CN111700168A - 一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法 - Google Patents
一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111700168A CN111700168A CN202010703373.0A CN202010703373A CN111700168A CN 111700168 A CN111700168 A CN 111700168A CN 202010703373 A CN202010703373 A CN 202010703373A CN 111700168 A CN111700168 A CN 111700168A
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- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
- A23K10/38—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material from distillers' or brewers' waste
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
本发明公布了一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法,所述饲养务川黑牛的日粮包括含构树青贮饲料、精料补充料、复方菌糠饲料。所述日粮重量比为构树青贮0‑84份,青贮玉米0‑84份,精料补充料17‑30份,复方菌糠饲料0.5‑5份。日粮复方菌糠饲料配方为:重量比,灵芝子实体粉末1‑10份,灵芝菌糠粉末30‑60份,迷迭香干草粉10‑30份,月见草干草粉10‑30份,杜仲叶粉1‑5份,充分利用了地方中草药资源,建立中草药保健配方饲料,并应用于地方肉牛的健康高效养殖,从养殖效果和肉品质对饲料价值进行评价,建立地方牛种高品质牛肉生产方法,促进养殖效果提升。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法,属于肉牛养殖领域。
背景技术
在肉牛养殖过程中,饲料成本和健康养殖是利润的两个核心因素。饲料成本占养殖业饲养成本的70%以上,因此廉价优质且健康可靠的饲料来源是决定畜禽养殖业盈亏的重要方面。
反刍动物日粮中粗料比例达50%-90%,因此在人畜争粮矛盾日益凸显的大背景下,充分开发饲用价值高、取材便利的粗饲料资源成为近年来行业研究热点之一。木本饲料与食(药)用菌菌糠由于来源广、成本低、饲用价值高且具有功能性成分而备受养殖和饲料行业关注。
近年来,我国肉牛产业稳步发展,存出栏数量逐年上升,但规模化养殖也导致牛羊相关的疾病出现概率增加。传统的兽医治疗过多或者过量的使用化学药品已出现较严重的耐药性和药物残留的问题。随着2020年全面禁抗、减抗实施以来,中兽药和中草药功能性添加剂越来越被兽医和饲料等相关人员重视,并广泛应用于疾病的防治与饲料配方。贵州有丰富的木本饲料和中草药资源,通过将两者结合,预期能够实现肉牛高效健康养殖,具有良好的开发应用前景。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对上述问题,提供一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法,以解决目前人畜争粮矛盾日益凸显背景下肉牛养殖过程中饲料成本高、规模化养殖也导致牛相关的疾病出现概率增加,而传统的兽医治疗过多或者过量的使用化学药品已出现较严重的耐药性和药物残留的问题。
本发明的目的是通过下述技术方案实现的:一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法,饲养务川黑牛的食物配方包括含构树青贮饲料、精料补充料、复方菌糠饲料。
进一步的,所述食物配方重量比为构树青贮0-84份,青贮玉米0-84份,精料补充料17-30份,复方菌糠饲料0.5-5份。构树作为一种木本饲料,其叶中粗蛋白质含量达20%左右,综合比较氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等养分种类和含量,构树叶的营养价值介于玉米与大豆之间,是一种优质的蛋白源饲料原料。此外,构树中的黄酮、挥发油、木脂素、糖苷及萜类等成分较丰富,具有区别于其他饲用植物的功能性饲用价值,开发前景较好。
进一步的,所述精料补充料重量比为玉米籽粒60-70份,麦麸8-12份,豆粕10-15份,玉米脱水酒精糟10-15份,大豆磷脂粉0.1-1份,碳酸钙0.1-1.2份,碳酸氢该0.5-1份,磷酸氢钙0.5-1份,食盐1-1.5份,预混料0.5-0.8份。
进一步的,所述复方菌糠饲料配方为:重量比,灵芝子实体粉末1-10份,灵芝菌糠粉末30-60份,迷迭香干草粉10-30份,月见草干草粉10-30份,杜仲叶粉1-5份。
本发明的有益效果是:
1、本发明实现木本蛋白饲料青贮构树的高效利用,开发利用了地方资源,降低了肉牛的饲养成本。充分利用了地方中草药资源,建立中草药保健配方饲料,并应用于地方肉牛的健康高效养殖,从养殖效果和肉品质对饲料价值进行评价,建立地方牛种高品质牛肉生产方法,并对其促进养殖效果提升的机理提出了假设。相对于传统肉牛养殖技术优点主要表现在三个方面:1)开发利用木本蛋白源饲料,降低了养殖成本;2)开发利用功能性复方中草药添加剂,实现无抗、高效、健康养殖;3)建立了地方牛种高品种牛肉生产技术体系,提升养殖综合效益。
2、本发明技术饲养的务川黑牛全生长期干物质采食量0.0%-1.7%,促进其育肥中后期日增重12.8-40.4%。促进肉牛个体体格增长,体高增量提升 6.4%-30.2%,体斜长增量提升0.0%-15.9%。改善瘤胃发酵品质,总挥发性脂肪酸产量减少18.6%-52.3%,其中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的含量均下降,但微生物蛋白产量增加66.7%-426.7%;
3、本发明技术饲养的务川黑牛屠宰率可提到2.76%,促进其育肥中后期日增重可达2.7%。皮下脂肪率降低至30.3%。滴水损失率减少达5.8%,剪切力减少7.5%-14.6%。
4、本发明技术饲养的务川黑牛的高品质牛肉:氨基酸总量没有显著变化,芳香族氨基酸略有提升。脂肪酸总量略有提升,单不饱和脂肪酸含量增加最高达 9.0%。多不饱和脂肪算增加最高达31.6%。
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
附图说明
图1为各处理组的ADG值随试验期延长的变化趋势图;
图2为各处理组的DMI/ADG值随试验期延长的变化趋势图。
具体实施方式
实施例
一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法,包括:
1、构树青贮饲料的制作:选择株高为1.2-2米的新鲜构树饲料原料,新鲜构树饲料原料包含幼嫩枝条与构树叶,采用饲草揉搓机将其粉碎揉丝,备用。商品乳酸菌,加入3%红糖水溶解活化乳酸菌干粉,制成活性乳酸菌菌液,将菌液采用喷雾的方式添加到已揉搓好的构树青贮样品中,充分混合均匀,采用裹包青贮的方法将混合好的样品加工成全株构树青贮,贮存15-180天后备用。
2、全株青贮玉米饲料的制作:选择蜡熟期青贮玉米,整株采用饲草揉搓机将其粉碎揉丝,采用裹包青贮的方法将其加工成全株青贮玉米裹包,贮存15-180 天后备用。
3、精料补充料的准备与制作。
按重量配方称取玉米籽粒60-70份,麦麸8-12份,豆粕10-15份,玉米脱水酒精糟10-15份,大豆磷脂粉0-1份,碳酸钙0-1.2份,碳酸氢该0.5-1份,磷酸氢钙0.5-1份,食盐1-1.5份,预混料0-0.8份,依次加入饲料加工机组,充分粉碎后搅拌均匀,分装备用。
4、复方菌糠饲料的准备与制作。
收集完灵芝孢子粉的灵芝子实体、采收完的灵芝菌糠、0.5-1.5米高的迷迭香枝叶,现蕾期到开花期的月见草,以及新鲜的杜仲叶,分别置于40-60℃烘箱烘干12-24h,用粉碎机分别将样品粉碎成颗粒,按重量配方选取灵芝子实体粉末1-10份,灵芝菌糠粉末30-60份,迷迭香干草粉10-30份,月见草干草粉10-30 份,杜仲叶粉1-5份,充分混合均匀后分装备用。
5、复方菌糠饲料用量的确定。
复方菌糠饲料含有灵芝子实体、灵芝菌康、迷迭香、月见草、杜仲叶粉等抗氧化和保健中草药成分。在肉牛养殖中,如果添加量太多容易导致饲料适口性差,影响肉牛采食量和生产性能;如果添加量太低,起不到保健和促生长效果。采用添加不同比例复方菌糠单因素实验设计,往以全株青贮玉米肉牛日粮里面加入 (0%,0.25%,0.5%,1%,2%)复方菌糠饲料,等量替代青贮玉米,测定肉牛采食量和日增重,确定最佳复方菌糠添加料。
采用完全随机试验设计,挑选25头体重(210.32±16.33kg)和年龄(约 16月龄)相近的务川黑牛(公母各半)随机分为5个组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。以全株青贮玉米为主要粗粮的饲料配方,分别添加(0%,0.25%, 0.5%,1%,2%)复方菌糠饲料,各处理日粮组成见表1。
试验前将圈舍消毒处理,然后用伊维菌素注射液进行肌注驱虫。然后称重分组后对每头牛只栓系饲养,每头牛所占地面空间约1.2m2。每日饲喂2次饲粮 (8:00和16:00),采用精粗混合,人工拌料饲喂的方法,自由采食,自由饮水,预饲期15d,试验期30d。
采用SPSS 18.0统计软件中的一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM),按照单因子完全随机试验设计进行方差分析,主效应为全株构树青贮在日粮中的比例,用Duncan法进行多重比较。P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.10表示有差异显著的趋势。结果用平均值表示,各处理间变异度用平均值的标准误表示 (standard error mistake,SEM)。生产性能折线趋势图采用OriginPro 9.1软件进行制作,以下分析方法相同。
表1各处理组日粮组成及养分含量(干物质基础,%)
组分 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
玉米 | 10.06 | 10.06 | 10.06 | 10.06 | 10.06 |
麦麸 | 2.35 | 2.35 | 2.35 | 2.35 | 2.35 |
豆粕 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.60 |
玉米脱水酒精糟 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.21 |
碳酸钙 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
磷酸氢钙 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
碳酸氢钠 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
食盐 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
预混料 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
玉米青贮 | 82.73 | 82.48 | 82.23 | 81.73 | 80.73 |
功能性中草药 | 0.0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 |
合计 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
以采食量和日增重为衡量指标,不同肉牛实验组在实验前期和末期的体重均没有显著差异(P>0.05),但日增重、干物质采食量以及料重比均存在显著差异。以添加0.5%复合菌糠饲料(第3组)为最佳添加量,肉牛平均日增重最高 (P<0.05),其次为第4组,第2组,第5组,对照组(第一组)最低。采食量最高的是第三组,其次为第2组、第1组、第4组和第5组。综合料肉比分析,最优添加比例的实验组依次为第3组、第4组、第5组、第2组和第1组、说明添加适量复方菌糠成分能够促进采食量,可能通过改善瘤胃发酵环境提升生产性性能。
表2不同复方菌糠饲料添加组采食量和生长性能比较
青贮构树与复合菌糠饲料组合配置
构树青贮饲料是一种木本蛋白源饲料,在肉牛养殖中最是添加比例还没有研究报道。因此在确定最适菌糠复方饲料添加比例后,我们采用等量替代青贮玉米的方法研究青贮构树的最适添加量。
采用完全随机试验设计,挑选50头体重(108.06±14.51kg)和年龄(约 9月龄)相近的务川黑牛(公母各半)随机分为5个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头牛。按处理组分别饲喂精粗比一致,按不同比例全株构树青贮的日粮 (0%、17%、41%、66%和83%),等量替代青贮玉米用量,各处理日粮组成见表1。牛只饲养与数据分析同(5)复方菌糠饲料用量比较试验。
表1各处理组日粮组成及养分含量(干物质基础,%)
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供:维生素A,1,500IU;维生素D,550IU;维生素E,10IU;Fe,20mg;Mn 40mg;Zn,30mg;I,0.5mg; Se,0.3mg;Co,0.2mg.
2)营养水平为实测值。
3)NFC%=100%-(NDF%+CP%+EE%+Ash%)
试验肉牛的生产性能和体尺测量。
在试验开始、试验中期(第175d)和试验末期(第288d)分别对每头牛只准确称重,根据前后体重差与试验时间计算平均日增重(ADG)。记录每天每头牛饲粮的饲喂量和剩料量,每2周采集饲料样品,混合后测定营养成分,计算各组干物质采食量(DMI)。除干物质外,其余指标均换算为干物质基础。
各处理组在不同试验期的生产性能表现有较大差异。在试验第0-175d,各处理组ADG无显著差异(P>0.05),但试验因子对DMI和DMI/ADG值有显著影响 (P<0.05),其中C组和D组的DMI显著低于其余各处理(P<0.05),DMI/ADG 值则以C组最低(P<0.05);在175-220d阶段,D组ADG为0.66kg·d-1,分别比E组、B组和A组提高12.1%、16.7%和28.8%(P<0.05),与C组差异不显著(P>0.05),DMI以C组和E组较低(P<0.05),而A组的DMI/ADG值比B 组、C组、D组和E组分别大17.0%、31.8%、34.1%和28.3%(P<0.05);类似地,试验第220-288d,C组和D组的ADG较高(P<0.05),DMI以E组最低(P<0.05), C组、D组和E组的DMI/ADG值分别低于其余两组(P<0.05);从全期上看(0-288 d),各处理ADG无显著差异(P>0.05),但C组的DMI最低(P<0.05),且C 组和D组的DMI/ADG值较低(P<0.05)。
图1和图2显示了各处理组的ADG和DMI/ADG值随试验期延长的变化趋势,可见C组、D组和E组的ADG呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中D组的数值在各阶段均处于最高位水平,各处理组的最高值均出现在175-220d试验阶段,而A组和 B组则呈现折线下降趋势;各处理组的DMI/ADG值随试验期延长均呈上升趋势,其中C组和D组在各阶段处于较低水平,A组处于最高位水平。
表2各处理组在各试验期的生长性能比较
同行数据标不同小写字母表示差异显著P<0.05。下同。
分别在试验开始和结束时测定参试牛体斜长、体高和胸围,计算试验前后的体斜长增量、体高增量和胸围增量。试验因子对各处理组在试验末的体高、体斜长和胸围无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著改变了试验前后的体高增量(P=0.035) 和体斜长增量(P=0.046),且均以D组最高(P<0.05),其次为C组,各组胸围增量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3各处理组体尺增量比较
瘤胃发酵指标测定。
在试验开始瘤胃发酵参数试验结束后第1d(第289d,每组试验处理不变),每组随机选取3头牛于晨饲后2h同时屠宰,用4层纱布过滤瘤胃内容物后取瘤胃液60mL,立即用PHB-5型便携式pH计(杭州天威工贸有限公司)测定瘤胃液pH值,然后在3 500×g,4℃条件下离心15min后取上清,采用气相色谱法测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)。
微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度的测定:取瘤胃液5mL离心(1000r/min)10min,弃沉淀,取上清,上清液经22000r/min离心10min后,弃上清液加入5mL、 10%三氯乙酸(TCA),混匀后置室温30min,离心(6000r/min、10min),弃上清液再加入5mL,5%的NaOH混匀溶解后,离心(6000r/min、10min),取上清液用756型紫外光分光度计测定OD280和OD260值。采用回归方程计算: Pr(mg/mL)=(1.45×OD280-0.74×OD260)×稀释倍数。
不同实验处理未显著影响牛瘤胃pH值(P>0.05),但改变了乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、戊酸、乙酸/丙酸值、总挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白的产量 (P<0.05)。其中,乙酸以A组最高(P<0.05),其次为B组和D组(P<0.05); A组和B组的丙酸产量显著高于各组(P<0.05),其次为D组(P<0.05),各处理组异丁酸、丁酸和戊酸与丙酸变化趋势类似;乙酸/丙酸值以B组和D组最低 (P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸产量排序为A组>B组>D组>C组和E组(P<0.05);微生物蛋白产量从高到低分别为D组、E组、C组、B组和A组(P<0.05)。
表4各处理组瘤胃发酵参数和微生物蛋白含量变化
试验肉牛的胴体品质及肉品质分析。
每头牛经放血、去头、去蹄、剥皮、开膛去内脏、劈半冲洗、修整胴体后,分别称量胴体、净肉、骨头、皮、尾和脂肪重。屠宰性能指标包括屠宰率、净肉率、脂肪率、骨重率、尾重率、头重率和皮重率。从左半胴体的12-13肋骨间取背最长肌,作为肉品质试验样品分别测定剪切力(C-LM 3b型嫩度仪,南京铭奥仪器设备有限公司)、滴水损失、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量等肉质理化指标。
氨基酸含量测定:取牛肉样品100mg左右(精确至0.0001g)置于氨基酸水解管中,加入20mL浓度为6mol/L的盐酸溶液及100mL的巯基乙醇,氮气保护状态下封管,于110℃恒温干燥箱中水解22h。冷却至室温后用超纯水定容至50mL,取2.0mL滤液置于洁净试管中,真空干燥箱中70℃蒸干,残留物用同体积超纯水重复清洗蒸干2次。最后加入1.0mL上机缓冲液稀释,摇匀后过水系滤膜(0.22μm)上机待测(日立全自动氨基酸分析仪L-8900,成都博力科维科技有限公司)。
脂肪酸含量测定:取牛肉样品100mg左右(精确至0.0001g)转移至15mL 螺口试管中,依次加入1mL正己烷,1mL内标液(1mg/mL十一烷酸甲酯-正己烷溶液)再加入4mL甲醇:乙酞氯(体积比10:1)混合液,混匀后将试管置于80℃水浴锅甲酯化3h,取出冷却至室温,慢慢加入5mL 7%碳酸钾溶液,涡旋混匀5~10min后,4 000r/min离心5min,取1.2mL上层有机相进行分析。色谱仪为Agilent 7890B气相色谱仪(杭州瑞忻科技有限公司,色谱柱柱长×内径×膜厚=60m×0.25mm×0.2μm),
色谱条件:载气为氦气,进样器温度270℃,检测器温度280℃,程序升温:初始温度100℃,持续13min,100~180℃,升温速率10℃/min,保持6 min,100~180℃,升温速率10℃/min-,保持6min,200~230℃,升温速率 4℃·min-1,保持10.5min;分流比:100:1,进样体积:1.0μL。
各实验组肉牛的屠宰率、净肉率、尾重率和皮重率无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著改变了骨重率、头重率、脂肪率和肌肉剪切力(P<0.05),且有显著影响肌肉滴水损失率的趋势(P<0.10)。其中,骨重率、头重率和肌肉剪切力均以A 组最高(P<0.05),脂肪率以A组和B组较高(P<0.05),C组和D组最低(P<0.05),肌肉剪切力以A组最高(P<0.05),B组和C组最低(P<0.05)。不同实验处理对16种肉牛肌肉氨基酸组成和含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5各处理组屠宰性能、肌肉积滴水损失和剪切力的比较
表6各处理组肉牛肌肉氨基酸组成和含量的比较
各处理组肉牛肌肉的二十碳一烯酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳三烯酸、花生四烯酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),总脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸含量有差异显著的趋势(P<0.10),其中,二十碳一烯酸以A组最高, C组最低;单不饱和脂肪酸含量以A组和B组较高(P<0.05),而α-亚麻酸呈相反趋势;二十碳三烯酸以E组较低,D组和E组的花生四烯酸含量较高 (P<0.05),A组则未检出;从数值上看,D组的总脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸含量最低(P<0.10),而多不饱和脂肪酸则以A组最低(P<0.05)。
表7各处理组肉牛肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量的比较
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征和优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (4)
1.一种青贮构树与复方菌糠配合饲料饲养务川黑牛的方法,其特征在于,所述饲养务川黑牛的日粮包括含构树青贮饲料、精料补充料、复方菌糠饲料。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的饲养务川黑牛的方法,其特征在于,所述日粮重量比为构树青贮0-84份,青贮玉米0-84份,精料补充料17-30份,复方菌糠饲料0.5-5份。
3.根据权利要求1中所述的饲养务川黑牛的方法,其特征在于,所述精料补充料重量比为玉米60-70份,麦麸8-12份,豆粕10-15份,玉米脱水酒精糟10-15份,大豆磷脂粉0.1-1份,碳酸钙0.1-1.2份,碳酸氢该0.5-1份,磷酸氢钙0.5-1份,食盐1-1.5份,预混料0.5-0.8份。
4.根据权利要求1中所述的饲养务川黑牛的方法,其特征在于,所述日粮复方菌糠饲料配方为:重量比,灵芝子实体粉末1-10份,灵芝菌糠粉末30-60份,迷迭香干草粉10-30份,月见草干草粉10-30份,杜仲叶粉1-5份。
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