CN111655870A - 用于处理水平炉中粒状液渣的装置 - Google Patents
用于处理水平炉中粒状液渣的装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111655870A CN111655870A CN201880079226.1A CN201880079226A CN111655870A CN 111655870 A CN111655870 A CN 111655870A CN 201880079226 A CN201880079226 A CN 201880079226A CN 111655870 A CN111655870 A CN 111655870A
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- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
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- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
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- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 125000001967 indiganyl group Chemical group [H][In]([H])[*] 0.000 abstract 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 61
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 50
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 39
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
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- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 238000001991 steam methane reforming Methods 0.000 description 4
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002529 flux (metallurgy) Substances 0.000 description 3
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- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/002—Horizontal gasifiers, e.g. belt-type gasifiers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/061—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of metal oxides with water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B5/00—Coke ovens with horizontal chambers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B7/00—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/57—Gasification using molten salts or metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
- C10K3/02—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by catalytic treatment
- C10K3/026—Increasing the carbon monoxide content, e.g. reverse water-gas shift [RWGS]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B3/00—General features in the manufacture of pig-iron
- C21B3/04—Recovery of by-products, e.g. slag
- C21B3/06—Treatment of liquid slag
- C21B3/08—Cooling slag
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
- C10J2200/09—Mechanical details of gasifiers not otherwise provided for, e.g. sealing means
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
- C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
- C10J2200/152—Nozzles or lances for introducing gas, liquids or suspensions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
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- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
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- C10J2300/0983—Additives
- C10J2300/0986—Catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
- C10J2300/123—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves
- C10J2300/1238—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves by plasma
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
- C10J2300/1625—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with solids treatment
- C10J2300/1628—Ash post-treatment
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
- Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y02P10/122—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by capturing or storing CO2
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
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Abstract
对气化炉设计和工艺方法进行了改进,以便于在碳质材料存在下由熔融液体或液体炉渣主要连续生产H2、CO和粒状固体。这是一种将熔融液体淬火并将淬火后的热粒状固体冷却的方法,该方法在炉的长水平反应器室空间内,在C和H2O的存在下完成。移动的连续气冷的粒状固体层通过基本上减少热量从水平反应器室传递到该移动底板及其部件的可能性并防止淬火后的热固体颗粒与该移动底板之间的直接接触来保护下面的移动底板。该移动底板具有多个气体通道并布置在气室上方,该气室从外部源接收气体,并均匀地分布气体以使其通过所有气体通道。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及对炉子的熔渣淬火反应器室和便于对熔渣进行连续淬火的系统的一整套改进,在这种炉子的反应器室中采用的工艺方法和操作步骤共同地被称为优选实施例。
如果由可再生资源生产H2和CO,则将产生巨大的经济和环境效益。在电力和钢铁行业中,通过利用熔渣中所包含的巨大热能来对H2和CO燃料的可再生生产进行创新、研究和开发具有全球驱动力,否则这些熔渣将被浪费掉。然而,释放熔渣中所含的全部潜在热能并有效地将其用于这些目的仍然是工程上的挑战。
背景技术
通过将反应器室中的熔渣淬火,将诸如碳质材料和水(H2O液体或气体)之类的反应物热化学转化为氢(H2)和一氧化碳(CO)的目的是现有技术7。熔渣能提供所需的热量并作为引发这种热化学反应的催化剂是既定知识。使用特别是在钢水和钢水炉渣中含有的铁(Fe)来生产H2,该铁将从蒸汽(H2O气体)中吸收氧,仅产生H2,是现有技术6。防止在对特别是含铁的熔渣进行淬火期间发生氢氧爆炸是现有技术8。在碳质材料和熔渣的存在下将二氧化碳(CO2)还原为CO是现有技术7。在熔渣存在下将碳氢化合物,例如甲烷(CH4)热裂化为H2、CO和C是现有技术7。在不需要水煤气变换(WGS)的情况下,改变反应物和它们各自的质量输入以使热化学形成的产物气体中的H2浓度达到更高是现有技术2。在水煤气变换(WGS)过程中,在熔渣的存在下将产生的CO随后转换为H2和CO2是既定知识。支持性的辅助方法和设备,例如膜、变压吸附和H2与CO2、CO和其他气体的胺溶液分离是既定知识。从淬火熔渣回收热能(显热)是现有技术7。特别是通过将钢水炉渣淬火来生产粒状肥料渣并充分利用其中所含的磷、硅酸盐和钙来进行土壤改良和作为肥料是现有技术9。高温甲烷脱碳(MDC)比蒸汽甲烷重整(SMR)工艺更有效,并且不会产生CO2。已经采用了各种由辅助方法和设备支持的现有技术的反应器室设计、工艺方法和操作步骤,以在间歇式或连续式工艺中在使用或不使用来自熔渣的热量的情况下实现这种目的。
Mclean等人的美国专利7914765涉及在多个反应器室中,通过对铁水(而不是熔渣)的蒸汽氧化在最终形成的产物气体中连续产生更高浓度的氢气。每个这样的炉室布置成进行单独的反应,但是被连接作为一个用于连续式工艺的单元来进行工作。Y Sun等人在2015年Energies发表的文章中总结了一些生产H2、CO、粒状炉渣并从淬火熔渣中回收热能的现有技术的反应器室、方法和步骤。
从相关的现有技术和既定知识中获知,对用于淬火熔渣的炉子的反应器室中的运行和热回收效率有改进空间。对在反应器室中使用所有类型的碳质材料和催化剂材料的可用反应物材料的各种组合和各种组成的操作的操作安全性和灵活性有改进空间。至关重要的是要使产生的气流中的H2和CO浓度最大化,并保持其输出的一致性。需要最佳利用碳质废物、低等级煤和助熔剂材料。通过促进对反应器室内的熔渣的连续淬火,可以使该过程连续并对于工业规模生产可行。通过提高粒状炉渣,更尤其是由多孔渣粒制成的粒状炉渣肥料的质量,可以使该过程更具可持续性。这种粒状炉渣肥料除了根据市场需要和优选的其他支持性矿物质外,还将包含氮、磷、钾(NPK)成分。生产这种质量的H2和CO和粒状炉渣或粒状炉渣肥料并最大限度地回收热能将提高淬火熔渣过程的可持续性和价值。
发明内容
优选实施例的主要目的是:
提高操作、热化学反应、过程控制、热能回收的效率,并提高由熔渣生产H2、CO和粒状炉渣或粒状炉渣肥料期间的操作安全性,
由在优选实施例的反应器室内将熔渣淬火,随后将淬火后的热粒状固体炉渣冷却来回收热能;
提供将可用反应物的各种组合和各种组成、碳质材料、助熔剂和催化剂材料引入到反应器室中的灵活性,并由所有输入物获得H2和CO的最佳质量和数量生产,
促进优选实施例中热化学反应的三个主要阶段,诸如:熔渣碎裂物和反应物淬火剂之间的热化学反应第一阶段、淬火后的热粒状固体炉渣和反应物气体之间的热化学反应第二阶段以及在热化学反应第一阶段和第二阶段期间产生的相应气体之间的热化学反应第三阶段。在约800℃的温度下,在反应器室内发生的热化学反应的三个主要阶段的目的是为了在产生的气流中获得更高浓度的H2或CO。在第三阶段热化学反应之后,通过将排出的气流暴露于催化剂、助熔剂或碳质材料或助熔剂和碳质材料的混合物中,可以使产生的气流进一步在反应器室内进行较低温度(<800℃)的热化学反应。这样可以达到预期的H2∶CO比值,或者可以使最终形成的产物气体中的H2或CO或它们的混合物的浓度达到最大,同时为此目的使从熔渣中的净热能回收最大化,
通过在反应器室中促进对熔渣的连续淬火促进H2、CO、粒状炉渣的连续生产以及热能回收,
保护反应器室内部不受外界大气的影响,并防止在通过淬灭熔渣来生产H2和CO期间反应器室内受到任何不必要的空气污染,
保护反应器室的可移动底板和该可移动底板下方的部件不受由反应器室内的辐射、对流和传导引起的热量的影响。这是为了提高反应器室的运行效率和可用性以及总体上提高通过淬火熔渣来生产H2和CO期间的运行安全性,
使用在外部经清洁和冷却的工业烟道废气作为反应物气体,并将该烟道废气中存在的CO2、O2和水蒸气形式的少量H2O转换为H2和CO燃料,从而从工业烟道废气中隔离CO2,
可选地使用大气空气作为反应物气体,并将大气空气中存在的CO2、O2和少量H2O转换为H2和CO燃料,以及
可选地处理容器中的熔渣并改变其矿物组成,以增强热化学反应,并生产出具有所需矿物组成的粒状炉渣肥料。
优选实施例的设置增加了所有输入物之间的表面积界面、增加了反应物在反应器室内反应的停留时间、提高了熔渣中所含热能的释放效率、提高了释放的热能的回收效率并提高了利用这种回收的热能通过使用各种反应物和催化剂材料来生产H2和CO的效率。这类反应物是水、碳质材料和助熔剂材料、CO2、O2,它们在强烈热量下引发热化学反应并降低反应器室内的大气条件以生产H2和CO。这些反应物以气态、液态和粉状固体形式或其混合物引入到反应器室内。也可以将粒状碳质物质和助熔剂引入到反应器室中。催化剂材料可以其丸粒形式被引入。
该优选实施例促进了在反应器室内对熔渣进行连续淬火所引起的H2、CO、粒状炉渣或粒状肥料渣的连续生产以及热能回收。优选实施例:
使得能够将固体、液体和气体材料进料到反应器室中并通过炉子的入口和出口将气体和固体材料除去,该入口和出口设置为,防止外部大气空气不必要地进入反应器室并使反应器室内的气体能够从其指定的出口排出。
使得能够改变进入反应器室的所有输入物的流量、体积和质量,
可以灵活地采用各种组成的反应物,以及
将具有可调节的速度以将固体材料向前移向出口,该出口可将热固体材料的混合物从反应器室中除去。
该优选实施例通过将熔渣淬火并随后将淬火后的热粒状炉渣冷却而产生了有效的热能回收。回收的热能引发并支持吸热热化学反应。剩余的回收能量的形式为最终形成的主要包括H2、CO的热产物气流中所含的显热和离开反应器室的热固体材料混合物中的显热。
在优选的实施例中,当熔渣碎裂时,在熔渣和反应物之间出现大的表面积界面,并且这些碎裂物暴露于反应物在反应器室内的开放空间中的雾状喷雾。
在优选的实施例中,在淬火后的热粒状固体炉渣的底板层与碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物的底板层之间的大表面积界面贯穿可移动底板的整个长度和宽度存在。这是由于这样的层在整个宽度上均匀散布以及每个这样的层在反应器室中规则地向前移动引起的。
在优选实施例中,在具有多个气体注入通道的可移动底板上方的所有材料层与注入到气室中的反应物气体之间存在大的表面积界面。这是由于气室和具有多个气体注入通道的可移动底板,该多个气体注入通道被设计成可将注入到气室中的反应物气体均匀地分布在该可移动底板下的整个宽度和长度上。这种均匀分布的反应物气体穿过沿可移动底板的整个宽度和长度布置的多个气体注入通道,作为向上流进入可移动底板上方的所有固体材料层。这在向上流反应物气体、反应物固体物料和热固体粒状炉渣之间产生大的表面积界面。具有多个气体注入通道的可移动底板将会防止灰尘颗粒从上方掉入气室。
在优选的实施例中,在反应器室空间中,在热的水平气体流和热的向上气体流之间存在大的表面积交叉。热的水平气体流在用反应物淬火熔渣期间的热化学反应的第一阶段产生。热的向上气体流在反应物气体与固体粒状炉渣和碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物的热混合物层之间在可移动底板的大部分宽度和长度上发生的第二阶段热化学反应产生。
在第一阶段热化学反应和第二阶段热化学反应期间产生的热气体、由在反应器室空间中淬火熔渣辐射的热量、从固体颗粒炉渣与碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物的热混合物层中辐射的热量会在水平反应器室中的隔热壁和覆盖固体粒状炉渣的可移动热混合物层上方的空间的绝热顶板内强烈辐射热量。
通过控制碳质材料的流量并不断保持热量可将水平反应器室的空间始终保持在非常热的还原气氛条件下。
在还原性气氛条件下保持的强热辐射的组合引发了反应器室空间中交叉的热的水平气体流和热的向上气体流之间的第三阶段热化学反应。
第三阶段热化学反应增加了气流中的H2和CO浓度,该气流中已经包含有在第一阶段热化学反应和第二阶段热化学反应中产生的H2和CO。
因此,使得可以由所有输入物连续产生最佳的可生产质量和数量的H2和CO。
将含有CO2、O2和为水蒸气的少量H2O的经清洁和冷却的工业烟道气用作反应物气体,并将其注入到气室中。气室支撑具有多个反应物气体注入通道的可移动底板的基底。注入到气室的较冷反应物气体随后被转化为均匀分布的向上反应物气体流。向上的反应物气体流首先穿过可移动底板中的多个气体注入通道。然后穿过在外部冷却的环境温度的粒状炉渣层,该粒状炉渣主要被引入到反应器室中。粒状炉渣的冷层在可移动底板和与碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物混合的粒状炉渣的热层之间形成屏障。这种将较冷的反应物气体向上注入到冷的粒状炉渣层的方法可防止来自与碳质材料混合的粒状炉渣的热层的强热辐射、对流和传导到达可移动底板、气室及其部件。这样可以保护可移动底板、气室及其部件免受热,保持其结构强度、稳定性、耐用性并防止需要进行计划外的维修和保养。
粒状炉渣与碳质材料或碳质材料与助熔剂材料的混合物的热层混合物、高于800℃的强辐射热以及反应器室内保持的还原气氛将反应器室空间中存在的CO2、O2和H2O大部分或全部转换成H2和CO燃料。
在将工业烟道废气注入到气室之前,通过在外部对其进行清洁和冷却来除去该工业烟道废气中的污染物。此外,抑制了这种烟道废气中存在的CO2。因此,优选实施例的系统和方法可以被认为是从产生烟道废气的工业过程中输送几乎“零污染”。
类似地,环境空气也可以用作反应物气体,以将空气中存在的CO2、O2和水蒸气形式的少量H2O转化为H2和CO燃料。
在优选的实施例中,该方法和步骤使得能够对熔渣碎裂物快速淬火,然后将淬火后的热粒状炉渣逐渐冷却。对碎裂物的快速淬火可能会产生多孔的热粒状炉渣。多孔热粒状炉渣被理解为起催化剂的作用。这将改善第二阶段和第三阶段期间的热化学反应,这种改善由该多孔热粒状炉渣与碳质材料、助熔剂和向上反应物气体流相互作用引起。多孔热粒状炉渣层的表面表现得像催化剂底基,并可能改善在反应器室空间中交叉的水平热气流与向上热气流之间进行的第三阶段热化学反应。将淬火后的热固体多孔炉渣颗粒逐渐冷却可以保持或改善孔隙率。
在随后冷却至环境温度之后,多孔粒状炉渣是经济的并且易于研磨,并且如果用作粒状炉渣肥料,则将会改善土壤和农作物的生长条件。
储存和加工熔渣以改变其矿物组成将潜在地产生具有所需矿物组成的粒状炉渣肥料。
为了储存熔渣以促进连续淬火并促进淬火之前的加工,将熔渣容器布置在优选实施例的炉子的外部,并且该容器的出口连接至炉子的反应器室入口。
在形成炉渣的炉中产生和废弃的熔渣通常在装有熔渣的热罐中被间歇地运输,并被倒入这种容器中。这有利于通过热罐中的少量间歇供应来储存大量熔渣。可以将这样储存的熔渣连续地引入到反应器室中,以便于其连续淬火并连续生产H2、CO和粒状炉渣或粒状炉渣肥料。而且,这将有利于连续抑制工业烟道废气中存在的CO2。
通过将热化学反应第三阶段之后的气流暴露于催化剂丸粒或助熔剂或碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂的混合物中,可以进一步改善热化学反应。可以将这些材料连续地或间歇地引入到反应器室中并从反应器室中除去。
可通过在反应器室空间中使用可操作的等离子电极或热传递炬或类似装置来改善热化学反应。
优选实施例的工业装置将代替炉渣坑并从产生熔渣的熔渣炉,诸如高炉、碱性氧化炉、电弧炉、气流床气化炉等中接收熔渣。这将使熔融金属加工工业,诸如钢铁厂、产生熔渣的整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电厂以及产生熔渣的任何其他类型的工业受益。
通过延长尤其是水平炉的长度和反应器室空间的相应长度,可以扩大优选实施例的反应器室以满足所需的生产输出能力。多个这样的单元可以连接成一个单元进行工作。
用于淬灭熔渣碎裂物的反应物淬火剂的组成和用作向上气流的反应物气体的组成可包含经清洁和冷却的:工业厂房燃烧过程的烟道废气;产生氢气的水煤气变换过程的废气;产生合成气的甲烷重整器的废气等。因此,优选实施例可被认为比在海下或海床系统和方法的碳捕获与储存(CCS)更为可行、可接受和有益。
在优选的实施例中,当将诸如钢铁厂或IGCC发电厂等产生熔渣的工厂与页岩气生产基地合并和整合时,有可能将原始页岩气直接转化为主要为H2和CO的纯的合成气,从而带来了显著的节约和环境效益。类似地,在优选的实施例中,通过与石油化学工业相结合,可以将通常在石油化学工业的烟囱出口处燃烧掉的低等级化石燃料直接转化成纯的合成气,从而带来了显著的节约和环境效益。
在所有情况下,都有可能将碳质材料(诸如受污染的废油、城市废物、淤泥等)转化为有价值的H2和CO燃料。因此,解决了与处置这类废物相关的环境问题和成本。而且,能够防止由于燃烧这类废物和低等级煤来产生能量而对环境造成的损害。廉价和大量可得的废物、低等级煤的气化和产生清洁能源将显著降低发电成本。抑制CO2潜在地比燃烧碳质材料产生的中性或至少中性的碳排放更好。
附图说明
图1是优选实施例的示意性横截面。
具体实施方式
图1所示的优选实施例包括具有相应的水平反应器室空间(002)的水平炉(001),该水平反应器室空间在基底中大部分被设置有多个反应物气体注入通道的可移动底板在内部包围,该水平反应器室空间在本文中是指可移动底板(003)、隔热顶板(004)和隔热壁(005),该水平炉包括:
气室(006),用于从下方支撑可移动底板,并将在外部经清洁和冷却的工业烟道废气(016)或空气(016a)或它们的组合(016b)通过入口(007k)注入到反应器室空间中,
装置(007),用于防止外部大气空气通过从除气室入口(007k)之外的炉子中的任何入口和出口进入反应器室,
入口(007a),用于将在本文中称为冷炉渣(008)的在外部冷却的环境粒状固体炉渣层或任何其他类似类型的材料引入到反应器室中并将其散布在可移动底板的宽度上,
入口(007b),用于将碳质材料层(009)或碳质材料与助熔剂材料(009a)的混合物层引入到反应器室中,并将其散布在冷炉渣的层宽度上方和冷炉渣层的整个宽度上,
入口(007c),用于将反应物(011)引入到反应器室并喷洒(010)该反应物,
入口(007d),用于将熔渣(012)引入到反应器室空间中;以及如下的装置,用于将熔渣分成较小的流,并且通过将反应物喷洒在下落的小流上而使熔渣的较小的流碎裂(013),
出口(007e),用于从反应器室中除去热固体材料(013)的混合物,该出口位于可移动底板之后,
出口(007m),用于从反应器室中除去所产生的热气流(014),其中用于生产主要包含H2、CO(014a)的热气流(014)和主要包含粒状炉渣(008a,017b)的固体材料的热混合物的方法和步骤包括:
开启可移动底板,以朝着出口(007e)向前移动来除去热固体材料的混合物(013),
通过入口(007k)将反应物气体(016,016a,016b)注入到气室中,
将冷的粒状炉渣引入到反应器中,并继续直至该冷的粒状炉渣层(008a)覆盖可移动底板的宽度和长度,并开始从出口(007e)离开反应器室,
将碳质材料(009)或碳质材料和助熔剂材料(009a)的混合物引入到反应器室中,直到该层(009b)覆盖冷炉渣层(008a)的宽度和长度,并开始从出口(007e)离开反应器室,
同时将反应物和熔渣引入到反应器室中,将接收的熔渣分成多个较细的流,使其在重力作用下下落,同时将反应物(010)喷洒到下落的较细的流上,并使反应器室空间中的较细的熔渣流(017a)碎裂,以生产热粒状固体炉渣(017b),以及
接收产生的主要包含H2和CO(014a)的热气流(014)和主要包含冷炉渣层(008a)、热粒状固体炉渣层(017b)和由碳质材料层(009a)或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合材料层(009b)形成的残留物层的固体材料的热混合物,用于进一步的下游加工。
反应器室的熔渣入口(007d)连接到位于外部的熔渣容器(019)的出口(018)。
入口(007f),用于将气态或液态或粉状固体碳质材料或其混合物(009a,009b,009c,009d)引入,且位于熔渣入口(007d)之后,位于入口(007d)和出口(007e)之间的反应器室被视为反应器室空间(002),所有热化学反应在该反应器室空间中发生。
第一、第二和第三阶段热化学反应将在整个反应器室空间(002)在高于800℃下发生。这是基于Boudouard反应和Ellingham图10。它表明二氧化碳(CO2)的形成自由能几乎与温度无关,而一氧化碳(CO)的形成自由能具有负斜率并在700℃附近与CO2线相交。根据Boudouard反应,在较高温度(约700℃以上)下,一氧化碳是主要的碳氧化物,并且温度越高(在700℃以上),还原剂(还原试剂)碳越有效10。
入口(007g)和出口(007h)布置在反应器室空间出口(007e)之后,该入口(007g)用于引入催化剂丸粒或助熔剂或碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物,该出口(007h)用于从反应器室区除去催化剂丸粒或助熔剂或碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物。这个目的是使第三阶段热化学反应后产生的热气体暴露于催化剂丸粒或助熔剂或碳质材料或碳质材料和助熔剂材料的混合物。这潜在地会由所有输入物产生具有最大可能浓度的H2或CO或具有所需H2∶CO比值的它们的混合物的热气流。例如在水煤气变换工艺中,这将由在800℃以下发生的热化学反应产生。
可操作的等离子电极和热传递炬或类似的装置(020)布置在反应器室空间中以增强热化学反应。
优选的实施例可以进一步对产生的热H2+CO进行纯化或将这种气流中包含的任何残留的热CO2转化为CO。为此目的,使热气体作为向下的气流流经固体粒状碳质材料床,该固体粒状碳质材料床通过具有多个气体通道的移动底板来移动。替代性地,将碳质材料层散布在移动的粒状固体材料的冷层上。热的CO2气体与碳质材料反应生成CO,并同时在此过程中得到冷却。从下方的气室收集冷却的气体,并从位于气室底部的出口将其抽到炉子外。在这种情况下,可以有多个装有机械鼓风机的出口,并且这些出口在气室底部的长度和宽度上均匀分布。这种布置有助于将冷却的气体在具有多个气体通道的移动底板的整个下方均匀地吸入到气室中。
参考文献
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Claims (6)
1.水平炉的基底,在运行时,
a)由移动的粒状固体材料层覆盖,所述粒状固体材料层从所述炉的一个端部连续引入;
b)在具有多个气体通道的移动底板上方形成层,以使来自下方的接收的气体作为向上气流穿过到该移动底板的长度和宽度上方并且遍及该移动底板的长度和宽度,由此穿过整个所述移动的粒状固体材料层;
c)该移动底板布置在气室上方,所述气室接收来自所述炉外部的气体并将所述气体均匀地分布到所有这些气体通道的下方;
d)所述气室具有至少一个开口,以从所述炉的外部源接收气体;以及
e)从所述炉的另一端部连续地除去所述移动的粒状固体材料层,所述另一端部与在(a)中将所述移动的粒状固体材料层引入到所述炉中的所述端部相对。
2.根据权利要求1所述的炉,所述炉包括:
(01)用于接收液体炉渣或熔融液体的至少一个开口(01a);
(02)接收的液体炉渣或熔融液体流的至少一个分割器,所述至少一个分割器用于将所接收的液体炉渣或熔融液体分成多个较细的流(02a),并使所述多个较细的流在重力作用下下落;
(03)至少一个喷洒构件(03a),所述至少一个喷洒构件布置成将冷却剂喷洒到下落物(02a)上,以同时使(02a)碎裂、使(02a)淬火并使(02a)固化成热颗粒(02b);
(04)用于接收粒状固体炉渣或任何其他粒状固体材料(04a)的至少一个开口,所述粒状固体炉渣或任何其他粒状固体材料(04a)在被接收到所述炉中时保持在近环境温度;
(05)用于接收除(04a)之外的固体材料(05a)的至少一个开口;
(06)用于接收气体、液体和粉状细粒(06a)的至少一个开口;
(07)用于排出在所述炉内形成的气体(07a)的至少一个开口;
(08)用于排出在所述炉内形成的固体(08a)的至少一个开口;其中,(01)、(02)、(03)、(04)、(05)、(06)、(07)和(08)还包括以下方法和步骤:
i.使具有多个气体通道的所述能够移动的底板沿(08a)的方向向前移动;
ii.使(04a)均匀散布在具有多个气体通道的所述能够移动的底板的整个宽度上;
iii.任选地,使(05a)均匀散布在(04a)的整个宽度上以及(04a)的宽度上方;
iv.将气体从外部源注入到所述气室中;
v.通过(03a)喷洒冷却剂、接收所述液体炉渣或熔融液体,并且引导所述冷却剂以使(02b)均匀地下落在(04a)或(05a)的整个宽度上的方式喷洒到(02a)上;
vi.任选地,注入(06a);
vii.从(07a)接收在所述炉内形成的所述气体;以及
viii.如果将(05a)和(06a)引入到所述炉中,则从(08a)中接收(04a)与(02b)以及(05a)和(06a)的任何其他剩余残余物的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求1和2所述的炉,所述炉还包括至少一个等离子电极和热传递炬。
4.根据权利要求1和2所述的炉,所述炉联接至至少一个液体炉渣或熔融液体容器。
5.根据权利要求1或权利要求1和2所述的炉,所述炉还包括用于接收催化剂材料的至少一个开口和用于排出接收的所述催化剂材料的至少一个开口。
6.根据权利要求1所述的水平炉的基底,在运行时;
a)由移动的碳质材料层或碳质材料的层覆盖,所述移动的碳质材料层在具有多个气体通道的移动底板上方散布,所述碳质材料的层被连续引入且在移动的粒状固体材料层上方散布,所述移动的粒状固体材料层从所述炉的一侧连续引入;
b)在具有多个气体通道的移动底板上方形成层,以使来自上方的接收的气体作为向下气流穿过到该移动底板的长度和宽度下方且遍及该移动底板的长度和宽度,由此穿过整个所述移动的碳质材料层或在所述粒状固体材料层上方的所述碳质材料的层;
c)该移动底板布置在气室上方,所述气室接收从上方穿过这些气体通道的的气体;
d)所述气室具有至少一个排出开口,所述至少一个排出开口与机械鼓风机连接以将气体吸入到所述气室中并将所述气体传送到所述炉外部;以及
e)从所述炉的另一端部除去所述移动的碳质材料层或在所述粒状固体材料层上方的所述碳质材料的层,所述另一端部与在(a)中能够将所述移动的粒状固体材料层引入到所述炉中的所述端部相对。
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