CN111743051A - 一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111743051A CN111743051A CN202010770350.1A CN202010770350A CN111743051A CN 111743051 A CN111743051 A CN 111743051A CN 202010770350 A CN202010770350 A CN 202010770350A CN 111743051 A CN111743051 A CN 111743051A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,包括以下组分:美国白鱼粉、预糊化木薯淀粉、蝇蛆粉、大米蛋白粉、磷酸二氢钙、豆油、竹叶黄酮、甘草黄酮、葡萄籽提取物、胆汁酸、维生素混合物、矿物质混合物;本发明还公开了所述粉状配合饲料的制备方法以及其在鳗鱼高温期养殖中的应用。本发明的粉状配合饲料可提高鳗鱼在高温期的增重率和存活率,提高其生长速度,降低发病率,提高养殖的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产鱼类饲料领域,具体涉及一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
鳗鲡具有鱼的基本特征,外观类似蛇形,根据背鳍前端基部至肛门的距离与体长的比例以及脊椎骨数(美洲鳗鲡的脊椎骨数为103-111,欧洲鳗鲡为110-119,日本鳗鲡为112-119)、鳃条骨数、胸鳍条数、头长和齿状数等分为日本鳗、欧洲鳗、花鳗、美洲鳗、澳大利亚鳗、奥克兰鳗、孟加拉鳗等。目前我国进行人工养殖的鳗鲡主要为日本鳗、欧洲鳗、花鳗、美洲鳗。欧洲鳗和美洲鳗的最适生长水温为22-28℃,花鳗和日本鳗的最适生长水温为25-30℃。
鳗鲡为降河洄游性鱼类,即鳗鱼在陆地的河川中生长,成熟后洄游到海洋中的产卵地产卵;生活史可分为卵期(海中产卵)、柳叶鳗(随洋流漂流,薄如柳叶)、玻璃鳗(透明玻璃鳗苗)、鳗线(开始出现黑色素,捕苗的主要来源)、黄鳗(腹部黄色)、银鳗(腹部银色);鳗鲡性别由环境和族群决定,族群数量少时,雌性增加,反之减少。
目前,鳗鱼养殖使用粉料时间将近有三四十年,所存在的养殖问题一直无法解决,例如:夏季高温期(6-9月)精养池水温大约在25-29℃之间,适合鳗鱼生长,然而由于高温期水质较差、水量不足、粉料投喂量大而污染水质,导致鳗鱼疾病(肝胆肠综合征)多发,导致鳗鱼存活率不高,养殖户为了提高鳗鱼存活率,降低发病率,不得不采用降低投喂率的方法,却影响了鳗鱼的增重率,降低了漫鱼的生长速度。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明旨在提供一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料及其制备方法与应用,所述粉状配合饲料可提高鳗鱼在高温期的增重率和存活率,提高其生长速度,降低发病率,提高养殖效益。
为达到上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,包括以下组分:鱼粉、预糊化木薯淀粉、蝇蛆粉、大米蛋白粉、磷酸二氢钙、豆油、竹叶黄酮、甘草黄酮、葡萄籽提取物、胆汁酸、维生素混合物、矿物质混合物。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述鱼粉包括美国白鱼粉。
作为一种优选的技术方案,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉58~60份、预糊化木薯淀粉19~22份、蝇蛆粉8~10份、大米蛋白粉2~4份、磷酸二氢钙1~1.5份、豆油3~5份、竹叶黄酮0.3~0.5份、甘草黄酮0.1~0.2份、葡萄籽提取物0.1~0.2份、胆汁酸0.1~0.3份、维生素混合物1~2份、矿物质混合物1~2份。
作为一种优选的技术方案,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉58份、预糊化木薯淀粉21.4份、蝇蛆粉10份、大米蛋白粉2份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油5份、竹叶黄酮0.3份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.1份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份。
作为一种优选的技术方案,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉59份、预糊化木薯淀粉20.4份、蝇蛆粉9份、大米蛋白粉3份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、豆油4份、竹叶黄酮0.4份、甘草黄酮0.2份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份。
作为一种优选的技术方案,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉60份、预糊化木薯淀粉19.1份、蝇蛆粉8份、大米蛋白粉4份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油3份、竹叶黄酮0.5份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物2份、矿物质混合物2份。
作为一种优选的技术方案,每千克所述维生素混合物中包括以下成分:生物素0.66g、VB12 0.02g、叶酸9.23g、肌醇221.45g、烟酸123.73g、泛酸591.38g、核黄素29.53g、硫胺素24g。
作为一种优选的技术方案,每千克所述矿物质混合物中包括以下成分:KI 0.18g、CoC l2H2O(1%)10.98g、CuSO4·5H2O 2.20g、FeSO4H2O 17.57g、ZnSO4H2O 10.98g、MnSO4H2O13.18g、MgSO4·7H2O 263.57g、Ca(H2PO3)2·H2O 658.94g、NaCl 21.97g、NaF 0.43g。
本发明另一方面还提供一种如上所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料的制备方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)原料准备:
按重量份数称取各原料;
(2)粗粉碎、混合、超微粉碎:
将美国白鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、大米蛋白粉、磷酸二氢钙混合均匀然后进行粗粉碎,粉碎至颗粒均可通过40目筛网,得到粗粉碎组分;
将竹叶黄酮、甘草黄酮、葡萄籽提取物、胆汁酸、维生素混合物、矿物质混合物混合均匀制成小料添加剂;
将粗粉碎组分与小料添加剂混合均匀,进行超微粉碎,粉碎至颗粒均可通过80目筛网,得到超微粉碎组分;
(3)混合、打包:
往超微粉碎组分中加入木薯预糊化淀粉、豆油,搅拌均匀,得到粉状饲料,将饲料过80目筛网,即得。
本发明第三方面在于提供如上所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料在鳗鱼高温期养殖中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
1、针对夏季高温期(6~9月)鳗鱼疾病(肝胆肠综合征)多发,导致鳗鱼死亡率增加、存活率和增重率降低的现象,本发明饲料以新鲜度较佳的美国白鱼粉为主要蛋白源,从而减小饲料鱼粉对鳗鱼肠道的损害;以豆油替代鱼油控制饲料成本,以胆汁酸辅助脂肪消化吸收;通过添加维生素混合物、矿物质混合物,满足鳗鱼的基本营养需求,提高鳗鱼增重率和生长速度,提高了养殖经济效益;
2、蝇蛆粉中的粗蛋白含量和鱼粉相近或略高,含有动物所需要的17种氨基酸,且每种氨基酸的含量均高于鱼粉,必需氨基酸的蛋氨酸含量是鱼粉的2.7倍,赖氨酸含量是鱼粉的2.6倍。蝇蛆粉中的必需氨基酸总量为43.83%,超过联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织提出的参考值40%,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸总量值分别为0.79和0.78,均超过联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织提出的参考值0.6;本发明饲料通过蝇蛆粉替代8-10%的鱼粉,补充了饲料营养成分,使饲料氨基酸更加平衡,提高了鳗鱼的生长速度和增重率;另外,蝇蛆粉中含有多种微量元素以及抗菌肽、凝集素、干扰素等活性成分,具有杀菌、提高免疫力的作用,本发明饲料通过添加蝇蛆粉提高了鳗鱼的存活率,降低了发病率,从而提高养殖经济效益;
3、本发明饲料所添加的葡萄籽提取物为一种棕红色的粉末状物质,它是利用高科技技术从葡萄的种子中提取出的植物精华,保留了葡萄籽中的大部分营养和药用成分,其含有多种活性成分,能抑制致敏因子组胺的释放,也能增强组织细胞对过敏原的耐受性,同时含有的抗氧化成分,具有清除自由基、提高免疫力的作用;本发明饲料所添加的甘草黄酮为甘草经水提取甘草甜后的残渣,用乙醇、乙酸乙酯等溶剂提取得到甘草黄酮,是一种混合的多种黄酮类物质,含甘草甙、异甘草甙、甘草甙元、异甘草甙、甘草利酮等,具有较强的清除氧自由基、提高机体免疫力和杀菌的作用;本发明饲料所添加的竹叶黄酮的主要活性成分是黄酮类化合物,并以碳苷黄酮(C-glycosyl flavone)为主,其代表性化合物荭草苷(orientin)、异荭草苷(isoorientin)、牡荆苷(vitexin)和异牡荆苷(isovitexin),此外还含有酚酸、蒽醌类化合物、生物活性多糖、香豆素类内脂等有效活性成分,具有抗氧化、清除自由基、抗应激、增加免疫等功能。本发明通过添加提高免疫力的蝇蛆粉、甘草黄酮、竹叶黄酮,提高鳗鱼高温期的存活率,降低发病率。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。在未作说明的情况下,本发明所采用的试剂、设备和方法均为本技术领域常规市购的试剂、设备和常规使用的方法。
实施例1
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:美国白鱼粉58份、预糊化木薯淀粉21.4份、蝇蛆粉10份、大米蛋白粉2份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油5份、竹叶黄酮0.3份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.1份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份。
以上原料均可在市场上采购获得。
每千克所述维生素混合物中包括以下成分:生物素0.66g、VB120.02g、叶酸9.23g、肌醇221.45g、烟酸123.73g、泛酸591.38g、核黄素29.53g、硫胺素24g。
每千克所述矿物质混合物中包括以下成分:KI 0.18g、CoCl2H2O(1%)10.98g、CuSO4·5H2O 2.20g、FeSO4H2O 17.57g、ZnSO4H2O 10.98g、MnSO4H2O 13.18g、MgSO4·7H2O263.57g、Ca(H2PO3)2·H2O 658.94g、NaCl 21.97g、NaF 0.43g。
制备方法如下:
(1)原料准备:
按重量份数称取各原料;
(2)粗粉碎、混合、超微粉碎:
将美国白鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、大米蛋白粉、磷酸二氢钙混合均匀然后进行粗粉碎,粉碎至颗粒均可通过40目筛网,得到粗粉碎组分;
将竹叶黄酮、甘草黄酮、葡萄籽提取物、胆汁酸、维生素混合物、矿物质混合物混合均匀制成小料添加剂;
将粗粉碎组分与小料添加剂混合均匀,进行超微粉碎,粉碎至颗粒均可通过80目筛网,得到超微粉碎组分;
(3)混合、打包:
往超微粉碎组分中加入木薯预糊化淀粉、豆油,搅拌均匀,得到粉状饲料,将饲料过80目筛网,即得。
实施例2
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:美国白鱼粉59份、预糊化木薯淀粉20.4份、蝇蛆粉9份、大米蛋白粉3份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、豆油4份、竹叶黄酮0.4份、甘草黄酮0.2份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份。
以上原料均可在市场上采购获得。
维生素混合物、矿物质混合物、制备方法同实施例1,在此不赘述。
实施例3
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:美国白鱼粉60份、预糊化木薯淀粉19.1份、蝇蛆粉8份、大米蛋白粉4份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油3份、竹叶黄酮0.5份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物2份、矿物质混合物2份。
以上原料均可在市场上采购获得。
维生素混合物、矿物质混合物、制备方法同实施例1,在此不赘述。
实施例4
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:美国白鱼粉58份、预糊化木薯淀粉22份、蝇蛆粉8份、大米蛋白粉4份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油5份、竹叶黄酮0.5份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物2份。
以上原料均可在市场上采购获得。
维生素混合物、矿物质混合物、制备方法同实施例1,在此不赘述。
实施例5
一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:美国白鱼粉60份、预糊化木薯淀粉19份、蝇蛆粉10份、大米蛋白粉2份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、豆油3份、竹叶黄酮0.3份、甘草黄酮0.2份、葡萄籽提取物0.1份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物2份、矿物质混合物1份。
以上原料均可在市场上采购获得,上述肌肉粉采用美国鸡肉粉。
维生素混合物、矿物质混合物、制备方法同实施例1,在此不赘述。
实施例1~5制得的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料的蛋白含量均在49~50%之间,脂肪含量均可达到7~8%,可利用能值约为17~19kJ/g,能够充分提供鳗鱼生长所需的营养物质。
对比例
一种普通商业鳗鱼粉状配合饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:秘鲁高级鱼粉73份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、沙丁鱼油1份、预糊化木薯淀粉21.5份、矿物质混合物1.5份、维生素混合物1.5份。
上述维生素混合物、矿物质混合物同实施例1。
上述饲料的粗蛋白含量约为49.1%,粗脂肪含量约为8.0%,可利用能值为18.2kJ/g。
试验例1
采用实施例1的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料与对比例的饲料进行对比养殖试验。
试验地点为福建省福清市渔溪镇鳗鱼养殖场,试验时间为2017年7月1日至2017年10月1日。试验鳗鱼为100g左右大小的欧洲鳗,试验用鱼来自福建省福清市渔溪镇鳗鱼养殖场,选取表观健康、规格均匀的欧洲鳗6万尾,分别转入6个试验网箱(网箱规格10.0m×10.0m×1.3m,水深0.7m)中,每网箱1万尾,暂养一周,并且于每天5:00及17:00用对比例的饲料各投喂一次,使鳗鱼适应养殖环境和饲料。之后将暂养鱼随机分成2组,每组3个网箱,每天5:00及17:00定时人工投喂饲料。第1组网箱投喂本发明实施例1的粉状配合饲料,作为试验组;第2组网箱投喂对比例的饲料,作为对照组。记录每网箱每天的摄食量和死鱼数量,实验结束后统计生长情况和疾病发生情况,结果见下表1。
表1试验结果数据表
注:表中同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
成活率(%)=100×实验结束尾数/实验开始尾数
增重率(%)=100×(终末体重–初始体重)/初始体重
投喂率(%/d)=100×平均每尾鱼摄食的饲料重量/[(实验结束时鱼体重+实验开始时鱼体重)/2×养殖实验天数]
饲料效率=(终末体重–初始体重)/饲料投喂量
所有实验数据均用平均值±标准误差表示,数据采用SPSS 17.0进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),差异显著(P<0.05)后,进行Tukey多重比较(Tukey’s multiplecomparison tests)。
从表1的结果表明:试验组的成活率、增重率、投喂率依次显著高于对照组,说明实施例1的粉状配合饲料可显著提高鳗鱼在高温期的免疫力和生长速度,提升养殖的经济效益。
试验例2
采用实施例2制得的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料与对比例的饲料进行对比养殖试验。
试验地点为福建省福清市渔溪镇鳗鱼养殖场,试验时间为2018年7月1日至2018年10月1日。试验鳗鱼为100g左右大小的美洲鳗,试验用鱼来自福建省福清市渔溪镇鳗鱼养殖场,选取表观健康、规格均匀的美洲鳗12-13万尾,放入大池(精养水泥池,水面面积500m2,水深0.6m)暂养一周,并且于每天5:00及17:00用对比例的饲料各投喂一次,使鳗鱼适应养殖环境和饲料。之后将暂养鱼分别转入6个精养水泥池(水面面积300m2,水深0.6m)中,每池2万尾,并随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每天5:00及17:00定时人工饱食投喂饲料。第1组投喂本发明实施例2的粉状配合饲料,作为试验组;第2组投喂对比例的饲料,作为对照组。记录每天的摄食量和死鱼数量,实验结束后统计生长情况和疾病发生情况,结果见下表2。
表2试验结果数据表
注:表中同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
成活率、增重率、投喂率、饲料效率数据处理及表达方式与试验例1相同。
从表2的结果表明:试验组的成活率、增重率、投喂率依次显著高于对照组,说明实施例2的粉状配合饲料可显著提高鳗鱼在高温期的免疫力和生长速度,提升养殖的经济效益。
试验例3
采用实施例3制得的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料与对比例的饲料进行对比养殖试验。
试验地点为福建省福清市渔溪镇鳗鱼养殖场,试验时间为2019年7月1日至2019年10月1日。试验鳗鱼为100g左右大小的花鳗,试验用鱼来自福建省福清市渔溪镇鳗鱼养殖场,选取表观健康、规格均匀的美洲鳗12-13万尾,放入大池(精养水泥池,水面面积500m2,水深0.6m)暂养一周,并且于每天5:00及17:00用对比例的饲料各投喂一次,使鳗鱼适应养殖环境和饲料。之后将暂养鱼分别转入6个精养水泥池(水面面积300m2,水深0.6m)中,每池2万尾,并随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每天5:00及17:00定时人工饱食投喂饲料。第1组投喂本发明实施例3的粉状配合饲料,作为试验组;第2组投喂对比例的饲料,作为对照组。记录每天的摄食量和死鱼数量,实验结束后统计生长情况和疾病发生情况,结果见下表3。
表3试验结果数据表
注:表中同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
成活率、增重率、投喂率、饲料效率数据处理及表达方式与试验例1相同。
从表3的结果表明:试验组的成活率、增重率、投喂率依次显著高于对照组,说明实施例3的粉状配合饲料可显著提高鳗鱼在高温期的免疫力和生长速度,提升养殖的经济效益。
以上所述,仅为本发明的较佳的具体实施例,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,包括以下组分:鱼粉、预糊化木薯淀粉、蝇蛆粉、大米蛋白粉、磷酸二氢钙、豆油、竹叶黄酮、甘草黄酮、葡萄籽提取物、胆汁酸、维生素混合物、矿物质混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,所述鱼粉包括美国白鱼粉。
3.根据权利要求2所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉58~60份、预糊化木薯淀粉19~22份、蝇蛆粉8~10份、大米蛋白粉2~4份、磷酸二氢钙1~1.5份、豆油3~5份、竹叶黄酮0.3~0.5份、甘草黄酮0.1~0.2份、葡萄籽提取物0.1~0.2份、胆汁酸0.1~0.3份、维生素混合物1~2份、矿物质混合物1~2份。
4.根据权利要求3所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉58份、预糊化木薯淀粉21.4份、蝇蛆粉10份、大米蛋白粉2份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油5份、竹叶黄酮0.3份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.1份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份。
5.根据权利要求3所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,各组分的重量份数如下:美国白鱼粉59份、预糊化木薯淀粉20.4份、蝇蛆粉9份、大米蛋白粉3份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、豆油4份、竹叶黄酮0.4份、甘草黄酮0.2份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份。
6.根据权利要求3所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,美国白鱼粉60份、预糊化木薯淀粉19.1份、蝇蛆粉8份、大米蛋白粉4份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油3份、竹叶黄酮0.5份、甘草黄酮0.1份、葡萄籽提取物0.2份、胆汁酸0.1份、维生素混合物2份、矿物质混合物2份。
7.根据权利要求3所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,每千克所述维生素混合物中包括以下成分:生物素0.66g、VB12 0.02g、叶酸9.23g、肌醇221.45g、烟酸123.73g、泛酸591.38g、核黄素29.53g、硫胺素24g。
8.根据权利要求3所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料,其特征在于,每千克所述矿物质混合物中包括以下成分:KI 0.18g、CoCl 2H2O 10.98g、CuSO4·5H2O2.20g、FeSO4H2O 17.57g、ZnSO4H2O 10.98g、MnSO4H2O 13.18g、MgSO4·7H2O 263.57g、Ca(H2PO3)2·H2O 658.94g、NaCl 21.97g、NaF 0.43g。
9.一种如权利要求3~8任一项所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)原料准备:
按重量份数称取各原料;
(2)粗粉碎、混合、超微粉碎:
将美国白鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、大米蛋白粉、磷酸二氢钙混合均匀然后进行粗粉碎,粉碎至颗粒均可通过40目筛网,得到粗粉碎组分;
将竹叶黄酮、甘草黄酮、葡萄籽提取物、胆汁酸、维生素混合物、矿物质混合物混合均匀制成小料添加剂;
将粗粉碎组分与小料添加剂混合均匀,进行超微粉碎,粉碎至颗粒均可通过80目筛网,得到超微粉碎组分;
(3)混合、打包:
往超微粉碎组分中加入木薯预糊化淀粉、豆油,搅拌均匀,得到粉状饲料,将饲料过80目筛网,即得。
10.如权利要求1~8任一项所述的提高鳗鱼高温期存活率和增重率的粉状配合饲料在鳗鱼高温期养殖中的应用。
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