CN111652755B - Method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in water and soil co-treatment area - Google Patents
Method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in water and soil co-treatment area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area, aiming at preventing and treating the agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area, the total amount of organic nutrients in agricultural organic wastes is counted, the essential requirement of the soil fertility improvement of degraded soil is scientifically met after resource conversion, and the aim of accurately matching the organic nutrients in the area with the soil bearing capacity is fulfilled, so that the comprehensive management aim of the area nutrients for scientifically reducing the fertilizer consumption of farmlands is fulfilled; the method has the advantages of initiatively controlling the agricultural non-point source pollution caused by nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to unreasonable utilization of agricultural organic wastes and farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers from the source, solving the problem of resource waste caused by discarding a large amount of nutrient resources in the agricultural organic wastes as wastes, improving the current situation of environmental pollution caused by random discarding of the organic wastes, effectively controlling the environmental pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers, reducing the quality degradation risk of cultivated land, and having important significance for agricultural non-point source pollution control and ecological environment management.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological environment treatment, in particular to a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area.
Background
With the rapid development of the agricultural production level and the continuous improvement of the national living standard in China, the types and the quantity of agricultural organic wastes generated in rural areas as the main gathering areas for grain production and meat and milk cultivation are increased sharply, and the reports are that: the straw and livestock manure in the waste generated in agricultural production have the largest ratio, are two main sources of non-point source pollution in rural areas, and account for more than 70 percent of the total non-point source pollution in rural areas. The latest data statistics shows that the amount of straws generated in rural areas is nearly 9 hundred million tons every year, and the comprehensive utilization rate is less than 80 percent; the livestock and poultry manure pollution amount is about 38 hundred million tons, and the comprehensive utilization rate is less than 60 percent. This not only brings great pressure to the ecological environment, but also severely restricts the sustainable development of rural economy in China.
However, the problem of the cultivated land quality of China related to the utilization of agricultural organic waste resources is very prominent, the percentage of medium and low yield land in 18 hundred million acres of cultivated land in China is 70%, and the consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has to be increased year by year to prevent the problem of low productivity of degraded barren soil. According to the analysis of related data, the usage amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in China accounts for nearly 40% of the usage amount all over the world. The amount of the mu homogenized fertilizer is 45kg, which is far higher than a safety limit value of 15 kg/mu set by developed countries for preventing water pollution caused by excessive chemical fertilizers, the excessive chemical fertilizers are subjected to the process effects of leaching, runoff, ammonia volatilization and the like after entering soil and are lost to the external ecological environment, the lost nutrients flow into a water system, so that the eutrophication of water bodies is caused to cause the excessive growth of algae, the original ecological balance of the water bodies is destroyed, and organisms in the water are dead due to the oxygen deficiency of the fast-growing water bodies of the algae. Therefore, high yield is pursued once, and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can damage the quality of cultivated land and seriously threaten the safety of ecological environment.
The rural organic waste resources are an organic nutrient resource library which cannot be underestimated, and the total amount of organic nutrients of rural organic wastes generated in China every year is estimated to be 8-10 hundred million tons, which is 1.3-1.5 times of the nutrients of chemical fertilizers. However, as can be seen from the above, on the one hand, the establishment of a systematic and effective platform mechanism, such as a scientific and technological system, a management means, benefit pulling and the like, for resource utilization of organic wastes in the present country is very weak, for example, the treatment level of organic wastes is low, the comprehensive evaluation attention to the safety risk is insufficient, and the resources are wasted while great pressure is brought to the ecological environment; on the other hand, at the present stage, because the attention of land owners and land circulation operators to the cultivated land quality is low, excessive land is demanded once, chemical fertilizers are excessively used, the land is exhausted, the sustainable utilization prospect of the land is great, and the seriously eutrophicated soil also becomes one of the main sources of agricultural non-point source pollution.
In conclusion, how to control the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution caused by farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to unreasonable utilization of agricultural organic wastes and excessive use of fertilizers from the source, so as to improve the quality of cultivated land, improve the land fertility and further improve the agricultural economic benefit, becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently by technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area, which can solve the problem of resource waste caused by discarding a large amount of nutrient resources in agricultural organic wastes as wastes, improve the current situation of environmental pollution caused by random discarding of organic wastes, effectively control environmental pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers, reduce the risk of deterioration of farmland quality, promote the improvement of farmland quality, reduce weight and drug consumption, guide the improvement of an industrial chain and a value chain for resource recycling of regional agricultural organic wastes, and achieve the purposes of clean production, safe utilization, reduced input products, water and soil co-treatment and sustainable agricultural development.
The invention provides a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area, which comprises the following steps:
a) after the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated is checked, carrying out resource conversion on the organic waste, and calculating the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resource products;
b) after the total chemical nutrients of the chemical fertilizers used by the farmlands in the area to be treated are checked, the comprehensive management of the nutrients in the area to be treated is carried out according to the established relation between the quality of the cultivated land in the area and the returning amount of the organic waste resource products, so that the prevention and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area are realized;
the comprehensive nutrient management process specifically comprises the following steps:
calculating the maximum proportion of organic waste resource products and organic nutrients in the area to be treated to replace chemical fertilizers and chemical nutrients used by the farmland through a regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method, and replacing the farmland chemical fertilizers with the organic waste resource products according to the calculated result;
the regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (I), RNThe proportion of organic nitrogen in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace chemical nitrogen in the farmland fertilizer, G(OF-N)The total amount of organic nitrogen, G, which is the resource product of organic wastes in the area to be treated(CF-N)The total chemical nitrogen content of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated;
in the formula (II), RPThe proportion of the organic phosphorus in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace chemical nitrogen in the farmland fertilizer, G(OF-P)Total organic phosphorus content, G, as a resource product of organic waste in an area to be treated(CF-P)The total chemical phosphorus content of the fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated;
in the formula (III), RKThe proportion of the organic potassium in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace chemical potassium in the farmland fertilizer, G(OF-K)The total amount of organic potassium which is the resource product of organic wastes in the area to be treated G(CF-K)The total amount of chemical potassium of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated;
K＝min(RN，RP，RK) Formula (IV);
in the formula (IV), K is the maximum proportion of organic nutrients of the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated to replace chemical nutrients of the chemical fertilizers in the farmland.
Preferably, the organic waste resources in step a) include manure from breeding industry and straws from planting industry.
Preferably, the total amount of the livestock manure in the area in the step a) is counted by adopting the following calculation formula:
in the formula (V), PiThe total annual excrement and sewage quantity of certain types of livestock and poultry existing in the region, NiThe number p of certain types of livestock and poultry breeding in the region counted for investigationiThe standard value, w, of the annual excrement yield of a certain type of livestock and poultryiIs a standard value, w, of the water content of the excrement and sewage of certain livestock and poultryiActual water content of certain organic waste existing in the area;
the total amount checking method of the planting straws in the area adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (VI), QiThe total annual straw yield of a certain type of crop existing in the region, MiArea of certain crop plants present in the area counted for investigation, niNumber of stubbles for certain types of crops in the area counted for investigation, yiLambda is the unit yield per mu of a certain type of crops existing in the area counted for investigationiThe standard value of the grass-grain ratio of certain crops;
the counting method of the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resources adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (VII), G(OW-N)Total organic nitrogen of organic waste resources produced in the region year A (N)iThe standard value of the organic nitrogen content of certain organic waste;
in the formula (VIII), G(OW-P)Total organic phosphorus content of organic waste resources produced in the region of years, A (P)iThe standard value of the organic phosphorus content of certain organic wastes;
in the formula (IX), G(OW-K)Total organic potassium content of organic waste resources produced in the region of years, A (K)iThe standard value of the organic potassium content of certain organic wastes.
Preferably, the step a) further comprises:
evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by organic waste resources in the area to be treated; the method for evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by the organic waste resources in the area to be treated adopts the following calculation formula:
preferably, the resource transformation mode in the step a) is compost fermentation; the process of compost fermentation specifically comprises the following steps:
a1) determining a fermentation formula according to the counting result of the total amount of the organic nutrients of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated and a formula principle, and scientifically verifying the fermentation formula;
a2) fermenting by adopting the fermentation formula determined in the step a1), and controlling the oxygen introduction amount of the materials in the fermentation process to obtain the organic waste resource product.
Preferably, the method for accounting the total nutrient content of the organic waste resource products in the step a) adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (XII), YiThe total amount of certain organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XIII), W is an estimated value of the initial water content of the organic waste mixed fermentation product for resource conversion in the area;
in the formula (XIV), G(OF-N)Total organic nitrogen, G, as a product of the recycling of organic waste in a region(OFM-N)The total organic nitrogen content of the organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XV), G(OF-P)Total amount of organic phosphorus, G, as a resource product of organic waste in a region(OFM-P)The total organic phosphorus content of organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XVI), G(OF-K)Total amount of organic potassium, G, as a resource product of organic waste in a region(OFM-K)The total amount of organic potassium of organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XVII), G(OF-C)Total organic carbon content, G, as a resource product of organic waste in a region(OFM-C)The total organic carbon content of the organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region.
Preferably, the method for checking the total chemical nutrients of the fertilizers used in the farmland in the area to be treated in the step b) adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (XVIII), MiIs the planting area of a certain crop in the area, XiAnnual acre of fertilizer for a certain crop in an area, f (N)iThe standard value of the proportion of the nitrogen demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is determined;
in the formula (XIX), f (P)2O5)iThe standard value of the proportion of the phosphorus demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is determined;
in formula (XX), f (K)2O)iThe standard value of the proportion of potassium demand on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in certain crops in the region is calculated.
Preferably, the step b) further comprises:
evaluating agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by chemical fertilizers used in farmlands in the area to be treated; the method for evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by the chemical fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated adopts the following calculation formula:
the nitrogen pollution of fertilizer used in farmland(CF-N)X 65% × 20% × 85% formula (XXI);
the phosphorus pollution amount of fertilizer used in farmland after losing into water is G(CF-P)X75%. times.10%. times.85% of formula (XXII).
Preferably, the relation between the regional cultivated land quality and the organic waste resource product returning amount in the step b) specifically comprises the following steps:
when the content of organic matters in the soil is less than or equal to 2%, returning the organic waste resource products to the field is 3-5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 2% -3.5%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 1.5-3 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 3.5% -5%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0.5-1.5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 5-7%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0.2-0.5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is more than or equal to 7%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0-0.2 t/mu.
The invention provides a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area, which is used for preventing and treating the agricultural non-point source pollution in the area, and the aim of comprehensively managing regional nutrients for scientifically reducing the using amount of chemical fertilizers in farmland is fulfilled by checking the total amount of organic nutrients in agricultural organic wastes and scientifically meeting the essential requirement of improving the land capability of degraded soil after resource conversion; therefore, agricultural non-point source pollution caused by nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to unreasonable utilization of agricultural organic wastes and farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers is creatively controlled from the source, the problem of resource waste caused by discarding of a large amount of nutrient resources in the agricultural organic wastes as wastes is solved, the current situation of environmental pollution caused by random discarding of the organic wastes is improved, the environmental pollution caused by excessive use of the chemical fertilizers is effectively controlled, the degradation risk of farmland quality is reduced, the land capability is improved, the weight and the pesticide are reduced, the resource recycling industrial chain and the value chain of regional agricultural organic wastes are guided to be improved, the purposes of production cleanness, utilization safety, input product reduction and water and soil co-treatment are realized, and the method has extremely important significance for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in China. Experimental results show that the method for treating agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area has the advantages of multiple technical effects of soil improvement, crop yield increase, quality improvement, water quality improvement and the like, and has important significance for agricultural non-point source pollution control and ecological environment treatment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a logic diagram of water and soil co-treatment in the area to be treated.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments of the present invention, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention provides a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area, which comprises the following steps:
a) after the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated is checked, carrying out resource conversion on the organic waste, and calculating the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resource products;
b) after the total chemical nutrients of the chemical fertilizers used by the farmlands in the area to be treated are checked, the comprehensive management of the nutrients in the area to be treated is carried out according to the established relation between the quality of the cultivated land in the area and the returning amount of the organic waste resource products, so that the prevention and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area are realized;
the comprehensive nutrient management process specifically comprises the following steps:
calculating the maximum proportion of organic waste resource products and organic nutrients in the area to be treated to replace chemical nutrients of fertilizers used in farmlands by a regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method, and replacing the fertilizers used in the farmlands with the organic waste resource products according to the calculated result;
the regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (I), RNThe proportion of organic nitrogen in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace chemical nitrogen in the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland, G(OF-N)Total weight of organic nitrogen as resource product of organic waste in the area to be treated, G(CF-N)The total chemical nitrogen content of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated;
in the formula (II), RPThe proportion of chemical nitrogen in the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland can be replaced by organic phosphorus in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated G(OF-P)Total organic phosphorus content, G, as a resource product of organic waste in the area to be treated(CF-P)The total chemical phosphorus content of the fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated;
in the formula (III), RKThe proportion of the organic potassium in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace the chemical potassium in the fertilizer used in the farmland, G(OF-K)The total weight of organic potassium which is a resource product of organic wastes in an area to be treated G(CF-K)The total amount of chemical potassium of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated;
K＝min(RN，RP，RK) Formula (IV);
in the formula (IV), K is the maximum proportion of organic nutrients of the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated to replace chemical nutrients of fertilizers used in farmlands.
The method comprises the steps of checking the total organic nutrients of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated, performing resource conversion on the organic waste, and calculating the total organic nutrients of the organic waste resource products. In the invention, the range of the area to be treated is preferably determined according to a regional administrative management unit, the minimum regional range is a village level unit, and the maximum regional range is a county/district level unit; in the preferred embodiment of the invention, water and soil co-treatment is carried out by taking Eryuan county as the area to be treated; referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a logic diagram of water and soil co-treatment in an area to be treated.
In the present invention, the organic waste resources in the area to be treated, which are included in the inventory range, need to have the following characteristics: (1) the source is stable for a long time; (2) the price is low and the product is easy to get; (3) the distance does not exceed 50km (in special cases, the distance can be extended to 100 km). In the present invention, the organic waste resources preferably include manure in the breeding industry and straws in the planting industry; wherein, the key parameter lookup table of the common breeding types and the feces and sewage production amount is shown in the table 1.
TABLE 1 Key parameter lookup table for common breeding types and feces and sewage production quantities
In the invention, the total amount of the manure in the breeding industry is preferably counted by adopting the following calculation formula:
in the formula (V), PiThe total annual excrement and sewage yield (unit: t/year) of certain types of livestock and poultry existing in the region, NiThe number (unit: only) of certain livestock and poultry breeding existing in the region counted for investigationiThe standard value (unit: t/year) of the annual fecal output of a single livestock and poultry of a certain class, wiIs a standard value (unit:%) of the water content of the feces of certain livestock and poultry, wiThe actual water content (unit:%) of certain organic wastes (livestock and poultry manure) existing in the region; in addition, the above standard values are all obtained by referring to table 1; i is the livestock and poultry type number in table 1, i is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
In the present invention, high and nutrient rich straw is defined at levels 10% and 20% above average, and the straw is classified as follows: the nitrogen-rich straws comprise potato straws, peanut straws and soybean straws; the high-nitrogen straw can be tobacco, cotton, small coarse cereals and sweet potato straw; the phosphorus-rich straw comprises beet, potato, soybean and peanut straw; the high-phosphorus straw comprises corn, rice and cotton straw; the potassium-rich straws are beet, potato, rape, rice and sunflower straws; the high-potassium straws comprise small coarse cereals and tobacco straws; wherein the potato straws are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the soybean straws and the peanut straws are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and the beet straws and the tobacco straws are rich in phosphorus and potassium; the key parameter lookup table for checking the types of the common planted crops and the straw production is shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 common planted crop type and straw yield checking key parameter lookup table
Remarking: the grass-to-valley ratio, i.e. the amount of crop straw/crop yield (calculated as the straw water content 15%), was calculated from the average across the country.
In the invention, the total amount checking method of the straws in the planting industry preferably adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (VI), QiThe total annual straw yield (unit: t/year) of a certain crop in the region, MiThe planting area (unit: mu) of certain crops existing in the area counted for investigation, niNumber of stubbles for certain types of crops in the area counted for investigation, yiThe unit yield (unit: kg) of a certain type of crops existing in the area counted for investigationPer mu), lambdaiIs a standard value of the grass-grain ratio of certain crops, wiThe actual water content (unit:%) of certain organic wastes (crop straws) existing in the region; in addition, the standard values are obtained by looking up the table 2; 85% of the dry matter of the straws; i is the crop type number in table 2, i 11, 12, 13.
On the basis, the method for counting the total nutrient amount of the organic waste resource preferably adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (VII), G(OW-N)Total organic nitrogen amount (unit: t/year) of organic waste resources produced in a region year, A (N)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the organic nitrogen content of certain organic wastes;
in the formula (VIII), G(OW-P)Total organic phosphorus content of organic waste resources produced in a regional year (unit: t/year), A (P)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the organic phosphorus content of certain organic wastes;
in the formula (IX), G(OW-K)Total organic potassium content of organic waste resources produced in a regional year (unit: t/year), A (K)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the organic potassium content of certain organic wastes;
in addition, the standard values are obtained through a look-up table 1-2; i is the type number n in tables 1-2, i 1, 2, 3.
After the total amount of organic nutrients of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated is counted, the method preferably further comprises the following steps:
evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by organic waste resources in the area to be treated; the method for evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by the organic waste resources in the area to be treated preferably adopts the following calculation formula:
wherein the unit of the water nitrogen pollution amount lost by the livestock and poultry manure and the water phosphorus pollution amount lost by the livestock and poultry manure is t/year; 5% is according to the results of the study by the national State general environmental administration Nanjing Ring Classification (1997): the loss rate of fresh excrement pollutants into a water body is 2-8 percent, and the average rate is 5 percent.
In the invention, the resource transformation mode is preferably compost fermentation, and the mode can realize rapid resource transformation. For compost fermentation, the key factors affecting fermentation quality depend on the effective control of 4 key parameters in the fermentation process, namely: the proper range of the initial C/N ratio of the mixed fermentation material needs to be controlled to be (20-30): 1. the water content is 50-60%, the pH is 5.5-8.5, and the oxygen concentration of the pile body is 15-20%; in order to meet the requirements of the fermentation parameters and improve the accuracy and the utilization efficiency, the optimization of the composting fermentation process is as follows:
a1) determining a fermentation formula according to the counting result of the total amount of the organic nutrients of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated and a formula principle, and scientifically verifying the fermentation formula;
a2) fermenting by adopting the fermentation formula determined in the step a1), and controlling the oxygen introduction amount of the materials in the fermentation process to obtain organic waste resource products (compost).
The method comprises the steps of firstly determining a fermentation formula according to the counting result of the total amount of organic nutrients of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated and a formula principle, and scientifically verifying the fermentation formula. In the invention, the counting result of the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resource in the area to be treated is referred to the above content, and is not described herein again; the formulation principle preferably comprises: (1) the single use of excrement or straw for fermentation is avoided; mixing and fermenting livestock and poultry manure organic wastes (C/N is generally below 18, water content is generally between 50% and 80%, pH is generally between 7 and 9) with low carbon-nitrogen ratio, high water content and alkaline/weak alkalinity, and combining the livestock and poultry manure organic wastes with high C/N ratio, low water content and neutral and weak acidity (C/N is generally above 55, water content is generally below 30%, and pH is generally between 5 and 7); (2) the resource treatment of the organic waste should make the best use of the livestock and poultry manure organic waste; (3) four key indexes affecting fermentation quality need to be met: the initial C/N ratio of the mixed fermentation material is (20-30): 1. the water content is 50-60%, the pH is 5.5-8.5, and the oxygen concentration of the material in the fermentation process is 15-20%.
In the invention, the method for scientifically verifying the fermentation formula preferably comprises the following steps:
(1) C/N suitable range verification:
G(OFM-N)＝∑Yi×A(N)i×(1-wi)；
G(OFM-P)＝∑Yi×A(P)i×(1-wi)；
G(OFM-K)＝∑Yi×A(K)i×(1-wi)；
G(OFM-C)＝∑Yi×A(C)i×(1-wi)；
in the above formula, G(OFM-N)The total organic nitrogen content of organic wastes used as compost in a region (unit: t/year); g(OFM-P)The total organic phosphorus content of organic wastes used as compost in a region (unit: t/year); g(OFM-K)The total organic potassium content of organic wastes used as compost in a region (unit: t/year); g(OFM-C)The total organic carbon content of organic wastes used as compost in a region (unit: t/year); y isiThe total amount of certain organic waste used as compost in the area (unit: t/year); w is aiIs a regionActual water content (unit:%) of certain organic waste used as compost in the field; a (C)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the organic carbon content of certain organic wastes used as compost in a region is obtained by inquiring tables 1-2;
(2) and (3) verifying the proper range of the water content:
the judgment can be judged by the experience and the feeling of grasping the material by hands, and the judgment is as shown in the table 3.
TABLE 3 sensory evaluation of fermentation feedstock moisture content criteria
Verifying by adopting a simple calculation formula:
in the above formula, W is an estimated value (unit:%) of initial water content of organic waste mixture for composting fermentation, and Y isiWeight of certain organic waste (unit: t/year), w, for use as compost fermentationiThe actual water content (unit:%) of a certain organic waste used for compost fermentation.
(3) And (3) verifying the proper pH range:
and a portable pH quick detector is adopted.
After the verification is finished, the fermentation formula determined in the step a1) is adopted for fermentation, and the oxygen introduction amount of the materials in the fermentation process is controlled to obtain the organic waste resource products (compost). In the invention, the preferable method for controlling the oxygen flux of the material in the fermentation process is as follows:
by turning over the heap according to ambient temperature, the principle of turning over the heap needs to do: turning the pile on days 3, 6, 9 and 12 when the environment is proper (above 10 ℃), and finishing on day 15 (or continuing turning the pile on day 15 and finishing on day 18); turning over the pile on days 4, 7, 11 and 15 when the ambient temperature is too low (below 10 ℃), and finishing on day 18.
After the organic waste resource product is obtained, the total amount of organic nutrients of the organic waste resource product is calculated; the accounting method of the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resource product preferably adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (XII), YiThe total amount of certain organic wastes (unit: t/year) used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XIII), W is an estimated value (unit:%) of the initial water content of the organic waste mixed material for resource conversion in the area;
in the formula (XIV), G(OF-N)The total organic nitrogen (unit: t/year), G, of the organic waste resource product in the region(OFM-N)The total organic nitrogen content (unit: t/year) of organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XV), G(OF-P)Total organic phosphorus content (unit: t/year), G, which is the product of organic waste resource in the region(OFM-P)The total organic phosphorus content of organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region (unit: t/year);
in the formula (XVI), G(OF-K)The total amount of organic potassium (unit: t/year), G, which is the resource product of organic wastes in the region(OFM-K)The total organic potassium content (unit: t/year) of organic wastes used for resource conversion in a region;
in the formula (XVII), G(OF-C)The total organic carbon (unit: t/year), G, of the organic waste resource products in the region(OFM-C)The total organic carbon content (unit: t/year) of the organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region.
In the above formula, the mass yield of the organic waste used as compost is 55% (the water content is reduced by about 50% and the mineralization of organic matters is reduced by about 5%) wherein the nutrient element N, P, K can realize 95% resource utilization, 5% is released in a gas form, the humification rate of organic carbon is 65%, that is, the organic carbon can realize 65% resource utilization, and pollutants generated by raw manure directly returned to the field without treatment can directly enter a water body to cause water quality pollution.
In addition, after obtaining the organic waste resource product, the present invention preferably further comprises:
safety inspection is carried out according to the requirement of heavy metal content in NY525-2012 standard, and all resource products with up-to-standard safety indexes can be returned to the field for use.
After the total amount of chemical nutrients of fertilizers used by farmlands in the area to be treated is checked, the comprehensive management of the nutrients in the area to be treated is carried out according to the established relation between the quality of the cultivated land in the area and the returning amount of the organic waste resource products, so that the prevention and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area are realized.
In view of the continuous growth of the compound fertilizer market in recent years, in order to save the fertilizer application cost and improve the fertilizer using convenience, most farmers mainly use the compound fertilizer for farming and use the single-element fertilizer as the supplement, the type of the crop fertilizer related in the invention is calculated by taking the compound fertilizer with 45 percent of total nutrient as the standard; the common crop fertilizer requirement ratio look-up table is shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 common crop fertilizer requirement ratio look-up table
Note: solanaceous fruit vegetables: tomato, eggplant, pepper; white vegetables: chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris; melon and vegetable: cucumber, pumpkin, wax gourd, towel gourd, balsam pear, etc.; green leaf vegetables: spinach, lettuce, celery, amaranth, lettuce, crowndaisy chrysanthemum and the like; rhizomes: radish, carrot, potato, taro, etc.; fruit trees: apple, pear, peach, orange, jujube, etc.
In the present invention, the total chemical nutrient amount (input amount) of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated is preferably calculated by the following formula:
in the formula (XVIII), G(CF-N)M is the total chemical nitrogen content (unit: t/year) of the fertilizer used in the field in the area to be treatediIs the planting area (unit: mu) of a certain crop in the area, XiThe annual mu dosage of the fertilizer for a certain crop in the area (unit: kg/mu), f (N)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the proportion of the nitrogen demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is obtained by inquiring a table 4;
in the formula (XIX), G(CF-P)Is to be treatedChemical fertilizer total phosphorus (unit: t/year) used in the farmland in the treatment area, f (P)2O5)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the proportion of the phosphorus demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is obtained by inquiring a table 4;
in the formula (XX), G(CF-K)The total chemical potassium content (unit: t/year) of the fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated, f (K)2O)iThe standard value (unit:%) of the proportion of potassium demand of certain crops in the region in total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is obtained by inquiring a table 4;
in addition, in the above formula, i is the crop number in table 4, i is 1, 2, 3.. times.15; 45 percent is the total content of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the chemical fertilizer.
After the total chemical nutrients of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated are counted, the method preferably further comprises the following steps:
evaluating agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by chemical fertilizers used in farmlands in the area to be treated; the method for evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by the chemical fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated preferably adopts the following calculation formula:
the nitrogen pollution of fertilizer used in farmland(CF-N)X 65% × 20% × 85% formula (XXI);
the phosphorus pollution amount of fertilizer used in farmland after losing into water is G(CF-P)X75%. times.10%. times.85% of formula (XXII).
Wherein the unit of the water nitrogen pollution amount lost by the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland and the water phosphorus pollution amount lost by the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland is t/year; 65 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer in season is the non-utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in season, and the accounting is carried out according to 35 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer in season; 20 percent of the water loss rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in the unused amount in the season; 85% is the water inlet rate of the nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers along with the water loss; 75 percent of the total utilization rate is the current utilization rate of the phosphate fertilizer, and the accounting is carried out according to the current utilization rate of the phosphate fertilizer of 25 percent; 10 percent of the water loss rate of the phosphate fertilizer in the amount which is not utilized in the season.
In the invention, the preferable relation between the regional cultivated land quality and the returning amount of the organic waste resource products specifically comprises the following steps:
when the content of organic matters in the soil is less than or equal to 2%, returning the organic waste resource products to the field is 3-5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 2% -3.5%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 1.5-3 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 3.5% -5%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0.5-1.5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 5-7%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0.2-0.5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is more than or equal to 7%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0-0.2 t/mu.
According to the method, the soil basic fertility is judged by investigating the average content of organic matters in the cultivated land soil of different crops in the area, and the maximum returning amount of organic wastes of the land bearing capacity in the area is determined according to the relation.
According to the invention, the comprehensive management of nutrients in the area to be treated is carried out according to the relation between the farmland quality of the area and the returning amount of the organic waste resource products; the comprehensive nutrient management process specifically comprises the following steps:
and calculating the maximum proportion of organic waste resource products to organic nutrients to replace chemical nutrients of fertilizers used by farmlands in the area to be treated by the comprehensive regional nutrient management and evaluation method, and replacing the fertilizers used by the farmland with the organic waste resource products according to the calculated result to realize the prevention and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area.
In the invention, the regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (I), RNThe proportion of organic nitrogen in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace chemical nitrogen in the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland, G(OF-N)The total organic nitrogen (unit: t/year), G, of the organic waste resource product in the area to be treated(CF-N)The total nitrogen content of the fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated (unit: t/year);
in the formula (II), RPThe proportion of chemical nitrogen in the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland can be replaced by organic phosphorus in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated G(OF-P)The total amount of organic phosphorus (unit: t/year), G, which is the resource product of organic wastes in the area to be treated(CF-P)The total phosphorus content of the fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated (unit: t/year);
in the formula (III), RKThe proportion of the organic potassium in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace the chemical potassium in the fertilizer used in the farmland, G(OF-K)The total amount (unit: t/year) of organic potassium which is the resource product of organic wastes in the area to be treated G(CF-K)The total amount of potassium used in the fertilizer in the farmland in the area to be treated (unit: t/year);
K＝min(RN，RP，RK) Formula (IV);
in the formula (IV), K is the maximum proportion of organic nutrients of the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated to replace chemical nutrients of fertilizers used by the farmland, namely the maximum fertilizer reduction rate of the farmland which can be realized in the area to be treated.
The invention provides a method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area, aiming at preventing and treating the agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area, the total amount of organic nutrients in agricultural organic wastes is counted, the essential requirement of improving the soil fertility of degraded soil is scientifically met after resource conversion, and the accurate matching of the organic nutrients in the area and the soil bearing capacity is realized, so that the aim of comprehensively managing regional nutrients for scientifically reducing the using amount of chemical fertilizers in farmlands is fulfilled; therefore, agricultural non-point source pollution caused by nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to unreasonable utilization of agricultural organic wastes and farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers is creatively controlled from the source, the problem of resource waste caused by discarding of a large amount of nutrient resources in the agricultural organic wastes as wastes is solved, the current situation of environmental pollution caused by random discarding of the wastes is improved, the environmental pollution caused by excessive use of the chemical fertilizers is effectively controlled, the degradation risk of farmland quality is reduced, the land capability is improved, the weight and the pesticide are reduced, the resource recycling industrial chain and the value chain of regional agricultural organic wastes are promoted, the purposes of production cleanness, utilization safety, reduction of input products and water and soil co-treatment are realized, and the method has extremely important significance for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in China. Experimental results show that the method for treating agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area has the advantages of multiple technical effects of soil improvement, crop yield increase, quality improvement, water quality improvement and the like, and has important significance for agricultural non-point source pollution control and ecological environment treatment.
To further illustrate the present invention, the following examples are provided for illustration. The water and soil co-treatment area related to the following examples is Eryuan county; the Eryuan county is a provenance of Pu 'er sea in the Mingzhu plateau, has abundant water resources and abundant water quantity, the runoff of three main domestic Pu' er sea inflow regions of Juque river, Luo Shi river and Yongan river accounts for 70 percent of the average runoff of the Pu 'er sea, is an important water source protection field of the Pu' er sea, and the Eryuan county also becomes an important agricultural breeding county in the North of the Pu 'er sea due to abundant water and soil resources, and the Juque river, the Luo Shi river and the Yongan river become the most serious river regions of the Pu' er sea pollution and the average IV water quality pollution is caused by the influence of agricultural non-point source pollution all the year round.
Examples
The method for preventing and treating agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following specific steps:
(1) checking the total amount of organic nutrients of organic waste resources of the breeding industry in Eryuan county, and performing risk assessment on non-point source pollution of the organic waste resources, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps:
firstly, the total amount of the common livestock and poultry excrement in the county is checked by adopting the method for checking the total amount of the common livestock and poultry excrement in the region in the technical scheme to obtain a county aquaculture livestock and poultry excrement total amount checking table, which is shown in a table 5.
TABLE 5 Total amount of feces of livestock and poultry in county aquaculture
As can be seen from Table 5, the county breeding industry mainly comprises three major types of cattle, sheep and chickens, the number of dairy cattle manure is the largest, and the annual production amount is 27.75 ten thousand tons; the sheep manure and the chicken manure are minimum and are 6200 ton and 5800 ton respectively; the total amount of the common livestock and poultry feces in the county is about 42 ten thousand tons every year.
Secondly, according to the method for checking the total quantity of the regional common crop straws in the technical scheme, checking the total quantity of the county common crop straw resources to obtain a county crop straw total quantity checking table, and referring to the table 6.
TABLE 6 Total crop straw inventory tabulation
As can be seen from table 6, the county planting industry mainly uses four major crops of rice, garlic, corn and flue-cured tobacco, the straw amount of the rice and the garlic is the largest, the annual production amount is respectively 6.31 ten thousand tons and 4.87 ten thousand tons, the straw amount of the corn and the flue-cured tobacco is relatively less, and the annual straw amount is respectively 6100 tons and 2100 tons; the total amount of straw produced in the whole county is about 11 ten thousand tons.
Thirdly, according to the method for evaluating the total organic nutrient content of the regional organic waste and the method for evaluating the area source pollution amount in the technical scheme, the total organic nutrient content of the typical organic waste in the county is counted, the area source pollution amount is evaluated, and a total organic nutrient content counting and area source pollution amount evaluation table of the organic waste in the county planting industry is obtained, and is shown in a table 7.
TABLE 7 Total nutrient content and non-point pollution assessment table for organic wastes of county planting and breeding
As can be seen from Table 7, about 55 ten thousand tons of organic wastes are produced in this county year, wherein the total amount of organic nitrogen is about 1773 tons, the total amount of organic phosphorus is about 353 tons, the total amount of organic potassium is about 2460 tons, the total amount of nitrogen lost into water all year around is about 46 tons, and the total amount of phosphorus is about 11 tons.
(2) The method comprises the following steps of carrying out rapid resource conversion on county-level typical organic waste in a compost fermentation mode, and estimating the total amount of various nutrients of resource products (composts), wherein the method comprises the following steps:
determining a fermentation formula: according to typical county organic waste types and total amount checking, the county organic waste types are comprehensive, fermentation formulas shown in a table 8 are formulated according to the formula principles (the formula principles of mixed fermentation of livestock and poultry excrement and straw organic waste and preferential treatment of the livestock and poultry excrement) in the technical scheme, scientific verification is carried out according to the formula scientific verification method in the technical scheme, and verification parameter values are listed.
TABLE 8 quick resource fermentation formula of organic waste and scientific verification key parameter table
As can be seen from Table 8, the theoretical initial C/N of the fermentation mix for this fermentation formulation is 29: 1(39485 ton/1332 ton), and the C/N found by chemical detection was 28.5: 1; the theoretical water content is 58.3% (279230 ton/479000 ton), the actual measurement value is 55.4%, the pH value is 7.6, and the key fermentation parameters are combined with the fermentation requirements (namely, the initial C/N ratio of the mixed fermentation material is properly within the range of (20-30): 1, the water content is 50-60%, and the pH value is 5.5-8.5), so that the optimal fermentation formula can be determined as follows:
57.8 percent of dairy manure, 14.6 percent of beef manure, 12.7 percent of goat manure, 1.3 percent of sheep manure, 1 percent of fresh chicken manure, 6.3 percent of rice straw and 6.3 percent of garlic straw.
Secondly, the oxygen introduction amount of the materials in the fermentation process is controlled by adopting the method for controlling the oxygen introduction amount of the materials in the fermentation process in the technical scheme: the fermentation time is from 8 months and 25 days (the ambient temperature is 25 ℃), a groove type fermentation mode is adopted, the pile is turned over in 3 rd, 6 th, 9 th, 12 th and 15 th days, and the fermentation is finished in 18 th day.
Thirdly, according to the method for evaluating the total nutrient content of the regional organic waste resource products (composts) in the technical scheme, the total nutrient content of the fermented end products (composts) is estimated to obtain a key parameter accounting table of the fermented end products, and the key parameter accounting table is shown in a table 9.
TABLE 9 accounting table for key parameters of final fermentation product
As can be seen from table 9, the total nitrogen content of the fermentation mixture in the formula is about 0.67%, the total phosphorus content is 0.14%, and the total potassium content is 0.79%, according to the principle that N, P, K of organic waste resources can realize 95% resource utilization, C can realize 65% humification rate, and the fermentation resource yield is 55%, the total nitrogen content of the fermentation end product is about 0.63%, the total phosphorus content is 0.13%, the total potassium content is 0.75%, the total carbon content is 12.8%, and the goodness of fit with the measured values of each index is high.
(3) By adopting the method for checking the total chemical nutrient amount of the fertilizer in the regional farmland and the method for evaluating the non-point source pollution amount, the total nutrient amount of the fertilizer used in the Eryuan county farmland is checked, the non-point source pollution is evaluated at risk, and a total nutrient amount checking table and a non-point source pollution amount evaluation table of the fertilizer used in the county farmland are obtained, which are shown in the table 10.
TABLE 10 Total nutrient amount and non-point source pollution amount evaluation table for chemical fertilizer used in county farmland
As can be seen from Table 10, the fertilizer input amount of the fertilizer in the whole year in about 23 ten thousand mu of cultivated land in the whole county is about 14700 tons, wherein 2844 tons of nitrogen, 432 tons of phosphorus and 2310 tons of potassium are contained, the total nitrogen of the fertilizer lost into water pollutants is about 314 tons/year, and the total phosphorus is about 28 tons/year.
(4) According to the relation standard between the regional farmland quality and the organic waste resource product returning amount in the technical scheme, the compost returning amount which can be borne by the county farmland is 0.5-1.5 tons (the specific dosage needs to be considered according to the fertilizer reduction rate and the crop nutrient management condition), which is shown in table 11.
TABLE 11 organic waste return amount evaluation principle based on land bearing capacity
And calculating the proportion of chemical nutrients which can be maximally replaced by the organic nutrients in the region by using the regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method in the technical scheme to obtain a county environment-agricultural nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation table, which is shown in table 12.
TABLE 12 comprehensive management and evaluation table for county environment and agricultural nutrients
As can be seen from Table 12, the proportions of the organic nutrients in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace the chemical nutrients of the fertilizer in the farmland, are respectively as follows: n42%, P59%, K61%; namely, organic nutrients of organic waste resource products in the area to be treated replace chemical nutrients of farmland fertilizers, and the fertilizer reducing rate can be reduced by 42 percent at the highest level.
Finally, specific embodiments of county environment-agricultural nutrient comprehensive management are determined, and the specific embodiments are shown in the table 13; the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area are realized.
Table 13 county environment-agricultural nutrient comprehensive management specific embodiment
The technical effects of the treatment method for agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area provided by the embodiment of the invention are evaluated:
(1) the soil improvement effect is shown in tables 14 to 16.
TABLE 14 Effect on soil fertility Change
TABLE 15 Effect on soil heavy metals
TABLE 16 Effect on soil bioactivity
Compared with the soil quality of the conventional fertilizer planting mode, the following conclusion is drawn:
the soil of the land is strong in alkalinity due to the fact that irrigation water of the land is alkaline, the average soil pH is 7.5-8.0, and garlic and rice are suitable for being planted in neutral soil; the pH of soil treated by reducing the fertilizer in the planting of garlic and rice has a tendency of decreasing because the fertilizer input is reduced, the input of soil organic matters, particularly the input of humic acid, is increased, and the soil is improved while a good acid-base buffer system is formed, so that the soil is healthier to regulate acid and base.
Compared with soil of a conventional chemical fertilizer planting mode, soil organic matters of the soil treated by reducing chemical fertilizers in garlic and rice are improved to different degrees through soil improvement, wherein the soil organic matters treated by reducing 30% of chemical fertilizers in garlic planting are improved by 0.4% every year, and the soil organic matters treated by reducing 40% of chemical fertilizers in rice planting are improved by 0.2% every year.
Compared with the conventional fertilizer treatment, the soil improvement and fertilizer reduction treatment has the advantages that the nutrient content of the soil is reduced, but the soil still has a richer content level, so that the organic nutrient partially replaces chemical nutrients to meet the requirements of garlic and rice on nutrients in the whole growth period, and the water body agricultural area source pollution risk can be effectively avoided.
Fourthly, as can be seen from the analysis data, the local soil has no serious heavy metal pollution risk (except the potential overproof cadmium risk), but in order to guarantee the safety and sustainability of land use, the invention also mainly analyzes the change of the soil heavy metal; compared with the background value of soil before implementation, the soil of the garlic and the soil of the paddy field, which are planted by soil improvement and chemical fertilizer reduction, have reduced heavy metals of cadmium, chromium and mercury (irregular expression of lead and arsenic); the soil heavy metal planted by the conventional fertilizer has no obvious change, which shows that the ecological planting mode of the fertilizer reduction by soil improvement has good passivation effect on the soil heavy metal.
Fifth, the change trend of soil microbial indexes is known, the improvement effect of soil biological activity is obvious due to weight reduction, drug reduction and soil improvement, soil organic matter is improved to bring soil microecosystem improvement, and the total content of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes reaches 108And the improvement is two orders of magnitude.
(2) The yield increasing effect of the crops is shown in tables 17-18.
TABLE 17 Effect on Garlic production
Note: theoretical yield (total weight of garlic fruits per cell area) x 666.67m2×0.85。
The theoretical test result shows that the garlic yield per mu treated by the fertilizer is reduced by 2096kg through soil improvement, and the garlic yield per mu planted by the conventional fertilizer is 1855kg, which is increased by about 13% compared with the garlic yield per mu planted by the conventional fertilizer.
TABLE 18 Effect on Rice yield
The yield measurement result shows that the yield per mu of the rice treated by reducing the fertilizer by 40 percent is 1013 jin by soil improvement, the yield per mu of the rice planted by the conventional fertilizer is 947 jin, and the yield is increased by about 7 percent compared with the yield of the rice planted by the conventional fertilizer.
(3) The effect of improving the quality of crops is shown in Table 19.
TABLE 19 Effect on Garlic quality
The garlicin in the planted garlic which reduces the fertilizer by 30 percent through soil improvement is 49 percent higher than that of the common garlic, the protein is 22 percent higher than that of the common garlic, and the vitamin C is 36 percent higher than that of the common garlic; therefore, the garlic quality is not only influenced by factors such as garlic varieties and climate, but also influenced by planting modes, and the fertilizer is reasonably reduced through soil improvement, so that the garlic quality is favorably improved, and particularly, the allicin is favorably improved.
(4) The water quality improvement effect is shown in tables 20 to 21.
TABLE 20 Garlic emission reduction Experimental Effect
Note: and (4) the emission reduction rate is [ (control water outlet quality-water inlet quality) - (treated water outlet quality-water inlet quality) ]/(control water outlet quality-water inlet quality).
TABLE 21 Experimental results on reduction of emissions from Rice
In the garlic water and soil co-treatment planting model: the organic waste resource products are safely and effectively returned to the field, so that the soil is carburized and expanded, chemical nutrients are replaced by organic nutrients, the chemical fertilizer is reduced by 30 percent, and the water quality detection result of the first irrigation water shows that: compared with the water quality of soil irrigation water planted by conventional chemical fertilizers, the total nitrogen reduction rate is 59 percent, and the total phosphorus reduction rate is 68 percent; the final irrigation water has a total nitrogen emission reduction rate of 62% and a total phosphorus emission reduction rate of 39%.
In the rice water and soil co-treatment planting model: the organic waste resource products are safely and effectively returned to the field, so that the ecological planting mode that the soil is carburized and expanded, the chemical nutrients are replaced by the organic nutrients, the chemical fertilizer is reduced by 40 percent is realized, and the water quality detection result of the paddy field in the grouting period shows that: compared with the water quality of soil irrigation water planted by conventional fertilizers, the total nitrogen reduction rate is 78%, and the total phosphorus reduction rate is 49%.
Therefore, agricultural non-point source pollution is one of the key factors influencing the water quality, and the development of an organic agricultural planting mode of 'water and soil co-treatment' is very important.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (6)
1. A method for preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in a water and soil co-treatment area comprises the following steps:
a) after the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated is checked, carrying out resource conversion on the organic waste, and calculating the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resource products; the organic waste resources comprise breeding manure and planting straws;
the total manure amount checking method for the aquaculture adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (V), PiThe total annual excrement and sewage quantity of certain types of livestock and poultry existing in the region, NiThe number p of certain types of livestock and poultry breeding in the region counted for investigationiThe standard value, w, of the annual excrement yield of a certain type of livestock and poultryiIs a standard value of the water content of the feces of certain livestock and poultry,
actual water content of certain organic waste existing in the area;
the total amount checking method of the straws in the planting industry adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (VI), QiThe total annual straw yield of a certain type of crop existing in the region, MiArea of certain crop plants present in the area counted for investigation, niNumber of stubbles for certain types of crops in the area counted for investigation, yiLambda is the unit yield per mu of a certain type of crops existing in the area counted for investigationiThe standard value of the grass-grain ratio of a certain type of crops;
the counting method of the total organic nutrient content of the organic waste resources adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (VII), G(OW-N)Total organic nitrogen of organic waste resources produced in the region year A (N)iThe standard value of the organic nitrogen content of certain organic waste;
in the formula (VIII), G(OW-P)Total organic phosphorus content of organic waste resources produced in the region of years, A (P)iThe standard value of the organic phosphorus content of certain organic wastes;
in the formula (IX), G(OW-K)Total organic potassium content of organic waste resources produced in the region of years, A (K)iThe standard value of the organic potassium content of certain organic wastes;
the step a) further comprises:
evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by organic waste resources in the area to be treated; the method for evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by the organic waste resources in the area to be treated adopts the following calculation formula:
b) after the total chemical nutrients of the chemical fertilizers used by the farmlands in the area to be treated are checked, the comprehensive management of the nutrients in the area to be treated is carried out according to the established relation between the quality of the cultivated land in the area and the returning amount of the organic waste resource products, so that the prevention and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution in the water and soil co-treatment area are realized;
the comprehensive nutrient management process specifically comprises the following steps:
calculating the maximum proportion of organic waste resource products and organic nutrients in the area to be treated to replace chemical nutrients of fertilizers used in farmlands by a regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method, and replacing the fertilizers used in the farmlands with the organic waste resource products according to the calculated result;
the regional nutrient comprehensive management and evaluation method adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (I), RNThe proportion of organic nitrogen in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace chemical nitrogen in the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland, G(OF-N)The total amount of organic nitrogen, G, which is the resource product of organic wastes in the area to be treated(CF-N)The total chemical nitrogen content of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated;
in the formula (II), RPThe proportion of chemical phosphorus in the chemical fertilizer used in the farmland can be replaced by organic phosphorus in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated G(OF-P)Total organic phosphorus content, G, as a resource product of organic waste in an area to be treated(CF-P)The total chemical phosphorus content of the fertilizer used by the farmland in the area to be treated;
in the formula (III), RKThe proportion of the organic potassium in the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated, which can replace the chemical potassium in the fertilizer used in the farmland, G(OF-K)The total amount of organic potassium which is the resource product of organic wastes in the area to be treated G(CF-K)The total amount of chemical potassium of the fertilizer used in the farmland in the area to be treated;
K＝min(RN，RP，RK) Formula (IV);
in the formula (IV), K is the maximum proportion of organic nutrients of the organic waste resource products in the area to be treated to replace chemical nutrients of fertilizers used in farmlands.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mode of resource conversion in step a) is composting fermentation; the process of compost fermentation specifically comprises the following steps:
a1) determining a fermentation formula according to the counting result of the total amount of the organic nutrients of the organic waste resources in the area to be treated and a formula principle, and scientifically verifying the fermentation formula;
a2) fermenting by adopting the fermentation formula determined in the step a1), and controlling the oxygen introduction amount of the materials in the fermentation process to obtain the organic waste resource product.
3. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that the method for accounting the total amount of organic nutrients of the organic waste resource product in step a) employs the following calculation formula:
total ton of organic waste resource product 0.55 sigma YiFormula (XII);
in the formula (XII), YiIs a certain organic waste weight for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XIII), W is an estimated value of the initial water content of the organic waste mixed fermentation material for resource conversion in the area;
in the formula (XIV), G(OF-N)Total organic nitrogen, G, as a product of the recycling of organic waste in a region(OFM-N)The total organic nitrogen content of the organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XV), G(OF-P)Total amount of organic phosphorus, G, as a resource product of organic waste in a region(OFM-P)The total weight of organic phosphorus of organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XVI), G(OF-K)Total amount of organic potassium, G, as a resource product of organic waste in a region(OFM-K)The total amount of organic potassium of organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region;
in the formula (XVII), G(OF-C)Total organic carbon content, G, as a resource product of organic waste in a region(OFM-C)The total organic carbon content of the organic wastes used for resource conversion in the region.
4. The method for controlling the disease of claim 1, wherein the method for checking the total chemical nutrients of the fertilizer used for the farmland in the area to be treated in the step b) adopts the following calculation formula:
in the formula (XVIII), MiIs the planting area of a certain crop in the area, XiAnnual acre of fertilizer for a certain crop in an area, f (N)iThe standard value of the proportion of the nitrogen demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is determined;
in the formula (XIX), f (P)2O5)iThe standard value of the proportion of the phosphorus demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand is determined;
in formula (XX), f (K)2O)iThe standard value of the proportion of the potassium demand of certain crops in the region to the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demands is determined.
5. The control method according to claim 4, characterized in that the step b) further comprises:
evaluating agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by farmland fertilizers in an area to be treated; the method for evaluating the agricultural non-point source pollution amount generated by the farmland fertilizer in the area to be treated adopts the following calculation formula:
the amount of nitrogen pollution caused by farmland fertilizer loss in water is G(CF-N)X 65% × 20% × 85% formula (XXI);
p pollution of farmland fertilizer loss water(CF-P)X75%. times.10%. times.85% of formula (XXII).
6. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the relationship between the regional farming quality and the organic waste resource product returning amount in step b) specifically comprises:
when the content of organic matters in the soil is less than or equal to 2%, returning the organic waste resource products to the field is 3-5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 2% -3.5%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 1.5-3 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 3.5% -5%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0.5-1.5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is 5-7%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0.2-0.5 t/mu;
when the content of organic matters in the soil is more than or equal to 7%, the returning amount of the organic waste resource products is 0-0.2 t/mu.
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