CN111718320A - 卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系及其制备方法与应用,将卤代荧光素溶液与湮灭剂溶液在醇溶剂中混合,除氧,得到卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系;将卤代荧光素在溶剂中溶解,得到卤代荧光素单光子吸收上转换体系。由本发明提供的弱光上转换单组份体系可获得红‑转‑黄上转换发光;本发明提供的弱光上转换双组份体系不但可获得绿‑转‑蓝发光,还可获得白色的上转换发光,在照明领域、太阳能利用和生物医院等领域具有潜在的应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于弱光上转换技术,涉及两种有机弱光上转换体系,具体为卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
上转换意指在长波长的光(低能量的光)激发下获得短波长的光(高能量的光)。基于有机材料的上转换目前有三类:强双光子吸收上转换(two-photon absorptionupconversion,简称TPA-UC)、三线态-三线态湮灭上转换(triplet-triplet annihilationupconversion,简称TTA-UC)和单光子吸收上转换(one-photon absorptionupconversion,简称OPA-UC)。TPA-UC需要在兆瓦/平方厘米的强光(>MW×cm-2)激发下获得,故称为强光上转换;TTA-UC和OPA-UC则需要在毫瓦/平方厘米的弱光(~mW×cm-2)激发下获得,故称为弱光上转换。显然,弱光上转换在太阳能光伏、光催化、生物医学、光调控照明及环境检测等领域具有更大的应用价值。 目前,有机弱光上转换有两类:TTA-UC和OPA-UC。由于它们的微观机理不同,所涉及的材料也不同。TTA-UC材料为双组份体系,而OPA-UC则为单组份体系。TTA-UC需要敏化剂-湮灭剂双组份共同参与(介质通常为溶剂)。微观机制如下:敏化剂首先收获低能量激发光,进而系间窜越(ISC);然后敏化剂将三线态能量传递到湮灭剂;最后两个激发的三线态湮灭剂分子经历电子自旋转换的过程,发射出相对于低能激发光的高能光子上转换。另一方面,OPA-UC涉及的材料仅为发光剂自身(即单组份),其机理为:发光剂分子具有热带吸收特性:即可从基态(S0)的较高振动能级(热带)(St)跃迁至激发单线态(S1)激发,随后发出比吸收的光子更高的能量的光子。 目前,关于强双光子吸收上转换(TPA-UC)和三线态-三线态湮灭上转换(TTA-UC)的材料报道较多,而单光子吸收上转换(OPA-UC)材料甚少报道,这是因为分子的吸收大多是从基态的零振动能级跃迁至激发态的,而分子从是从基态的较高振动能级跃迁至激发态这一现象甚少。在TTA-UC体系中,报道最多的三线态敏化剂是含贵金属配合物,如贵金属卟啉和贵金属酞菁。然而,含贵金属配合物的敏化剂制备成本较高、价格高昂,限制其实际应用。
发明内容
本发明公开一类溴代或碘代荧光素具有双功能性能。既可作为TTA-UC体系的敏化剂又兼作OPA-UC的发光剂。分别为三线态-三线态湮灭上转换(TTA-UC)和单光子吸收上转换(OPA-UC)。具体涉及卤(溴/碘)代荧光素具有多功能特性:即具有很强的三线态敏化能力,可作为TTA-UC体系的敏化剂;同时又具有热带(即基态较高振动能级)吸收能力,可作为OPA-UC体系的发光剂。
当作为TTA-UC体系的敏化剂时,在绿光(532 nm)半导体激光器激发下,卤代荧光素可敏化9,10-二苯基蒽及其衍生物,得到上转换荧光峰位在~430 nm,其绿-转-蓝上转换效率最高达15.9 %。由于蓝光上转换效率高,其与敏化剂的黄色荧光具有相等的强度,故该蓝光与敏化剂的黄色荧光可组合得到稳定的白光光谱。而当作为OPA-UC体系的发光剂时,在红光(655 nm)半导体激光器激发下,卤代荧光素自身通过基态热带吸收(较高振动能级的吸收)跃迁至激发态(S1),尔后发出上转换荧光,峰位最大可蓝移至575 nm,其红-转-黄上转换效率最高达17.8 %。
由本发明提供的弱光上转换单组份体系可获得红-转-黄上转换发光;本发明提供的弱光上转换双组份体系不但可获得绿-转-蓝发光,还可获得白色的上转换发光,在照明领域、太阳能利用和生物医院等领域具有潜在的应用价值。
本发明采用如下技术方案:
卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系,为双组份体系(称为TTA-UC体系),包括卤代荧光素、湮灭剂;进一步的,还包括溶剂;其中卤素荧光素作为敏化剂,湮灭剂为蒽类物质,比如9,10-二苯基蒽及其衍生物作为湮灭剂,溶剂为醇类溶剂。
卤代荧光素单光子吸收上转换体系,为单组份体系(称为OPA-UC体系),由卤代荧光素、溶剂组成,卤代荧光素自身作为发光分子,溶剂为DMF溶剂。
本发明公开了上述卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系的制备方法,将卤代荧光素与湮灭剂在溶剂中混合,除氧,得到卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系;溶剂为正丙醇;利用氩气除氧;优选的,将卤代荧光素溶液与湮灭剂溶液在醇溶剂中混合,除氧,得到卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系。
本发明公开了上述卤代荧光素单光子吸收上转换体系的制备方法,将卤代荧光素在溶剂中溶解,得到卤代荧光素单光子吸收上转换体系;溶剂为DMF。
本发明中,将TTA-UC体系与OPA-UC体系分别装入比色皿中,用不同的激发光照射下,可得到各自的上转换光谱。激发光由常规半导体激光器作为光源,其中,TTA-UC体系激发光波长为532nm,激发光强度为5~500 mW/cm2;OPA-UC体系激发光波长为655 nm,激发光强度为200~2000 mW/cm2。
本发明中,所述卤代荧光素的化学结构式如下:
所述湮灭剂的化学结构式如下:
所述醇溶剂为正丙醇。
本发明卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系中,卤代荧光素、湮灭剂的摩尔比为1∶20~140。
在655 nm半导体激光器激发下,卤代荧光素(碘代荧光素或溴代荧光素)DMF溶液可发出OPA-上转换黄光;在532 nm半导体激光器激发下,湮灭剂(DPA或p-DHMPA)与敏化剂卤代荧光素(碘代荧光素或溴代荧光素)的正丙醇溶液可发出TTA-上转换蓝光;此外,在碘代荧光素/DPA或p-DHMPA 双组份体系中,上转换蓝光与碘代荧光素的下转换黄光混合还可获得白色的上转换发光。
本发明制备了一类新型卤代荧光素敏化剂,包括含溴荧光素与含碘荧光素,与发光剂分子(DPA与p-DHMPA)复合,可产生绿-转-蓝TTA-UC上转换。同时,本发明这两种卤素荧光素可作为OPA-UC的发色团,在较低功率655 nm激光器激发下,无需除氧,即可发生红-转-黄OPA-UC上转换,不接有卤素的荧光素无OPA-UC现象,它们上转换积分对功率密度的对数图斜率均~1,表明由单光子进行作用。;将两种发色团应用于光电流,在红-转-黄上转换体系光照下,硅电池光电二极管产生了明显的光电流(I-V 曲线),证明红-转-黄OPA上转换体系作为激发光源激发太阳能电池具有潜在应用价值。
附图说明
图1溴代荧光素与碘代荧光素的吸收光谱和荧光光谱(正丙醇,10μM);
图2 溴代荧光素和碘代荧光素的荧光衰减曲线及拟合寿命(正丙醇,10μM);
图3溴代荧光素(a)和碘代荧光素(b)77 K下的磷光光谱及磷光寿命曲线(正丙醇,10μM);
图4湮灭剂DPA(a)与p-DHMPA(b)的吸收与荧光光谱图. (正丙醇,50μM);
图5 在532 nm激发下,碘代荧光素/DPA和溴代荧光素/DPA上转换强度与激发光功率密度之间关系(左)和相应的上转换积分对数与功率密度对数作图(右)(脱气正丙醇,敏化剂浓度定为10μM);
图6在532 nm激发下,碘代荧光素/p-DHMP(a)和溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA(b)上转换强度与激发光功率密度之间关系和相应的上转换积分对数与功率密度对数作图(脱气正丙醇,敏化剂浓度定为10μM);
图7 在532 nm激发下,碘代荧光素/DPA和溴代荧光素/DPA上转换强度与湮灭剂浓度之间的关系(脱气正丙醇,敏化剂浓度固定为10μM);
图8 在532 nm激发下,碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA和溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA上转换强度与湮灭剂浓度之间的关系(脱气正丙醇,敏化剂浓度固定为10μM);
图9 四个二元体系(碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA、溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA、碘代荧光素/DPA和溴代荧光素/DPA)的上转换效率随着湮灭剂浓度的变换而变化曲线;
图10在655 nm激发下,碘代荧光素(a)和溴代荧光素(b)单光子吸收上转换光谱及相应的上转换积分对数与功率密度对数作图(DMF溶剂,湮灭剂浓度0.2 mM);
图11为655nm激发下,荧光素,碘代荧光素和溴代荧光素浓度中的上转换光谱图(DMF,1mM);
图12为含溴荧光素与含碘荧光素在2×10-4mol/L浓度溶液中,由655nm激光器激发下的上转换光的光电转换图;
图13为碘代荧光素的核磁谱图;
图14为碘代荧光素的质谱图;
图15为溴代荧光素的核磁谱图;
图16为溴代荧光素的质谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图以及实施例对本发明作进一步描述:
本实施例中,紫外-可见吸收光谱的测定是在SHIMADZU UV2600型紫外分光光度计上进行的;荧光光谱是分别在Edinburgh FLS-920型荧光光谱仪上进行测定的。三线态-三线态湮灭上转换(TTA-UC)光谱的测定条件是:用532nm半导体激光器,溶剂为光谱纯的脱气正丙醇。单光子吸收上转换(OPA-UC)光谱的测定条件是:用655nm半导体激光器,溶剂为光谱纯的DMF。
本发明卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系由卤代荧光素、湮灭剂以及溶剂组成,具体的,将卤代荧光素溶液与湮灭剂溶液在醇溶剂中混合,不加其他组份,除氧,得到卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系。
实施例1
三线态-三线态湮灭上转换(TTA-UC)双组份体系(敏化剂/湮灭剂)的制备方法如下:将50 μL的溴代荧光素(DMF,1×10-3 mol/L)和0.5 mL湮灭剂(DPA或p-DHMPA)的正丙醇溶液(2×10-3 mol/L)加入5 mL容量瓶,振荡混合,再加入正丙醇配制成5 mL的上转换双组份溶液,氩气脱氧,得到敏化剂/湮灭剂摩尔数配比为1: 20的双组份体系。
配制1: 40、1: 60、1: 80和其它摩尔比例双组份体系时,溴代荧光素浓度保持不变(10μM),增加湮灭剂(DPA或p-DHMPA)的浓度获得上述比例的双组份体系。
按照上述方法,将碘代荧光素替换溴代荧光素,得到一系列以碘代荧光素为敏化剂的双组份上转换体系,其中敏化剂的浓度为10μM,用于以下实验。
所述卤代荧光素敏化剂(碘代荧光素与溴代荧光素)的化学结构式如下:
所述湮灭剂DPA与p-DHMPA的化学结构式如下:
溴代荧光素与碘代荧光素的吸收光谱与荧光光谱如图1所示,可见,溴代荧光素的最大吸收峰位在538 nm处,500nm处有一个弱的肩峰。碘代荧光素的最大吸收峰位红移至554 nm处,在515 nm处出现肩峰。溴代荧光素的荧光峰位在559 nm处,碘代荧光素的荧光峰位红移至575 nm,此外在615 nm处出现弱荧光带。从吸收和荧光光谱来看,碘代荧光素分子结构呈扭曲构象,这是由于9-位上连接着四氯代苯甲酸基团导致9-位s-键旋转受阻所致。
图2 两种卤代荧光素的荧光衰减曲线及寿命和77K下的磷光及磷光寿命。可以看出,碘代荧光素的荧光寿命(t=2.76 ns)略大于溴代荧光素(t=2.20 ns)的荧光寿命。由图3得知,溴代荧光素的磷光峰位在663 nm,磷光寿命为16.7μs,而碘代荧光素的磷光峰位则在713 nm处,磷光寿命则为1238.8μs。卤代荧光素的光学性质如表1所示。
分别配制两种湮灭剂(DPA和p-DHMPA)的正丙醇溶液,其吸收光谱与荧光光谱如图4所示。可见,DPA和p-DHMPA的吸收光谱和荧光光谱形状类似,后者含有两个羟甲基使光谱具有明显红移,光学性质相关数据如表2所示。
将上述TTA-UC双组份体系加入到石英比色皿中,通入氩气15min以除去氧气,然后拧紧比色皿帽盖,然后用532nm半导体激光器照射该双组份体系,结果见图5和图6(左图)。可见,随着激发光强度的增大上转换强度也在增大,将上转换强度的对数值与激发光的功率密度对数值作图,见图5和图6(右图),得出两条不同斜率曲线,斜率值分别在~2和~1,两条不同斜率曲线的交点数值称为激发阈值(I th ,I th 越小表示上转换越容易产生)。激发阈值(I th )的顺序为:碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA(13.7 mW·cm-2)<溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA(30.3 mW·cm-2)<溴代荧光素/DPA(50.1 mW·cm-2)<碘代荧光素/DPA(56.1 mW·cm-2)。本发明体系阈值十分接近太阳能光的能量,说明了该配合具有很强的实用性,可用于太阳光的利用。
图 7是在532 nm激发下,碘代荧光素/DPA(a)和溴代荧光素/DPA(b)的上转换强度与DPA浓度之间的关系(脱气正丙醇,敏化剂浓度固定为10μM);图 8是在532 nm激发下,碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA(a)和溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA(b)上转换强度与p-DHMPA浓度之间的关系(脱气正丙醇,敏化剂浓度固定为10μM)。
由图7和图8还可看到,四个双组份体系在532 nm激发下,发出的上转换荧光峰位(luC)分别在428 nm(碘代荧光素/DPA和溴代荧光素/DPA)和432nm(碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA和溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA)。值的注意的是,碘代荧光素三线态敏化作用强、上转换效率高,使得蓝色上转换光谱与敏化剂自身的黄色光谱具有相近的强度,外观上发出白光发射(见图7a和图8a)。
将图7和图8中的上转换荧光强度代入公式(1)中,便可计算出相应的TTA-上转换效率(ΦUC)数值,结果见图9所示。公式(1)如下所示:
公式(1)中的Ar和As分别是参考物(罗丹明6G,Rh6G)和卤代荧光素的吸光度。Fs为双组份体系的上转换荧光强度(其数值取自图7和图8),Fr为Rh6G的荧光强度。Φr是Rh6G的荧光量子产率(乙醇中,88%)。ηs和ηr分别是双组份溶液和Rh6G溶液的折射率。
由图9可见,四个双组分体系(碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA、溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA、碘代荧光素/DPA和溴代荧光素/DPA)的上转换效率均随着湮灭剂浓度的增加而增大,达到一个极大值后便有所下降。各自最大上转换效率顺序为:碘代荧光素/p-DHMPA(15.9%)>溴代荧光素/p-DHMPA(7.7%)≈溴代荧光素/DPA(7.4%)>碘代荧光素/DPA(6.6%),见表3。
实施例2
单光子吸收上转换(OPA-UC)单组份体系制备方法如下,将1 mL的溴代荧光素(DMF,1×10-3 mol/L)加入5 mL容量瓶,振荡混合,再加入DMF配制成5 mL的单组份溶液,测试上转换过程发光光谱图。
按照上述的方法,将碘代荧光素替换溴代荧光素,得到以碘代荧光素为发光分子的单组份上转换体系;用于以下实验。
按照上述的方法,将荧光素替换溴代荧光素,得到以荧光素单组份体系;用于以下对比实验。
所述卤代荧光素发光分子(碘代荧光素或溴代荧光素)、荧光素的化学结构式如下:
在无需除氧条件下,使用655 nm的二极管半导体激发器激发卤代荧光素单组份溶液(DMF溶剂,浓度0.2 mM),即可获得单光子吸收上转换(OPA-UC),见图10(左)所示,可见,溴代荧光素的上转换峰位在575 nm和615 nm处,红-转-黄上转换的最大反斯托克斯位移为0.26 eV;碘代荧光素的上转换峰位在595 nm和616 nm处,红-转-黄上转换的最大反斯托克斯位移为019eV。由上转换积分对数与功率密度对数作图,均得出一条斜率为~1的直线,见图10(右),这说明此为单光子吸收上转换。
将图10中的上转换荧光强度代入公式(2)中,便可计算出OPA-上转换效率(ΦUC)数值。公式(2)如下所示:
并根据等式计算相对于ZnPc的效率(ΦUC)。
公式(2)中的Φr为参比物ZnPc的荧光量子产率(Φr= 20%,DMSO溶剂,浓度0.5mM),Fr是ZnPc在655 nm激发下的荧光积分面积,Fs则是卤代荧光素红-转-黄上转换光谱的积分面积(其数值取自图10)。Is(655)和Ir(655)分别是卤代荧光素和ZnPc在655 nm的激发波长下的激发强度。比较两个湮灭剂的上转换强度,发现碘代荧光素的强度是溴代荧光素的10倍,计算得出两者的上转换效率分别为4.4%(溴代荧光素)和17.8%(碘代荧光素)。
如图11所示,在三种发光分子(碘代荧光素、溴代荧光素、荧光素)浓度为1mM的DMF溶液中,使用655nm激光器照射,可以确定OPA-UC上转换在碘代荧光素、溴代荧光素中存在,但在荧光素中不存在;比较其荧光量子产率发现,荧光素具有最高的荧光量子产率,高达93.7%,溴代荧光素次之,55.7%,荧光量子产率最弱的是碘代荧光素,仅有32.8%。
由于荧光素无OPA-UC的现象,因此以下对碘代荧光素、溴代荧光素的单光子吸收上转换(OPA-UC)进行简单研究。分别配置碘代荧光素、溴代荧光素母液(10mM)(溶剂为DMF)作为上转换母液。配置低浓度上转换溶液时只需用DMF溶液直接按比例稀释即可获得。由于氧气对OPA上转换无影响,故使用前无需进行除氧操作,只需配置上转换溶液即可,使用紫外可见吸收光谱仪测试吸收光谱,使用荧光光谱仪测试稳态荧光光谱。在测试上转换发光时,用655nm激光器作为光源,使用光谱仪作为检测仪器,在入射光的垂直方向上透过655nm的滤光片进行检测。
应用实施例
选取光电二极管作为吸收黄光的硅电池,选取(SMU)仪器(2400系列计量源)作为电压/电流(V/I)测量仪器,硅电池的敏化面积为9 mm2。选择红-转-黄OPA上转换体系,即含溴荧光素和含碘荧光素配制得到红-转-黄单光子自发上转换体系。使用二极管泵浦固态激光器,发射655nm的红光(1W·cm-2),从而获得黄光上转换作为敏化光电二极管太阳能电池的光源,红-转-黄弱光上转换体系的上转换荧光,均与硅电池的黄光吸收相匹配。在红-转-黄上转换OPA-UC体系光照下,硅电池吸收的黄光可用于转化为光电流(I-V 曲线),根据不同体系的上转换测试了硅电池光电二极管的I-V 曲线,测试光谱如图12所示。
在使用不同的溶液的情况下,硅电池呈现不同光电转化的相关参数,如表5所示,可以发现,碘代荧光素、溴代荧光素在2×10-4mol/L的条件下给出的FF值均在0.64-0.66的范围内,在实用范围以内,证明红-转-黄(OPA-UC)单光子吸收上转换作为太阳能电池的激发光源,具有着潜在应用价值。
合成例
含碘荧光素制备:取虎红钠盐(2.034g)溶于去离子水500mL,溶解成红褐色溶液,取浓盐酸10mL,使用一次性注射器注入虎红钠盐水溶液中。逐渐生成血红色沉淀,静置,直至水溶液变为无色透明溶液。抽滤,并用去离子水洗涤3次。烘干,称取产物为1.58g,产率为81.2%。将产物重结晶进行提纯,所得纯物质用于下一步测试。H谱见附图11,1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO) δ 11.08 (s, 1H), 10.27 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, J= 109.0Hz, 3H)。质谱见附图12,理论值:973.51,实际值:974.51(H+)。
含溴荧光素制备:取玫瑰红(1.295g)溶于去离子水400mL,溶解成橘黄色溶液,取浓盐酸10mL,使用一次性注射器注入玫瑰红水溶液中。逐渐生成亮橘色沉淀,静置,直至水溶液变为无色透明溶液。抽滤,并用去离子水洗涤3次。烘干,称取产物为0.88g,产率为72.9%。将产物重结晶进行提纯,所得纯物质用于下一步测试。H谱见附图13,1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO) δ 10.84 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 6.97(d, J= 56.1 Hz, 2H)。质谱见附图14,理论值:647.73,实际值:670.70(Na+)。
本发明化合物如下:
本发明公开卤(溴/碘)代荧光素不含贵金属,具有优越的三线态敏化特性,可与湮灭剂构成双组分体系,通过三线态-三线态湮灭机制,可获得绿-转-蓝上转换。同时,由于蓝光上转换很强,其与敏化剂的黄色荧光具有相等的强度,两者复合后得到白色发光带,在照明领域具有潜在的应用价值。另一方面,卤(溴/碘)代荧光素还具有基态振动能级(热带)吸收能力,自身可通过单光子热带吸收发生上转换,获得红-转-黄上转换。在太阳能利用方面和生物医学领域具有潜在的应用价值。
Claims (10)
1.卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系,其特征在于,包括卤代荧光素、湮灭剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系,其特征在于,卤代荧光素、湮灭剂的摩尔比为1∶20~140。
4.根据权利要求1所述卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系,其特征在于,卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系还包括醇溶剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系,其特征在于,所述上转换体系的激发光波长为532nm,激发光强度为5~500 mW/cm2。
6.卤代荧光素单光子吸收上转换体系,其特征在于,由卤代荧光素、溶剂组成。
7.根据权利要求6所述卤代荧光素单光子吸收上转换体系,其特征在于,所述上转换体系的激发光波长为655nm,激发光强度为200~2000 mW/cm2。
8.卤代荧光素作为光敏剂在双组份弱光上转换体系或者单光子吸收上转换体系中的应用。
9.权利要求1所述卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系在制备发白光材料中的应用。
10.权利要求1所述卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系的制备方法,其特征在于,将卤代荧光素与湮灭剂在溶剂中混合,除氧,得到卤代荧光素弱光上转换体系。
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