CN111011661A - 罗非鱼配合饲料 - Google Patents
罗非鱼配合饲料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111011661A CN111011661A CN201911344060.4A CN201911344060A CN111011661A CN 111011661 A CN111011661 A CN 111011661A CN 201911344060 A CN201911344060 A CN 201911344060A CN 111011661 A CN111011661 A CN 111011661A
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- Prior art keywords
- parts
- tilapia
- formula feed
- feed
- mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种罗非鱼配合饲料,按照质量份数包括:50份~60份的鱼粉、40份~50份的脱酚棉籽蛋白粉、220份~300份去皮豆粕、120份~180份的菜粕、120份~180份的高筋面粉、160份~220份的玉米、60份~70份的膨化大豆、10份~20份的磷酸二氢钙、40份~60份的油类、4份~10份的氨基酸、4份~10份的复合维生素、4份~10份的矿物质以及4份~10份的饲料添加剂。这种罗非鱼配合饲料通过对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的最适需求量,有效的降低了饲料成本,与传统的罗非鱼配合饲料相比,这种罗非鱼配合饲料的成本降低了50元/吨~100元/吨。进行在养殖试验验证时发现,采用这种罗非鱼配合饲料饲养的罗非鱼的产量发生了增长。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料技术领域,尤其涉及一种罗非鱼配合饲料。
背景技术
罗非鱼原产非洲,属热带性鱼类,罗非鱼养殖区域主要集中在广东、广西、海南、福建4省,其一般4月中旬投苗,养殖5~6月即可上市(大概在1市斤的规格)。我国是全世界最大的罗非鱼养殖大国,也是罗非鱼配合饲料的生产大国。近年来罗非鱼产业竞争异常激烈,如何降低养殖成本、提高养殖效益是各饲料厂家角逐市场的竞争点。除了市场走量外,罗非鱼切片的商品形式,对鱼体出肉率、肌肉品质等加工质量要求较高。
随着罗非鱼产业的激烈竞争,罗非鱼的养殖成本也在不断攀升,饲料成本在2.6元/斤鱼左右,在广东大部分地区新投的鱼塘塘租也已经达到2000元/亩以上,塘租分摊0.7元/斤鱼,再加上药品、调水成本0.5元/斤鱼,一斤罗非鱼的养殖成本已经接近4元/斤鱼。在现有混养模式下,一旦死亡率超过15%或者鱼价低于4元/斤鱼,则养户很有可能赚不到钱甚至亏本。
因此,如何在降低饲料成本的基础上,提高罗非鱼的产量,是鱼饲料行业的一个重要的需求。
发明内容
基于此,有必要提供一种成本更低的罗非鱼配合饲料,其用于饲养罗非鱼时可以提高罗非鱼的产量。
一种罗非鱼配合饲料,按照质量份数包括:50份~60份的鱼粉、40份~50份的脱酚棉籽蛋白粉、220份~300份去皮豆粕、120份~180份的菜粕、120份~180份的高筋面粉、160份~220份的玉米、60份~70份的膨化大豆、10份~20份的磷酸二氢钙、40份~60份的油类、4份~10份的氨基酸、4份~10份的复合维生素、4份~10份的矿物质以及4份~10份的饲料添加剂。
这种罗非鱼配合饲料通过对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的最适需求量,有效的降低了饲料成本,与传统的罗非鱼配合饲料相比,这种罗非鱼配合饲料的成本降低了50元/吨~100元/吨。进行在养殖试验验证时发现,采用这种罗非鱼配合饲料饲养的罗非鱼的产量发生了增长。相对于传统的罗非鱼配合饲料,这种罗非鱼配合饲料在合理配比的前提下实现了成本的降低,并且其用于饲养罗非鱼时可以提高罗非鱼的产量。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解本发明,下面将结合具体实施方式对本发明进行更全面的描述。除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本发明的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。在本发明的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本发明。
根据市场的评估维度指标,研究高效罗非鱼膨化配合饲料的蛋白质适宜水平、脂肪适宜水平、能蛋比水平及碳水化合物(玉米)的需求量。
根据罗非鱼配合饲料研发的战略目标,可将罗非鱼配合饲料研发分为以下四个项目:(1)高效罗非鱼配合饲料中蛋白质的适宜水平及动物蛋白源的适宜添加量研究;(2)高效罗非鱼配合饲料中脂肪的适宜水平及脂肪源的筛选研究;(3)高效罗非鱼配合饲料中能蛋比水平对罗非鱼生长性能及出肉率影响的研究;(4)高效罗非鱼配合饲料中玉米添加量对生产工艺及罗非鱼生长性能影响的研究。
为了满足上述需求,本申请提供了一实施方式的罗非鱼配合饲料,按照质量份数包括:50份~60份的鱼粉、40份~50份的脱酚棉籽蛋白粉、220份~300份去皮豆粕、120份~180份的菜粕、120份~180份的高筋面粉、160份~220份的玉米、60份~70份的膨化大豆、10份~20份的磷酸二氢钙、40份~60份的油类、4份~10份的氨基酸、4份~10份的复合维生素、4份~10份的矿物质以及4份~10份的饲料添加剂。
这种罗非鱼配合饲料通过对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的最适需求量,有效的降低了饲料成本,与传统的罗非鱼配合饲料相比,这种罗非鱼配合饲料的成本降低了50元/吨~100元/吨。进行在养殖试验验证时发现,采用这种罗非鱼配合饲料饲养的罗非鱼的产量发生了增长。相对于传统的罗非鱼配合饲料,这种罗非鱼配合饲料在合理配比的前提下实现了成本的降低,并且其用于饲养罗非鱼时可以提高罗非鱼的产量。
罗非鱼配合饲料中的氨基酸有助于蛋白质在罗非鱼机体内的消化和吸收。作为机体内第一营养要素的蛋白质,它在食物营养中的作用是显而易见的,但它在机体内并不能直接被利用,而是通过变成氨基酸小分子后被利用的。
氨基酸分解代谢所产生的a-酮酸,随着不同特性,循糖或脂的代谢途径进行代谢。a-酮酸可再合成新的氨基酸,或转变为糖或脂肪,或进入三羧循环氧化分解成CO2和H2O,并放出能量。本饲料配方可以合理控制罗非鱼的体脂,并且,使其具有较高的能量储备,提高其抗寒能力。而且,通过摄入适量氨基酸,能优化罗非鱼肉质的口感和味道。
一般来说,鱼粉可以为秘鲁鱼粉和国产鱼粉中的至少一种。
在一个具体的实施例中,鱼粉为国产鱼粉,或者,鱼粉为质量比为3:1的秘鲁鱼粉和国产鱼粉。
脱酚棉籽蛋白采用低温一次浸出及两种溶剂分步萃取等新工艺,极大限度的减少了蛋白的变性,而又脱除了棉酚,使其在营养水平上有质的提高。脱酚棉籽蛋白产品游离棉酚含量小于等于60ppm(HPLC),粗蛋白含量在50%以上,且其氨基酸总量与粗蛋白的比例达95%,可替代豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、鱼粉等植动物蛋白,广泛应用于畜禽和水产饲料中。
膨化大豆保留了大豆本身的营养物质,蛋白质变性,淀粉糊化,脂肪外露富含油脂,氨基酸平衡,且高温高压杀死了病菌,是具有极高营养价值的常用蛋白原料,且对于目前高位运行的鱼粉具有一定替代性。
优选的,罗非鱼配合饲料中,鱼粉为55份,脱酚棉籽蛋白粉为45份,去皮豆粕为260份,菜粕为150份,高筋面粉为150份,玉米为190份,膨化大豆为65份。
具体来说,按照质量份数,罗非鱼配合饲料的总份数为1000份。
优选的,油类选自鱼油、豆油、猪油和茶油中的至少一种。
具体来说,按照质量份数,罗非鱼配合饲料中,油类为50份。在一个特别的实施例中,油类为25份的鱼油和25份的豆油。
具体来说,按照质量份数,罗非鱼配合饲料中,氨基酸为5份。
具体来说,罗非鱼配合饲料中,复合维生素为5份,矿物质为5份,饲料添加剂为5份。
优选的,按照质量份数,每1000份的氨基酸由如下组分组成:500份的赖氨酸、150份的甘氨酸、20份的色氨酸、300份的蛋氨酸、10份的胱氨酸、10份的谷氨酸及10份的天冬氨酸。
优选的,按照质量份数,每1000份的复合维生素由如下组分组成:0.366份的维生素A、0.1份的维生素D、2份的维生素E、2份的维生素K3、20份的烟酸、4份的核黄素、4份的吡哆醇、4份的硫胺、10份的泛酸钙、0.02份的生物素、1份的叶酸、4份的维生素B12、20份的抗坏血酸、20份的肌醇以及908.514份的玉米淀粉。
优选的,按照质量份数,每1000份的矿物质由如下组分组成:10份的氯化钠、150份的硫酸镁、250份的磷酸二氢钠、320份的磷酸二氢钾、200份的磷酸二氢钙、25份的硫酸铁、35份的乳酸钙、3.53份的硫酸锌、1.62份的硫酸锰、0.31份的硫酸铜、0.01份的硫酸钴、0.03份的碘化钾以及4.5份的淀粉。
饲料添加剂用于提高罗非鱼的免疫性能。
优选的,按照质量份数,每100份的饲料添加剂由如下组分组成:2.5份的肉桂醛、2份的香芹酚、0.5份的大蒜油、0.5份的食盐、3份的芦根、3.5份的罗汉果、3份的淡竹叶、13份的雷公藤、7份的苦参以及65份的载体玉米芯粉
由于在罗非鱼配合饲料的营养调配中对摄入营养进行了优化的调配,将提早了罗非鱼的性腺发育时间,性腺发育过快,将使得罗非鱼的消耗增大,不利于长肉,为此,在饲料添加剂中增加雷公藤和苦参等具有抗病毒、抑菌的中草药,从而抑制罗非鱼的性腺发育,促进罗非鱼的生长。
优选的,上述罗非鱼配合饲料为膨化饲料。
上述的罗非鱼的膨化饲料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
将去皮豆粕、菜粕、玉米进行粗粉碎;然后与鱼粉、脱酚棉籽蛋白粉、高筋面粉和膨化大豆粉按上述配比配料后经过第一道混合机混合均匀;超微粉碎至95%以上的粉料过80目筛;在第二道混合机内加入磷酸二氢钙、复合维生素、矿物质和饲料添加剂,充分混合均匀,混合时间50秒,变异系数≤5%;混合后的粉料,由蒸汽调质后(调质出口温度≥95℃),经膨化机挤压,物料从模孔排出瞬间膨胀,并被切割成颗粒,再烘干;按配方要求对饲料进行外喷鱼油和豆油(1:1)的混合油,并通过冷却塔进行冷却降温;按饲料粒径要求,对饲料进行分筛处理,把生产过程中产生的过大过小的异常颗粒去除;最后,对饲料进行包装以保证饲料的品质和安全。
具体实施例
实施例1
按照每1000g原料由国产鱼粉55g,脱酚棉籽蛋白粉45g,去皮豆粕260g,菜粕150g,高筋面粉150g,玉米190g,膨化大豆65g,磷酸二氢钙15g,油类50g(1:1的鱼油和豆油),氨基酸5g,复合维生素5g,矿物质微量元素5g和饲料添加剂5g组成,提供上述原料。
将去皮豆粕、菜粕、玉米进行粗粉碎;然后与鱼粉、脱酚棉籽蛋白粉、高筋面粉和膨化大豆粉按上述配比配料后经过第一道混合机混合均匀;超微粉碎至95%以上的粉料过80目筛;在第二道混合机内加入磷酸二氢钙、复合维生素、矿物质和饲料添加剂,充分混合均匀,混合时间50秒,变异系数≤5%;混合后的粉料,由蒸汽调质后(调质出口温度≥95℃),经膨化机挤压,物料从模孔排出瞬间膨胀,并被切割成颗粒,再烘干;按配方要求对饲料进行外喷鱼油和豆油(1:1)的混合油,并通过冷却塔进行冷却降温;按饲料粒径要求,对饲料进行分筛处理,把生产过程中产生的过大过小的异常颗粒去除,得到所需的罗非鱼配合饲料。
实施例2
按照每1000g原料由秘鲁鱼粉55g,脱酚棉籽蛋白粉45g,去皮豆粕260g,菜粕150g,高筋面粉150g,玉米190g,膨化大豆65g,磷酸二氢钙15g,豆油50g,氨基酸5g,复合维生素5g,矿物质微量元素5g和饲料添加剂5g组成,提供上述原料。
按照实施例1中的制备过程,制得所需的罗非鱼配合饲料。
实施例3
按照每1000g原料由鱼粉55g(3:1的秘鲁鱼粉和国产鱼粉),脱酚棉籽蛋白粉45g,去皮豆粕260g,菜粕150g,高筋面粉150g,玉米190g,膨化大豆65g,磷酸二氢钙15g,油类50g(1:1的鱼油和豆油),氨基酸5g,复合维生素5g,矿物质微量元素5g和饲料添加剂5g组成,提供上述原料。
按照实施例1中的制备过程,制得所需的罗非鱼配合饲料。
实施例4
按照原料配比为国产鱼粉50g,脱酚棉籽蛋白粉40g,去皮豆粕220g,菜粕120g,高筋面粉120g,玉米160g,膨化大豆60g,磷酸二氢钙10g,油类40g(1:1的鱼油和豆油),氨基酸4g,复合维生素4g,矿物质微量元素4g和饲料添加剂4g组成,提供上述原料。
按照实施例1中的制备过程,制得所需的罗非鱼配合饲料。
实施例5
按照原料配比为国产鱼粉60g,脱酚棉籽蛋白粉50g,去皮豆粕300g,菜粕180g,高筋面粉180g,玉米220g,膨化大豆70g,磷酸二氢钙20g,油类60g(1:1的鱼油和豆油),氨基酸10g,复合维生素10g,矿物质微量元素10g和饲料添加剂10g组成,提供上述原料。
按照实施例1中的制备过程,制得所需的罗非鱼配合饲料。
养殖试验
选用大小一致的罗非鱼苗,养殖玻璃桶直径1.5米,每桶40尾,每组4个平行,日投饵2次,每次为体重3%,进行室内养殖实验,养殖周期为180天,对照组饲料为表1所示的商品饲料,具体结果见表2。
表1:对照组饲料配方
原料 | 质量份数 |
国产鱼粉 | 6 |
脱酚棉籽蛋白 | 5 |
去皮豆粕 | 26 |
菜粕 | 15 |
玉米 | 18 |
面粉 | 15 |
膨化大豆 | 6.5 |
精炼鱼油 | 2.25 |
豆油 | 2.25 |
磷酸二氢钙 | 1.5 |
复合维生素 | 0.5 |
矿物盐微量元素 | 0.5 |
膨润土 | 1.5 |
表2:实施例1与对照组养殖效果对照
由表2可以看出,经过180天养殖后,实施例1的饲料喂养的罗非鱼与对照组的罗非鱼相比,在增重率上具有明显提升。
将养殖180天的实施例1的罗非鱼和对照组的罗非鱼处死后,分别提取血液进行血液生理指标分析,结果如表3所示。
表3:实施例1的罗非鱼和对照组的罗非鱼的血液生理指标对比
组别 | 对照组 | 实施例1 |
谷草转氨酶AST(U/L) | 281.7±32.6 | 220.3±23.7 |
谷丙转氨酶ALT(U/L) | 38.5±4.3 | 21.3±5.7 |
碱性磷酸酶ALP(U/L) | 20.3±3.7 | 12.1±4.9 |
超氧化物歧化酶SOD(U/mL) | 30.96±4.1 | 45.14±5.8 |
由表3可以看出,经过180天养殖后,实施例1的罗非鱼配合饲料能显著降低饵料系数、提高罗非鱼的增重率;降低血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性,减缓鱼体氧化应激,提高碱性磷酸酶从而提高机体免疫性能。
生长实验结束以后,每个处理组保留15尾实验鱼,腹腔注射1mL含有无乳链球菌的溶液(OD值1.0)。注射后每个2小时观察、记录死亡鱼的数量,得到表4。
表4:实施例1的罗非鱼和对照组的罗非鱼的血液生理指标对比
由表4可以看出,实施例1的罗非鱼配合饲料能够提高罗非鱼的免疫性能,对无乳链球菌引起的罗非鱼死亡有一定的保护作用,实验鱼的死亡率均低于对照组。
此外,通过在广东佛山、广东江门、广西北海三地的养殖试验基地进行养殖对比,将实施例1制得的罗非鱼配合饲料与对照组饲料进行养殖比对,从放鱼苗到上市经历6个月。
对照组饲料:三地平均出鱼体重为1.2市斤/尾,鱼价4.5元/市斤,养殖成本约4元/市斤。
实施例1的罗非鱼配合饲料:三地平均出鱼体重为1.6市斤/尾,鱼价约5.7元/市斤,养殖成本约3.8元/市斤。
以上两组方案成活率都在95%以上。
由此可见,选用实施例1制得的罗非鱼配合饲料的成本更低,而且,罗非鱼的生长速度更快,在市场上具有更大的竞争优势,而且符合市场鱼大价高的规律,为养殖户产生更大的效益,同时也降低养殖风险。
此外,通过在广东佛山地区还做了小量存塘,自然越冬的试验,发现使用实施例1制得的罗非鱼配合饲料的罗非鱼越冬存活率比对照组高7%。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对申请专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。因此,本发明专利的保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数包括:50份~60份的鱼粉、40份~50份的脱酚棉籽蛋白粉、220份~300份去皮豆粕、120份~180份的菜粕、120份~180份的高筋面粉、160份~220份的玉米、60份~70份的膨化大豆、10份~20份的磷酸二氢钙、40份~60份的油类、4份~10份的氨基酸、4份~10份的复合维生素、4份~10份的矿物质以及4份~10份的饲料添加剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,所述罗非鱼配合饲料中,所述鱼粉为55份,所述脱酚棉籽蛋白粉为45份,所述去皮豆粕为260份,所述菜粕为150份,所述高筋面粉为150份,所述玉米为190份,所述膨化大豆为65份。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,所述罗非鱼配合饲料的总份数为1000份。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,所述油类选自鱼油、豆油、猪油和茶油中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,所述罗非鱼配合饲料中,所述油类为50份。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,所述罗非鱼配合饲料中,所述氨基酸为5份。
7.根据权利要求1所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,所述罗非鱼配合饲料中,所述复合维生素为5份,所述矿物质为5份,所述饲料添加剂为5份。
8.根据权利要求1或7所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,每1000份的所述复合维生素由如下组分组成:0.366份的维生素A、0.1份的维生素D、2份的维生素E、2份的维生素K3、20份的烟酸、4份的核黄素、4份的吡哆醇、4份的硫胺、10份的泛酸钙、0.02份的生物素、1份的叶酸、4份的维生素B12、20份的抗坏血酸、20份的肌醇以及908.514份的玉米淀粉;
按照质量份数,每1000份的所述矿物质由如下组分组成:10份的氯化钠、150份的硫酸镁、250份的磷酸二氢钠、320份的磷酸二氢钾、200份的磷酸二氢钙、25份的硫酸铁、35份的乳酸钙、3.53份的硫酸锌、1.62份的硫酸锰、0.31份的硫酸铜、0.01份的硫酸钴、0.03份的碘化钾以及4.5份的淀粉。
9.根据权利要求1或7所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,每1000份的所述氨基酸由如下组分组成:500份的赖氨酸、150份的甘氨酸、20份的色氨酸、300份的蛋氨酸、10份的胱氨酸、10份的谷氨酸及10份的天冬氨酸。
10.根据权利要求1或7所述的罗非鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,按照质量份数,每100份的所述饲料添加剂由如下组分组成:2.5份的肉桂醛、2份的香芹酚、0.5份的大蒜油、0.5份的食盐、3份的芦根、3.5份的罗汉果、3份的淡竹叶、13份的雷公藤、7份的苦参以及65份的载体玉米芯粉。
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