CN111778148A - Kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment and method - Google Patents
Kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111778148A CN111778148A CN202010703293.5A CN202010703293A CN111778148A CN 111778148 A CN111778148 A CN 111778148A CN 202010703293 A CN202010703293 A CN 202010703293A CN 111778148 A CN111778148 A CN 111778148A
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Abstract
The invention provides kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment and a method, aiming at solving the problems of complex process, low efficiency and the like in the existing kitchen waste biological treatment technology. The integrated equipment comprises a magnetic separation unit, a non-magnetic metal sorting unit, a garbage crushing unit, a reaction bin and an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit, wherein the units are sequentially connected through a transmission pipeline; the reaction bin is of a tank body closed structure and is provided with a liquid collecting pipeline, a liquid spraying pipeline, an air inlet pipeline, an air outlet pipeline, a stirring screw, a heating device, a temperature probe, an oxygen probe, a nitrogen probe and a methane probe. The integrated method adopts the kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment to carry out biological treatment on the kitchen waste. The invention has the beneficial technical effects that kitchen garbage can be efficiently biologically treated at one time in integrated equipment, methane and organic fertilizer can be obtained, secondary pollution can not be caused, the operation is simple and convenient, and the practicability is strong.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a biological treatment technology of kitchen waste, in particular to an integrated biological treatment device and method of kitchen waste.
Background
Kitchen waste is one of main components of urban household waste, and a large amount of kitchen waste is generated in catering industry, resident families and fruit and vegetable wholesale markets. The kitchen waste has the characteristics of high organic matter content, easy deterioration and rancidity, easy breeding of bacteria and pathogenic bacteria and the like, and a series of environmental and social problems and food safety problems of ' swill and ' garbage pig ' and the like can be caused by improper treatment. At present, the kitchen waste treatment technology includes incineration, anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, landfill, and crushing direct discharge, and among them, the anaerobic digestion technology which is directed to harmless treatment and resource utilization is considered as the most effective treatment technology. However, the technology has the problems of complex pretreatment process, low efficiency of a main anaerobic digestion process unit, unreasonable connection of front and rear end technologies, poor economic benefit, generation of a large amount of anaerobic wastewater after fermentation, difficult biogas residue treatment, serious secondary pollution and the like. In addition, although the aerobic composting technology has simple process, the plant area occupies larger area, the operation environment is poorer, the on-site odor pollution is serious, and the effect and the market of the composting product are difficult to ensure. The annual output of kitchen garbage in China reaches more than 9000 ten thousand tons, and the kitchen garbage contains rich hydrocarbon and can be regarded as a renewable resource.
Obviously, the existing biological treatment technology for kitchen waste has the problems of complex process, low efficiency, unreasonable technical connection, easy generation of secondary pollution and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of complex process, low efficiency, unreasonable technical connection, easy secondary pollution and the like in the existing kitchen waste biological treatment technology, the invention provides kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment and a method.
The invention discloses kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment which comprises a magnetic separation unit, a non-magnetic metal sorting unit, a waste crushing unit, a reaction bin and an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit, wherein the units are sequentially connected through a transmission pipeline; the reaction bin is of a tank body closed structure and is respectively connected with the garbage crushing unit and the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit through transmission pipelines, and is also provided with a liquid collecting pipeline, a liquid spraying pipeline, an air inlet pipeline, an air outlet pipeline, a stirring screw, a heating device, a temperature probe, an oxygen probe, a nitrogen probe and a methane probe; a feeding stop valve is arranged on a transmission pipeline connecting the reaction bin tank body and the garbage crushing unit, and a discharging stop valve is arranged on a transmission pipeline connecting the reaction bin tank body and the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit; the liquid collecting pipeline comprises a liquid collecting pool and a liquid output pipeline which are arranged at the bottom of the reaction bin tank body; the liquid spraying pipeline comprises a spraying head arranged at the top of the reaction bin tank body; the air inlet pipeline is respectively connected with an air or oxygen source and a nitrogen source; and the gas outlet pipeline is respectively connected with the methane collecting tank and the gas discharging device.
Furthermore, the kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment comprises a magnetic separation unit and a magnetic separation unit, wherein the magnetic separation unit comprises a magnetic rotating wheel or a magnetic conveying belt; the non-magnetic metal sorting unit comprises a metal detector and a grabbing manipulator.
Furthermore, according to the integrated biological treatment equipment for kitchen waste, the gas outlet pipeline connecting the reaction bin and the methane collection tank is provided with the gas flowmeter.
Furthermore, the kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment is characterized in that a filter screen is arranged at the upper part of the liquid collection storage pool at the bottom of the reaction bin tank body.
The invention relates to a biological treatment integrated method of kitchen waste, which adopts the biological treatment integrated equipment of kitchen waste to carry out biological treatment on the kitchen waste and comprises the following steps:
s1, separating and eliminating magnetic metals and non-magnetic metals mixed in the kitchen garbage through a magnetic separation unit and a non-magnetic metal separation unit;
s2, conveying the kitchen waste subjected to metal sorting to a waste crushing unit through a conveying pipeline, and crushing the kitchen waste into a solid-liquid mixture with the particle size of 30 +/-3 mm;
s3, sequentially carrying out aerobic biological pretreatment, dry anaerobic fermentation treatment and biogas residue aerobic composting treatment on the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen garbage in the reaction bin to obtain methane gas and biogas residue humus;
s4, crushing and granulating the biogas residue humus through an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit to obtain the organic fertilizer.
Further, the kitchen waste biological treatment integrated method of the invention, step S1 stated through magnetic separation unit and non-magnetic metal sorting unit to the kitchen waste mixed magnetic metal and non-magnetic metal sorting, removing, including, through transmitting the kitchen waste to the magnetic runner or magnetic conveyer belt, make the magnetic metal absorb on the runner or conveyer belt and collected by the collecting device, meanwhile, the metal detector detects the non-magnetic metal in the kitchen waste, and remove the non-magnetic metal through the grabbing manipulator.
Further, the kitchen waste biological treatment integrated method of the invention, step S3, sequentially carries out aerobic biological pretreatment, dry anaerobic fermentation treatment and biogas residue aerobic composting treatment on the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen waste in the reaction bin to obtain methane gas and biogas residue humus, wherein,
the aerobic biological pretreatment refers to a series of exothermic decomposition reactions of organic matters in the kitchen waste in a solid-liquid mixture state under the conditions of oxygen introduction and stirring, and comprises the following steps:
s301, closing a discharge stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, opening a feeding stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, and transmitting kitchen waste in a solid-liquid mixture shape into the reaction bin tank body through a transmission pipeline, wherein the charging amount is not less than 1/2 of the volume of the reaction bin tank body and not more than 2/3 of the volume of the reaction bin tank body;
s302, closing a feeding stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, transmitting oxygen or air into the reaction bin tank body through an air inlet pipeline, and simultaneously starting a stirring screw; mesophilic microorganisms such as mesophilic bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes in the kitchen waste utilize starch and sugar in the kitchen waste to rapidly proliferate and release heat, so that the temperature of a pile body is continuously increased; at the moment, liquid components in the kitchen waste enter a liquid collecting pool through a filter screen at the bottom of the tank body and are collected through a liquid output pipeline, namely percolate is collected;
s303, when the temperature of the exothermic decomposition reaction of the kitchen waste rises to 35 ℃ or 55 ℃, stopping inputting oxygen or air, stopping stirring, and spraying a set amount of mixed solution of percolate and biogas slurry to the kitchen waste pile through a spray header; the leachate is a liquid component in the kitchen waste collected in step S102; the biogas slurry is collected in the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment process;
s304, finishing the pretreatment of the aerobic organisms, and performing dry anaerobic fermentation treatment;
the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment refers to a process that under the conditions of oxygen deficiency and heat preservation and heating of kitchen waste pretreated by aerobic organisms, organic matters of the kitchen waste are hydrolyzed to generate water-soluble organic matters, and the water-soluble organic matters generate methane under the action of bacteria, and the process comprises the following steps:
s305, inputting nitrogen into the tank body of the reaction bin until the oxygen content in the tank body is 0;
s306, starting a heat preservation heating device in the tank body, keeping the temperature of the kitchen waste in the tank body at a medium temperature or a high temperature, and starting medium-temperature or high-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation on the kitchen waste; wherein the temperature range of the medium-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation is 35-38 ℃; the temperature range of the high-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation is 55-60 ℃; the dry anaerobic fermentation comprises the following three stages:
a hydrolysis stage: the fermentation bacteria use the exoenzyme to carry out in vitro enzymolysis on the organic matters, so that solid matters are changed into water-soluble matters, and then the bacteria absorb the water-soluble matters and decompose the water-soluble matters into different products, namely hydrolysis; wherein cellulose and starch are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides; hydrolyzing protein into amino acid, and deaminating to form organic acid and ammonia; hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and fatty acids;
acid production stage: the simple soluble organic matter produced in the hydrolysis stage is further decomposed into volatile fatty acid, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde and CO under the action of hydrogen-producing and acid-producing bacteria2And H2(ii) a The volatile fatty acids include propionic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and long chain fatty acids;
a methanogenesis stage: methanogens further degrade the acid-producing stage products to CH4And CO2While using H produced in the acid-producing stage2Partial recycling of CO2Conversion to CH4；
S307, when the methane content in the tank body reaches a set concentration, opening a gas outlet pipeline; after the original nitrogen in the tank body is completely discharged, beginning to collect methane; meanwhile, liquid generated by dry anaerobic fermentation of the kitchen waste enters a liquid collecting tank through a filter screen at the bottom of the inclined pipe and is collected through a liquid output pipeline, namely biogas slurry is collected;
s308, when the methane generation amount in the tank body is 0, finishing the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment, and performing biogas residue aerobic treatment; the biogas residue is a product of kitchen garbage subjected to dry anaerobic fermentation treatment, and comprises a semisolid substance remaining at the bottom of the tank body and a solid substance formed after biogas slurry is dehydrated;
the aerobic composting treatment of the biogas residues refers to a process that organic substances in the biogas residues are continuously decomposed and converted under the action of various bacteria under the condition of introducing oxygen and stirring to finally form humus, and the process comprises the following steps:
s309, inputting oxygen or air into the reaction bin tank body, and starting stirring;
s310, under the condition of oxygen aeration and stirring, starting aerobic composting treatment of the biogas residues, comprising the following four stages:
an acclimation stage: the microorganisms in the biogas residue begin to adapt to a new environment, namely a microorganism acclimation process;
a heat generation stage: mesophilic microorganisms such as mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and actinomycetes in the biogas residues utilize soluble substances which are most easily decomposed in the compost, such as starch and saccharides, so that the proliferation is rapid, heat is released, and the temperature of the biogas residues is continuously increased;
and (3) high-temperature stage: when the temperature of the biogas residues rises to 45 ℃, entering a high-temperature stage; in the stage, thermophilic microorganisms gradually replace the activity of the thermophilic microorganisms, and residual and newly formed soluble organic substances in the biogas residues are continuously decomposed and converted; complex organic compounds such as hemicellulose, cellulose and proteins start to be strongly decomposed; generally, the main activities at around 50 ℃ are thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes; when the temperature rises to 60 ℃, the fungi almost completely stop moving, and only thermophilic actinomycetes and bacteria move; when the temperature is raised to above 70 ℃, the microorganism is not suitable for most thermophilic microorganisms, and the microorganisms die in large quantity or enter a dormant state.
And (3) a decomposing stage: after the high temperature is continued for a period of time, most of easily decomposed organic matters including cellulose are decomposed, and only part of organic matters which are difficult to decompose and newly formed humus are left; at this time, the microbial activity is reduced, the calorific value is reduced, and the temperature is reduced; at the moment, mesophilic microorganisms are dominant, the residual organic matters which are difficult to decompose are further decomposed, and humus is continuously increased and stabilized;
s311, the biogas residue aerobic composting treatment process tends to be finished along with the temperature in the reaction bin tank body tends to be stable; removing biogas slurry at the bottom of the tank body, and drying the biogas residue humus by starting a heating device; and opening a discharge stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, and transmitting the dried biogas residue humus to an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit.
Further, in the integrated biological treatment method of kitchen waste, the step S3 of aerobic composting the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen waste in the reaction bin sequentially comprises the steps of adding sawdust, leaves and/or rice into the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen waste, improving the porosity of the compost, absorbing excessive moisture and accelerating the transmission rate of oxygen and organic matters.
Further, in the integrated biological treatment method of kitchen waste, the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen waste is sequentially subjected to aerobic composting treatment in the reaction bin in the step S3, and a compound microbial inoculum and N, P and/or K nutritive salt are added to adjust the physical and chemical properties of the materials and accelerate the reaction rate.
The kitchen waste biological treatment integrated device and method have the advantages that efficient biological treatment can be performed on the kitchen waste in one step in integrated equipment, methane and organic fertilizer can be obtained, secondary pollution cannot be caused, operation is simple and convenient, and practicability is high.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure and steps of the integrated device and method for biological treatment of kitchen waste.
The integrated apparatus and method for biological treatment of kitchen waste according to the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description.
Detailed Description
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure and steps of the integrated device and method for biological treatment of kitchen waste, and it can be seen from the diagram that the integrated device for biological treatment of kitchen waste comprises a magnetic separation unit, a non-magnetic metal separation unit, a waste crushing unit, a reaction bin and an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit, and the units are connected in sequence through a transmission pipeline; the reaction bin is of a tank body closed structure and is respectively connected with the garbage crushing unit and the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit through transmission pipelines, and is also provided with a liquid collecting pipeline, a liquid spraying pipeline, an air inlet pipeline, an air outlet pipeline, a stirring screw, a heating device, a temperature probe, an oxygen probe, a nitrogen probe and a methane probe; a feeding stop valve is arranged on a transmission pipeline connecting the reaction bin tank body and the garbage crushing unit, and a discharging stop valve is arranged on a transmission pipeline connecting the reaction bin tank body and the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit; the liquid collecting pipeline comprises a liquid collecting pool and a liquid output pipeline which are arranged at the bottom of the reaction bin tank body; the liquid spraying pipeline comprises a spraying head arranged at the top of the reaction bin tank body; the gas inlet pipeline is respectively connected with an air or oxygen source and a nitrogen source, and the gas outlet pipeline is respectively connected with a methane collecting tank and a gas discharging device.
In order to simplify the structure and improve the efficiency, the kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment comprises the magnetic separation unit which comprises the magnetic rotating wheel or the magnetic conveying belt, and the magnetic separation unit can carry out magnetic separation in the transmission process by adopting the magnetic rotating wheel or the magnetic conveying belt, so that the unification of the efficiency and the effect is realized. The non-magnetic metal sorting unit comprises a metal detector and a grabbing manipulator, and when non-magnetic metal is detected, the non-magnetic metal can be grabbed through the manipulator, so that the selection omission is avoided. The upper part of the liquid collection storage pool at the bottom of the reaction bin tank body is provided with the filter screen, so that solid-liquid separation can be realized in time in various reaction processes, and meanwhile, oxygen introduction is facilitated.
In addition, in order to accurately count the generation amount of methane, a gas flowmeter is arranged on a gas outlet pipeline connected with the reaction bin and the methane collection tank.
The invention relates to a biological treatment integrated method of kitchen waste, which adopts the biological treatment integrated equipment of kitchen waste to carry out biological treatment on the kitchen waste and comprises the following steps:
s1, separating and eliminating magnetic metals and non-magnetic metals mixed in the kitchen garbage through a magnetic separation unit and a non-magnetic metal separation unit; the kitchen waste is transmitted to the magnetic rotating wheel or the magnetic conveying belt through the transmission pipeline, so that the magnetic metal is adsorbed on the rotating wheel or the conveying belt and collected by the collecting device, meanwhile, the metal detector detects the non-magnetic metal in the kitchen waste, and the non-magnetic metal is removed through the grabbing manipulator.
S2, conveying the kitchen waste subjected to metal sorting to a waste crushing unit through a conveying pipeline, and crushing the kitchen waste into a solid-liquid mixture with the particle size of 30 +/-3 mm;
s3, sequentially carrying out aerobic biological pretreatment, dry anaerobic fermentation treatment and biogas residue aerobic composting treatment on the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen garbage in the reaction bin to obtain methane gas and biogas residue humus;
s4, crushing and granulating the biogas residue humus through an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit to obtain the organic fertilizer.
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the step S3 of performing aerobic biological pretreatment in the reaction chamber refers to a series of exothermic decomposition reactions of organic matters in the kitchen waste under the action of various microorganisms in the kitchen waste in the form of a solid-liquid mixture under the conditions of oxygen introduction and stirring, and includes:
s301, closing a discharge stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, opening a feeding stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, and transmitting kitchen waste in a solid-liquid mixture shape into the reaction bin tank body through a transmission pipeline, wherein the charging amount is not less than 1/2 of the volume of the reaction bin tank body and not more than 2/3 of the volume of the reaction bin tank body;
s302, closing a feeding stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, transmitting oxygen or air into the reaction bin tank body through an air inlet pipeline, and simultaneously starting a stirring screw; mesophilic microorganisms such as mesophilic bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes in the kitchen waste utilize starch and sugar in the kitchen waste to rapidly proliferate and release heat, so that the temperature of a pile body is continuously increased; at the moment, liquid components in the kitchen waste enter a liquid collecting pool through a filter screen at the bottom of the tank body and are collected through a liquid output pipeline, namely percolate is collected;
s303, when the temperature of the exothermic decomposition reaction of the kitchen waste rises to 35 ℃ or 55 ℃, stopping inputting oxygen or air, stopping stirring, and spraying a set amount of mixed solution of percolate and biogas slurry to the kitchen waste pile through a spray header; the leachate is a liquid component in the kitchen waste collected in step S102; the biogas slurry is collected in the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment process;
s304, finishing the pretreatment of the aerobic organisms, and performing dry anaerobic fermentation treatment.
Spraying a set amount of mixed liquid of percolate and biogas slurry on the kitchen waste pile subjected to exothermic decomposition reaction, and actually adding various strains into the waste pile. The percolate and the biogas slurry are products of decomposing organic matters after various bacteria rapidly proliferate by using starch and sugar in the kitchen garbage, and are rich in various strains. The addition of the strain is very beneficial to the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment in the next step, and the effective utilization of the treated wastewater is realized.
The step S3 of performing dry anaerobic fermentation treatment in the reaction chamber refers to a process in which organic substances in the kitchen waste pretreated by aerobic organisms are hydrolyzed to generate water-soluble organic substances under the conditions of oxygen deficiency and heat preservation, and the water-soluble organic substances generate methane under the action of bacteria, and the process includes:
s305, inputting nitrogen into the tank body of the reaction bin until the oxygen content in the tank body is 0;
s306, starting a heat preservation heating device in the tank body, keeping the temperature of the kitchen waste in the tank body at a medium temperature or a high temperature, and starting medium-temperature or high-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation on the kitchen waste; wherein the temperature range of the medium-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation is 35-38 ℃; the temperature range of the high-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation is 55-60 ℃; the dry anaerobic fermentation comprises the following three stages:
a hydrolysis stage: the fermentation bacteria use the exoenzyme to carry out in vitro enzymolysis on the organic matters, so that solid matters are changed into water-soluble matters, and then the bacteria absorb the water-soluble matters and decompose the water-soluble matters into different products, namely hydrolysis; wherein cellulose and starch are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides; hydrolyzing protein into amino acid, and deaminating to form organic acid and ammonia; hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and fatty acids;
acid production stage: the simple soluble organic matter produced in the hydrolysis stage is further decomposed into volatile fatty acid, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde and CO under the action of hydrogen-producing and acid-producing bacteria2And H2(ii) a The volatile fatty acids include propionic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and long chain fatty acids;
a methanogenesis stage: methanogens further degrade the acid-producing stage products to CH4And CO2While using H produced in the acid-producing stage2Partial recycling of CO2Conversion to CH4；
Dry anaerobic fermentation refers to anaerobic fermentation in which the solids content (TS%) is 20% or more (the water content is 80% or less) relative to wet anaerobic digestion, and is referred to as dry anaerobic fermentation.
The high temperature condition is more suitable for dry anaerobic digestion in theory, the destruction rate of organic solids can be improved, solid-liquid separation is accelerated, pathogenic microorganisms can be killed, the organic load born by the high temperature anaerobic digestion system is higher, and the gas production rate is higher. The temperature range of the medium-temperature process is 35-38 ℃, and the method has the advantages of mild reaction, low energy consumption and low possibility of being inhibited by ammonia nitrogen; the temperature range of the high-temperature process is 55-60 ℃, the degradation speed is high, and the gas production rate is high. So the temperature can be selected from medium temperature and high temperature.
S307, when the methane content in the tank body reaches a set concentration, opening a gas outlet pipeline; after the original nitrogen in the tank body is completely discharged, beginning to collect methane; meanwhile, liquid generated by dry anaerobic fermentation of the kitchen waste enters a liquid collecting tank through a filter screen at the bottom of the inclined pipe and is collected through a liquid output pipeline, namely biogas slurry is collected;
s308, when the methane generation amount in the tank body is 0, finishing the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment, and performing biogas residue aerobic treatment; the biogas residue is a product of kitchen garbage subjected to dry anaerobic fermentation treatment, and comprises a semisolid substance remaining at the bottom of the tank body and a solid substance formed after biogas slurry is dehydrated;
the step S3 of aerobic composting of biogas residue in the reaction bin refers to a process of continuously decomposing and converting organic substances in the biogas residue under the action of various bacteria to finally form humus under the condition of introducing oxygen and stirring the biogas residue; the method comprises the following steps:
s309, inputting oxygen or air into the reaction bin tank body, and starting stirring;
s310, under the condition of oxygen aeration and stirring, starting aerobic composting treatment of the biogas residues, comprising the following four stages:
an acclimation stage; the microorganisms in the biogas residue begin to adapt to a new environment, namely a microorganism acclimation process;
a heat generation stage: mesophilic microorganisms such as mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and actinomycetes in the biogas residues utilize soluble substances which are most easily decomposed in the compost, such as starch and saccharides, so that the proliferation is rapid, heat is released, and the temperature of the biogas residues is continuously increased;
and (3) high-temperature stage: when the temperature of the biogas residues rises to 45 ℃, entering a high-temperature stage; in the stage, thermophilic microorganisms gradually replace the activity of the thermophilic microorganisms, and residual and newly formed soluble organic substances in the biogas residues are continuously decomposed and converted; complex organic compounds such as hemicellulose, cellulose and proteins start to be strongly decomposed; generally, the main activities at around 50 ℃ are thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes; when the temperature rises to 60 ℃, the fungi almost completely stop moving, and only thermophilic actinomycetes and bacteria move; when the temperature is raised to above 70 ℃, the microorganism is not suitable for most thermophilic microorganisms, and the microorganisms die in large quantity or enter a dormant state.
And (3) a decomposing stage: after the high temperature is continued for a period of time, most of easily decomposed organic matters including cellulose are decomposed, and only part of organic matters which are difficult to decompose and newly formed humus are left; at this time, the microbial activity is reduced, the calorific value is reduced, and the temperature is reduced; at the moment, mesophilic microorganisms are dominant, the residual organic matters which are difficult to decompose are further decomposed, and humus is continuously increased and stabilized;
s311, the biogas residue aerobic composting treatment process tends to be finished along with the temperature in the reaction bin tank body tends to be stable; removing biogas slurry at the bottom of the tank body, and drying the biogas residue humus by starting a heating device; and opening a discharge stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, and transmitting the dried biogas residue humus to an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit.
In order to accelerate the thermal decomposition reaction and improve the efficiency, in step S3, the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen waste is sequentially subjected to aerobic composting treatment in the reaction bin, which includes adding sawdust, leaves and/or rice into the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen waste, improving the porosity of the compost, absorbing excessive moisture, and accelerating the transmission rate of oxygen and organic matters. Meanwhile, a complex microbial inoculum, N, P, K and other nutritive salts can be added to adjust the physical and chemical properties of the materials and accelerate the reaction rate.
In addition, when the biogas residue humus is crushed by the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit in the step S4, N, P and/or K nutritive salt can be added into the biogas residue according to requirements, the C/N ratio of the substrate can be adjusted to be 25: 1-30: 1, and fertilizers with different fertilizer effects (such as nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and the like) can also be produced.
The kitchen waste biological treatment integrated device and method have the advantages that efficient biological treatment can be performed on the kitchen waste in one step in integrated equipment, methane and organic fertilizer can be obtained, secondary pollution cannot be caused, operation is simple and convenient, and practicability is high.
Claims (9)
1. The kitchen waste biological treatment integrated equipment is characterized by comprising a magnetic separation unit, a non-magnetic metal separation unit, a waste crushing unit, a reaction bin and an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit, wherein the units are sequentially connected through a transmission pipeline; the reaction bin is of a tank body closed structure and is respectively connected with the garbage crushing unit and the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit through transmission pipelines, and is also provided with a liquid collecting pipeline, a liquid spraying pipeline, an air inlet pipeline, an air outlet pipeline, a stirring screw, a heating device, a temperature probe, an oxygen probe, a nitrogen probe and a methane probe; a feeding stop valve is arranged on a transmission pipeline connecting the reaction bin tank body and the garbage crushing unit, and a discharging stop valve is arranged on a transmission pipeline connecting the reaction bin tank body and the organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit; the liquid collecting pipeline comprises a liquid collecting pool and a liquid output pipeline which are arranged at the bottom of the reaction bin tank body; the liquid spraying pipeline comprises a spraying head arranged at the top of the reaction bin tank body; the gas inlet pipeline is respectively connected with an air or oxygen source and a nitrogen source, and the gas outlet pipeline is respectively connected with a methane collecting tank and a gas discharging device.
2. The integrated kitchen waste biological treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic separation unit comprises a magnetic wheel or a magnetic conveyor belt; the non-magnetic metal sorting unit comprises a metal detector and a grabbing manipulator.
3. The integrated kitchen waste biological treatment equipment according to claim 1, wherein a filter screen is arranged at the upper part of the liquid collection storage pool at the bottom of the reaction bin tank body.
4. The integrated kitchen waste biological treatment equipment according to claim 1, wherein a gas flow meter is arranged on a gas outlet pipeline connecting the reaction bin and the methane collection tank.
5. An integrated biological treatment method for kitchen waste, which is characterized in that the integrated biological treatment equipment for kitchen waste of claim 1 is used for biological treatment of kitchen waste, and comprises the following steps:
s1, separating and eliminating magnetic metals and non-magnetic metals mixed in the kitchen garbage through a magnetic separation unit and a non-magnetic metal separation unit;
s2, conveying the kitchen waste subjected to metal sorting to a waste crushing unit through a conveying pipeline, and crushing the kitchen waste into a solid-liquid mixture with the particle size of 30 +/-3 mm;
s3, sequentially carrying out aerobic biological pretreatment, dry anaerobic fermentation treatment and biogas residue aerobic composting treatment on the solid-liquid mixture of the kitchen garbage in the reaction bin to obtain methane gas and biogas residue humus;
s4, crushing and granulating the biogas residue humus through an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit to obtain the organic fertilizer.
6. The integrated biological treatment method for kitchen waste according to claim 5, wherein the step S1 of separating and removing the mixed magnetic metal and non-magnetic metal in the kitchen waste by the magnetic separation unit and the non-magnetic metal separation unit comprises transporting the kitchen waste to a magnetic rotating wheel or a magnetic conveyor belt through a transporting pipeline, so that the magnetic metal is adsorbed on the rotating wheel or the conveyor belt and collected by a collecting device, and simultaneously, the metal detector detects the non-magnetic metal in the kitchen waste and removes the non-magnetic metal by a grabbing manipulator.
7. The integrated biological treatment method for kitchen waste according to claim 5, wherein the solid-liquid mixture of kitchen waste is sequentially subjected to aerobic biological pretreatment, dry anaerobic fermentation treatment and biogas residue aerobic composting treatment in the reaction chamber to obtain methane gas and biogas residue humus in step S3,
the aerobic biological pretreatment refers to a series of exothermic decomposition reactions of organic matters in the kitchen waste in a solid-liquid mixture state under the conditions of oxygen introduction and stirring, and comprises the following steps:
s301, closing a discharge stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, opening a feeding stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, and transmitting kitchen waste in a solid-liquid mixture shape into the reaction bin tank body through a transmission pipeline, wherein the charging amount is not less than 1/2 of the volume of the reaction bin tank body and not more than 2/3 of the volume of the reaction bin tank body;
s302, closing a feeding stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, transmitting oxygen or air into the reaction bin tank body through an air inlet pipeline, and simultaneously starting a stirring screw; mesophilic microorganisms such as mesophilic bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes in the kitchen waste utilize starch and sugar in the kitchen waste to rapidly proliferate and release heat, so that the temperature of a pile body is continuously increased; at the moment, liquid components in the kitchen waste enter a liquid collecting pool through a filter screen at the bottom of the tank body and are collected through a liquid output pipeline, namely percolate is collected;
s303, when the temperature of the exothermic decomposition reaction of the kitchen waste rises to 35 ℃ or 55 ℃, stopping inputting oxygen or air, stopping stirring, and spraying a set amount of mixed solution of percolate and biogas slurry to the kitchen waste pile through a spray header; the leachate is a liquid component in the kitchen waste collected in step S102; the biogas slurry is collected in the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment process;
s304, finishing the pretreatment of the aerobic organisms, and performing dry anaerobic fermentation treatment;
the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment refers to a process that under the conditions of oxygen deficiency and heat preservation and heating of kitchen waste pretreated by aerobic organisms, organic matters of the kitchen waste are hydrolyzed to generate water-soluble organic matters, and the water-soluble organic matters generate methane under the action of bacteria, and the process comprises the following steps:
s305, inputting nitrogen into the tank body of the reaction bin until the oxygen content in the tank body is 0;
s306, starting a heat preservation heating device in the tank body, keeping the temperature of the kitchen waste in the tank body at a medium temperature or a high temperature, and starting medium-temperature or high-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation on the kitchen waste; wherein the temperature range of the medium-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation is 35-38 ℃; the temperature range of the high-temperature dry anaerobic fermentation is 55-60 ℃; the dry anaerobic fermentation comprises the following three stages:
a hydrolysis stage: the fermentation bacteria use the exoenzyme to carry out in vitro enzymolysis on the organic matters, so that solid matters are changed into water-soluble matters, and then the bacteria absorb the water-soluble matters and decompose the water-soluble matters into different products, namely hydrolysis; wherein cellulose and starch are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides; hydrolyzing protein into amino acid, and deaminating to form organic acid and ammonia; hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and fatty acids;
acid production stage: the simple soluble organic matter produced in the hydrolysis stage is further decomposed into volatile fatty acid, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde and CO under the action of hydrogen-producing and acid-producing bacteria2And H2(ii) a The volatile fatty acids include propionic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and long chain fatty acids;
a methanogenesis stage: methanogens further degrade the acid-producing stage products to CH4And CO2While using H produced in the acid-producing stage2Partial recycling of CO2Conversion to CH4；
S307, when the methane content in the tank body reaches a set concentration, opening a gas outlet pipeline; after the original nitrogen in the tank body is completely discharged, beginning to collect methane; meanwhile, liquid generated by dry anaerobic fermentation of the kitchen waste enters a liquid collecting tank through a filter screen at the bottom of the inclined pipe and is collected through a liquid output pipeline, namely biogas slurry is collected;
s308, when the methane generation amount in the tank body is 0, finishing the dry anaerobic fermentation treatment, and performing biogas residue aerobic treatment; the biogas residue is a product of kitchen garbage subjected to dry anaerobic fermentation treatment, and comprises a semisolid substance remaining at the bottom of the tank body and a solid substance formed after biogas slurry is dehydrated;
the aerobic composting treatment of the biogas residues refers to a process that organic substances in the biogas residues are continuously decomposed and converted under the action of various bacteria under the condition of introducing oxygen and stirring to finally form humus, and the process comprises the following steps:
s309, inputting oxygen or air into the reaction bin tank body, and starting stirring;
s310, under the condition of oxygen aeration and stirring, starting aerobic composting treatment of the biogas residues, comprising the following four stages:
an acclimation stage: the microorganisms in the biogas residue begin to adapt to a new environment, namely a microorganism acclimation process;
a heat generation stage: mesophilic microorganisms such as mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and actinomycetes in the biogas residues utilize soluble substances which are most easily decomposed in the compost, such as starch and saccharides, so that the proliferation is rapid, heat is released, and the temperature of the biogas residues is continuously increased;
and (3) high-temperature stage: when the temperature of the biogas residues rises to 45 ℃, entering a high-temperature stage; in the stage, thermophilic microorganisms gradually replace the activity of the thermophilic microorganisms, and residual and newly formed soluble organic substances in the biogas residues are continuously decomposed and converted; complex organic compounds such as hemicellulose, cellulose and proteins start to be strongly decomposed; generally, the main activities at around 50 ℃ are thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes; when the temperature rises to 60 ℃, the fungi almost completely stop moving, and only thermophilic actinomycetes and bacteria move; when the temperature is raised to above 70 ℃, most thermophilic microorganisms are not suitable, and the microorganisms die in a large amount or enter a dormant state;
and (3) a decomposing stage: after the high temperature is continued for a period of time, most of easily decomposed organic matters including cellulose are decomposed, and only part of organic matters which are difficult to decompose and newly formed humus are left; at this time, the microbial activity is reduced, the calorific value is reduced, and the temperature is reduced; at the moment, mesophilic microorganisms are dominant, the residual organic matters which are difficult to decompose are further decomposed, and humus is continuously increased and stabilized;
s311, the biogas residue aerobic composting treatment process tends to be finished along with the temperature in the reaction bin tank body tends to be stable; removing biogas slurry at the bottom of the tank body, and drying the biogas residue humus by starting a heating device; and opening a discharge stop valve of the reaction bin tank body, and transmitting the dried biogas residue humus to an organic fertilizer crushing and granulating unit.
8. The integrated biological treatment method for kitchen waste according to claim 5, wherein the step S3 of aerobic composting the solid-liquid mixture of kitchen waste in the reaction chamber sequentially comprises adding sawdust, leaves and/or rice to the solid-liquid mixture of kitchen waste to improve the porosity of the compost, absorb excess water, and increase the transmission rate of oxygen and organic substances.
9. The integrated biological treatment method for kitchen waste according to claim 5, wherein in step S3, the solid-liquid mixture of kitchen waste is sequentially subjected to aerobic composting treatment in the reaction chamber, and complex microbial agents and N, P, K nutritive salts are added to adjust physical and chemical properties of the materials and accelerate reaction rate.
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