。
所述的湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,步骤1)中,以制备纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料重量为基础计算,按重量百分比称取固化剂10~20%、增塑剂1~4%和有机溶剂100~200%。
所述的湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,步骤1)中,以制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料重量为基础计算,按重量百分比称取固化剂10~20%、增塑剂1~4%和有机溶剂100~200%。
本发明的工作原理是:提出湿纺共挤出-热压法制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的新工艺。先将固化剂和增塑剂加入有机溶剂中搅拌溶解,再分别加入纤维独石前驱体胞体和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料、搅拌均匀,形成两种不同组分的喷丝料浆,再将两种不同的喷丝料浆从共挤出喷丝头中压出,呈细流状,然后在盛满水的凝胶槽中固化成形,即得到具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,结构示意图如图1所示,其中固化剂为聚醚砜,增塑剂为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯,有机溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮的混合物;再将具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体平行排布,温压成型,真空脱脂后热压烧结,制备出纤维独石陶瓷,胞体为碳黑或木炭粉,胞体界面层为氧化锆基材料;最后经过1000~1200℃高温氧化,胞体碳黑或木炭粉被氧化去除,形成具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,结构示意图如图2所示。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有如下优点:
1、湿纺共挤出法成型具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,制备出连续、超细、高韧、致密的具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,胞体直径可达500µm,界面层厚度可达250µm,长度可达10米以上,180°弯曲不会断裂,便于排布;
2、有机溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮的混合物,N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮质量比为(4~9): 1,使得固化剂聚醚砜溶解速度快、均匀,无大分子团聚物,挤出固化得到的纤维独石前驱体粗细均匀;
3、湿纺共挤出法成型纤维独石前驱体,改变了浸渍法涂覆涂层厚度不均,简化工艺,达到直通孔氧化锆陶瓷微观结构的精确控制;
4、制备的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,孔壁致密,使得直通孔氧化锆陶瓷具有较高弯曲强度;
5、通过湿纺共挤出-热压烧结-高温氧化制备出直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,孔径达到微米级,这是传统泥料挤出成型不能实现的;
6、氧化锆相变增韧机理为ZrO2陶瓷断裂时,裂纹扩展,裂纹尖端应力场诱发t→m相变,相变颗粒体积膨胀,由于相变颗粒的体积膨胀,而对裂纹产生压应力,阻碍了裂纹扩展。因此,只有致密的ZrO2陶瓷才能相变增韧,本发明制备的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷孔壁致密,使得具有较高强度和较好韧性。
附图说明
图1是本发明所述具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体的结构示意图;
图2是本发明所述具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的结构示意图。
图中:1、具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体的胞体;2、具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体的胞体界面层;3、直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的孔壁;4、直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的直通孔。
具体实施方式
实施例1
1、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆:先将10克聚醚砜和1克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在80克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和20克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料由100克碳黑粉末组成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆;
2、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆:先将10克聚醚砜和1克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在160克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和40克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料由94克氧化锆粉末、3克氧化钇粉末和3克氧化镁粉末按质量百分比94%:3%:3%混合而成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆;
3、湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:将纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆分别倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,将喷丝料浆通过共挤出喷丝头喷入盛满水的凝胶槽中,凝胶槽水温为0℃,凝固成型后浸泡8h,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体由纤维独石前驱体胞体和界面层组成,纤维独石前驱体胞体直径为500µm,胞体界面层厚度为250µm;
4、温压成型:根据热压烧结用石墨模具大小裁切具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,在石墨模具中进行平行排布,再在60℃,20MPa下,温压使其致密得到陶瓷生坯;
5、真空脱脂:将陶瓷生坯连同石墨模具放入真空脱脂炉中,真空脱脂,升温速度为0.25℃/min,升温至600℃,保温0.5h;
6、热压烧结:脱脂后,在氩气气氛下热压烧结,烧结温度为1500℃,保温2h,压力为20MPa,即得纤维独石陶瓷;
7、高温氧化:纤维独石陶瓷经过1000℃氧化5h,胞体被氧化去除,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,其孔径为250µm,孔壁厚度为250µm。
实施例2
1、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆:先将20克聚醚砜和4克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在180克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和20克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料由100克碳黑粉末组成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆;
2、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆:先将20克聚醚砜和4克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在450克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和50克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料由98克氧化锆粉末、1克氧化钇粉末和1克氧化镁粉末按质量百分比98%:1%:1%混合而成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆;
3、湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:将纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆分别倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,将喷丝料浆通过共挤出喷丝头喷入盛满水的凝胶槽中,凝胶槽水温为10℃,凝固成型后浸泡24h,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体由纤维独石前驱体胞体和界面层组成,纤维独石前驱体胞体直径为2000µm,胞体界面层厚度为1000µm;
4、温压成型:根据热压烧结用石墨模具大小裁切具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,在石墨模具中进行平行排布,再在100℃,50MPa下,温压使其致密得到陶瓷生坯;
5、真空脱脂:将陶瓷生坯连同石墨模具放入真空脱脂炉中,真空脱脂,升温速度为1℃/min,升温至700℃,保温1h;
6、热压烧结:脱脂后,在氩气气氛下热压烧结,烧结温度为1600℃,保温0.5h,压力为60MPa,即得纤维独石陶瓷;
7、高温氧化:纤维独石陶瓷经过1200℃氧化1h,胞体被氧化去除,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,其孔径为1000µm,孔壁厚度为1000µm。
实施例3
1、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆:先将15克聚醚砜和3克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在125克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和25克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料由100克木炭粉末粉组成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆;
2、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆:先将15克聚醚砜和3克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在350克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和50克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料由96克氧化锆粉末、2克氧化钇粉末和2克氧化镁粉末按质量百分比96%:2%:2%混合而成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆;
3、湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:将纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆分别倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,将喷丝料浆通过共挤出喷丝头喷入盛满水的凝胶槽中,凝胶槽水温为5℃,凝固成型后浸泡12h,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体由纤维独石前驱体胞体和界面层组成,纤维独石前驱体胞体直径为1000µm,胞体界面层厚度为500µm;
4、温压成型:根据热压烧结用石墨模具大小裁切具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,在石墨模具中进行平行排布,再在80℃,30MPa下,温压使其致密得到陶瓷生坯;
5、真空脱脂:将陶瓷生坯连同石墨模具放入真空脱脂炉中,真空脱脂,升温速度为0. 5℃/min,升温至650℃,保温0.75h;
6、热压烧结:脱脂后,在氩气气氛下热压烧结,烧结温度为1550℃,保温1h,压力为40MPa,即得纤维独石陶瓷;
7、高温氧化:纤维独石陶瓷经过1100℃氧化4h,胞体被氧化去除,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,其孔径为500µm,孔壁厚度为500µm。
实施例4
1、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆:先将18克聚醚砜和2克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在105克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和15克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料由100克木炭粉末粉组成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆;
2、制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆:先将18克聚醚砜和2克邻苯二甲酸二辛酯在250克N-甲基吡咯烷酮和50克丙酮中搅拌溶解,再加入纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料,纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料由95克氧化锆粉末、2克氧化钇粉末和3克氧化镁粉末按质量百分比95%:2%:3%混合而成,搅拌均匀,制成纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆;
3、湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:将纤维独石前驱体胞体喷丝料浆和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层喷丝料浆分别倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,将喷丝料浆通过共挤出喷丝头喷入盛满水的凝胶槽中,凝胶槽水温为2℃,凝固成型后浸泡10h,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体由纤维独石前驱体胞体和界面层组成,纤维独石前驱体胞体直径为800µm,胞体界面层厚度为400µm;
4、温压成型:根据热压烧结用石墨模具大小裁切具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,在石墨模具中进行平行排布,再在70℃,40MPa下,温压使其致密得到陶瓷生坯;
5、真空脱脂:将陶瓷生坯连同石墨模具放入真空脱脂炉中,真空脱脂,升温速度为1℃/min,升温至650℃,保温0.5h;
6、热压烧结:脱脂后,在氩气气氛下热压烧结,烧结温度为1560℃,保温1h,压力为30MPa,即得纤维独石陶瓷;
7、高温氧化:纤维独石陶瓷经过1050℃氧化3h,胞体被氧化去除,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,其孔径为400µm,孔壁厚度为400µm。

Claims (1)

1.一种湿纺共挤出制备具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷的方法,其特征在于采用以下步骤:
1)采用湿纺共挤出法制备具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体:先将固化剂和增塑剂加入有机溶剂中搅拌溶解,再分别加入纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料和纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料、搅拌均匀,形成两种不同组分的喷丝料浆,然后将喷丝料浆分别倒入不同的注射器中,在机械压力下,将喷丝料浆通过共挤出喷丝头喷入盛满水的凝胶槽中,凝胶槽水温为0~10℃,凝固成型后浸泡8~24h,即得具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体由纤维独石前驱体胞体和胞体界面层组成,纤维独石前驱体胞体直径为500~2000µm,胞体界面层厚度为250~1000µm,其中固化剂为聚醚砜,增塑剂为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯,有机溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮的混合物,N-甲基吡咯烷酮和丙酮质量比为(4~9 ):1,制备纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料由碳黑或木炭粉组成,制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料由氧化锆粉末、氧化钇粉末和氧化镁粉末按质量百分比94~98%:1~3%:1~3%混合而成,以制备纤维独石前驱体胞体的陶瓷粉料重量为基础计算,按重量百分比称取固化剂10~20%、增塑剂1~4%和有机溶剂100~200%,以制备纤维独石前驱体胞体界面层的陶瓷粉料重量为基础计算,按重量百分比称取固化剂10~20%、增塑剂1~4%和有机溶剂100~200%;
2)温压成型:根据热压烧结用石墨模具大小裁切具有界面层的纤维独石前驱体,在石墨模具中进行平行排布,再在60~100℃,20~50MPa下,温压使其致密得到陶瓷生坯;
3)真空脱脂:将陶瓷生坯连同石墨模具放入真空脱脂炉中,真空脱脂,升温速度为0.2~0.5℃/min,升温至600~700℃,保温0.5~1h;
4)热压烧结:脱脂后,在氩气气氛下热压烧结,烧结温度为1500~1600℃,保温0.5~2h,压力为20~60MPa,得到纤维独石陶瓷;
5)高温氧化:纤维独石陶瓷经过1000~1200℃氧化1~5h,胞体被氧化去除,即得具有致密孔壁的直通孔氧化锆陶瓷,其孔径为250~1000µm,孔壁厚度为250~1000µm。
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