CN111567800A - 可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物及其制备方法,甜味组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:特制混合粉料5‑25份、山药粉5‑25份、魔芋粉5‑15份、葛根粉5‑15份、木糖醇20‑80份;所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜1‑2份,麦芽1‑2份,薄荷1‑2份,薏苡仁1‑2份,紫苏1‑2份,山楂1‑2份,黄精1‑2份,桑叶1‑2份,桔梗1‑2份,茯苓1‑2份,枸杞1‑2份,白芷1‑2份,罗汉果1‑2份,决明子1‑2份,淡竹叶1‑2份,菊花1‑2份,甘草1‑2份。本发明高甜度且具有降血糖、降血脂等功效,可望在家用乳制品、糕点、面包、冰淇淋、饮料、甜点、巧克力、压缩海苔等食品中得到广泛应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品添加剂技术领域,尤指一种可抑制血糖血脂升高的甜味颗粒及其制备方法。
背景技术
目前全世界每年每人平均要消费掉大约25千克糖,排第1位的美国人的消费量几乎是世界平均水平的2倍。人们从食糖摄入的能量在食物类群中排第3位,仅次于谷物和食用油。糖作为居民生活中和食品等工业制造中不可或缺的原料,与人们的生活息息相关,中国作为一个人口大国和不断成长的工业国家,对糖类的需求整体较大,近年来我国糖类原料作物种植面积波动明显,一定程度带来了我国成品糖的产销波动。目前,我国虽然已成长为第三大白糖消费国,但人均消费量仍低于发达国家水平,工业消费占据主导地位。未来几年随着我国糖料作物种植面积的增长,制糖行业进入上升周期。
改革开放以来,我国食糖消费持续增长,年人均消费量由改革开放前的3公斤提高到10公斤以上。随着人口增长、消费水平的提高、消费观念的改变,食糖等天然甜味剂消费仍会持续增长。按照年均增速3%测算,预计2020年全国食糖消费量增至1800万吨,总产量约为1500万吨,产需缺口预计达到300万吨。从销量来看,由于人口增长放慢以及人们开始意识到过度摄入糖份的不利影响,全球糖消费量增速明显放缓。据中国商业产业研究院提供的数据显示:2015至2019年,全球糖消费量从1.69亿吨增长至1.75亿吨,年均复合增速仅为0.8%。
目前,食品中使用的添加糖主要是由葡萄糖、果糖等六碳糖组成的蔗糖、淀粉糖和糖醇。其中,蔗糖是人群食用和摄入量最多的甜味剂,在碳水化合物类食物中仅次于淀粉。蔗糖是双糖,进入人体后先被蔗糖酶水解成葡萄糖和果糖等单糖,再被人体吸收利用。而这些诸如蔗糖等六碳糖的热量非常高,食用过量会造成人体能量过剩,同时引发多种疾病。
过量食糖“七宗罪”。罪状一,容易上瘾。和吸烟相似,习惯性吃糖会刺激大脑中产生阿片类物质(多巴胺),一旦停吃,就会烦躁不安。罪状二,伤牙。糖停留在口腔内,在细菌作用下产生大量酸性物质,从而对牙齿造成伤害。罪状三,导致肥胖。糖只提供能量,没有其他的营养素。如果糖的摄入量超过身体使用量,就会转化为脂肪储存,引起超重或肥胖。罪状四,营养不良。糖是高能量食品,会直接影响其他富含蛋白质、维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维食品的摄入。罪状五,骨质疏松。糖在体内代谢,需要消耗多种维生素和矿物质。吃甜食过多,可引起骨质疏松。罪状六,加速皮肤老化。大量的糖分短时间内进入血液,会引发胰岛素生长因子水平上升,从而使得表皮过度角化、皮脂分泌增加堵塞毛孔,导致形成痘痘。另外,糖对胶原蛋白还有糖化作用,糖化会让胶原蛋白劣化,从而导致皮肤弹性降低,肤色发黄。罪状七,诱发糖尿病等多种慢性疾病。长期过量食用糖,会扰乱人体内分泌系统。比如,加重胰岛的负担,最后导致胰岛功能受损而出现糖尿病。根据国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)最新报告,2019年全球约4.63亿20-79岁成人患糖尿病(11个人中有1个为糖尿病患者);预计到2030年,糖尿病患者会达到5.784亿;预计到2045年,糖尿病患者会达到7.002亿。 其中,我国2019年糖尿病患者(20-79岁)数量约为1.164亿。糖尿病的加剧,会使碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱,引起人体内环境失调,进而促进多种慢性疾病,如心脑血管疾病、老年性白内障、近视、佝偻病的发生。
糖尿病人需少食多餐,加餐多是各类方便携带,能够快速增加饱腹感的零食、点心类产品,但是目前市面上的这类产品大都含有蔗糖,蔗糖是最适合我们味觉的甜味剂,但同时会被人体小肠中的蔗糖酶分解,以葡萄糖和果糖的形式被人体吸收而升高血糖使得糖尿病人望而却步。因此,研发新的甜味剂品种,既能使食物保持良好的甜度,又能减少人体对蔗糖等高热量物质的吸收,降低人群患病风险,是目前营养学、医学和食品行业都在密切关注的热点问题。市场对于无糖、低热量、具有多功效的甜味剂的需求将与日俱增,市场前景极为广阔。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,该组合物以特制混合粉料、山药粉、魔芋粉、葛根粉及特制木糖醇为原料,经过科学合理设计配比而制一种高甜度且具有降血糖、降血脂等功效的甜味添加剂。本发明还提供这种食品添加剂组合物的制备方法。
一种可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:
特制混合粉料5-25份、山药粉5-25份、魔芋粉5-15份、葛根粉5-15份、特制木糖醇20-80份。
本发明推荐:各组分优化的重量比是:特制混合粉料10-20份、山药粉10-20份、魔芋粉8-12份、葛根粉8-12份、特制木糖醇40-60份。
本发明推荐:各组分最佳的重量比是:特制混合粉料15份、山药粉15份、魔芋粉10份、葛根粉10份、特制木糖醇50份。
所述特制混合粉料所采用的各组分均来自国家卫计委2019年《药食同源》目录,包括:
木瓜,麦芽,薄荷,薏苡仁,紫苏,山楂,黄精,桑叶,桔梗,茯苓,枸杞,白芷,罗汉果,
决明子,淡竹叶,菊花,甘草。其各自重量份数比例如下:
木瓜1-2份,麦芽1-2份,薄荷1-2份,薏苡仁1-2份,紫苏1-2份,山楂1-2份,黄精1-2份,桑叶1-2份,
桔梗1-2份,茯苓1-2份,枸杞1-2份,白芷1-2份,罗汉果1-2份,决明子1-2份,淡竹叶1-2份,菊花1-2份,甘草1-2份。
最优的重量份数比例:木瓜1.5份,麦芽1.5份,薄荷1.5份,薏苡仁1.5份,紫苏1.5份,山楂1.5份,黄精1.5份,桑叶1.5份,桔梗1.5份,茯苓1.5份,枸杞1.5份,白芷1.5份,罗汉果1.5份,决明子1.5份,淡竹叶1.5份,菊花1.5份,甘草1.5份。
所述甜味食品添加剂组合物在实际使用中,通常在糕点中加入重量比例为5%-30%,在饮料类食品中加入重量比例为5%-10%,在调味品中加入重量比例为5%-40%,其他类食品中加入重量比例为5%-40%。
完成本申请第二个发明任务的技术方案是,所述甜味颗粒组合物的制备方法,包含如下步骤:
一、制备特制混合粉料并脱色
将木瓜,麦芽,薄荷,薏苡仁,紫苏,山楂,黄精,桑叶,桔梗,茯苓,枸杞,白芷,罗汉果,决明子,淡竹叶,菊花,甘草,粉粹,过80-120目筛。按照混合粉用量的15%-20%加入一定浓度的盐酸(通常pH3-4)在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解。水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为1-2h。以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量一般为糖液的12%-15%。脱色速度宜快,温度控制在75-80℃。
二、制备木糖醇
生产木糖醇有中和脱酸、离子交换脱酸等工艺方法,本发明专利采用目前国际国内普遍采用的离子交换脱酸法,并在此基础上进行了一定的技术改进,其主要的工艺路线为:
玉米粉碎物→预处理→水解→脱色→离子交换→第一次浓缩→离子交换→加氢→离子交换→二次浓缩→结晶→离心分离→晶体成品。
具体步骤入下:
①预处理:将玉米(以玉米秸秆、玉米芯为主,即原料为玉米和/或玉米秸秆和/或玉米芯)用粉碎机粉粹,将粉碎物先在100-120℃的温度下蒸煮50-70min,把水排除,再加入低浓度的稀盐酸于120℃蒸煮45-75min。
②水解:以玉米粉粹物用量的15%-20%的一定浓度的盐酸在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解。水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为3-4h左右。
③脱色:以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量一般为糖液的12%-15%。脱色速度要快,温度不要过高。一般控制在75-80℃。
④第一次离子交换:第一次交换主要目的是为了除去水解液中的无机酸和有机酸。CLl是阴离子,所以,第一次是采用阴离子交换树脂,阴离子交换树脂可选用大孔阴树脂D296等 ,它不但可以除去阴离子,还可以吸附除掉很多胶体杂质和色素。
⑤第一次浓缩:离子交换除酸后的糖液通过减压蒸发,使糖液浓度提高到30%-35%,蒸发时间为 6-8h。
⑥第二次离子交换:目的是为了除去灰份和阳离子,所以采用阳离子交换树脂 ,阳离子交换树脂可选723型强酸阳离子树脂。它不仅可以除去阳离子杂质,还可以吸附除去胶体和非糖体、含氮化合物等。
⑦加氢处理:采用间歇釜式悬浮镍催化加氢,当反应温度为120-130℃,压力为70-80kg/cm2, pH值为 6-7左右,剂糖质量比为2%,反应时间为90-120min,转化率可达 99% 以上,产品色度好。
⑧第三次离子交换:是为了氢化液的净化 ,净化后的木糖浆经过加氢会增加酸度和金属离子,要进一步净化 ,以除去这些杂质 ,该过程宜采用“阳柱-阴柱混合床”的组合,混合床的交换负荷特别低,使木糖醇的纯度更高。
⑨第二次浓缩:采用真空蒸发结晶。蒸发浓缩前,先过滤除去氢化液中其他杂质及少量催化剂细未,蒸发浓缩过程温度控制65-75℃,真空度700mm汞柱以上。当浓缩液含醇量为90%时,即可进入结晶环节。
⑩结晶、成品:当醇膏温度降到64℃左右加入适当晶种,慢慢搅拌助晶 ,每小时降温l℃,直到比室内温度稍高时,即可分离取得成品。木糖醇成品纯度可达98.7%。
三、制备山药粉
将新鲜山药洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到山药干粉;优选的,所述真空干燥是在60-80℃下干燥1-2h。
四、制备魔芋粉
将新鲜魔芋洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到魔芋干粉;
五、制备葛根粉
将新鲜葛根洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力30-50Mpa、温度50-80℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过100-140目筛,得到葛根干粉;
六、制备甜味溶液
将木糖醇30-70份溶解于350-500份的60-80℃的50%-70%乙醇水,搅拌使其溶解充分,得到甜味溶液。
七、制备支撑物料
将第五步脱色制得的混合粉5-25份与山药粉5-25份、魔芋粉5-15份和葛根粉5-15份充分混合均匀,得基础支撑物料(甜味组合物)。
本甜味组合物可以以这种基础支撑物料的形式使用,也可以进一步加工:
八、制备甜味颗粒
将基础支撑物料置包衣机中,以55-80转/min的速度进行转动;采用高压喷枪将甜味剂溶液以3-9mL/min的速度均匀地喷涂到基础支撑物料上,同时包衣机内的加热温度设定65-85度;
收集得到的甜味颗粒,真空干燥,制得甜味颗粒。优选的,所述真空干燥是在60-80℃下干燥1-2h。
首先,本发明所采用的工艺提取木糖醇具有如下优势:
1. 工艺原料来源广泛,廉价易得,生产成本低,所得的木糖醇纯度高,约为98.7%。
2. 水解过程所用的催化剂为盐酸,用其替代传统木糖醇制取工艺中以硫酸为催化剂,该催化剂相对硫酸的使用可以节省一半的用量。另外,木糖醇生产废水除了有较高的COD值外,高浓度硫酸根离子也是影响废水处理效果的重要原因,用盐酸替代硫酸可以从工艺上消除木糖醇废水处理的难题。水解是在常压下进行,节省了设备投资。
3. 酸的中和可以通过第一次离子交换用阴离子交换树脂中和,避免了中和脱硫酸工艺过程中设备结垢的缺点,提高了设备的利用率和使用寿命,减少了水解液中灰份和酸的含量,提高了水解液的质量,从而相应地提高了产品质量。
4. 加氢采用间歇加氢高压釜,若采用连续加氢比较难保证氢化的质量,氢化残糖对木糖醇收率的影响极大。另外采用釜内沉降有助于减少镍铝合金催化剂的消耗,对环保有好处。
其次,本发明采用超高压匀质机来制备魔芋粉、山药粉、葛根粉。与传统的加工方法相比较,具有如下优点:
1、能使料液在挤研、强冲击与失压膨胀的三重作用下细化混合,其运转稳定、噪音小、清洗方便、机动灵活,可连续使用,对物料可进行超细分散、乳化。
2、对魔芋、山药等物料在高压下进行均质,能使其中的蛋白球、淀粉颗粒显著细化,使其制品食用后易于消化吸收,提高使用价值。
3、能起到防止或减少料液分层,改善料液外观的作用,使其香度更浓,口感更醇。
而且,本发明中脱色工艺所制得的混合粉各组分均来自国家卫计委2019《药食同源》目录,安全可靠,同时富含多种人体所必须的微量元素;脱色效率高,营养损失小。
最后,本发明工艺制得的木糖醇是人体糖类代谢的中间体,在体内缺少胰岛素影响糖代谢情况下,无须胰岛素促进,木糖醇也能透过细胞膜,被组织吸收利用,促进肝糖元合成,供细胞以营养和能量,且不会引起血糖值升高,可以消除糖尿病人服用普通食物后的三多症状(多食、多饮、多尿),是最适合糖尿病患者食用的营养性的食糖代替品。同时,本发明所使用的绝大部分组分均具有降血糖降血脂的功能,所构成的组合物使得所制备的甜味剂不仅可代替蔗糖的甜味口感,具有阻止蔗糖进入体内,抑制血糖的生成,从而实现糖尿病人食用,满足对甜味的需求,而又不会引起血糖的升高。这种科学的配比不仅具有很好的甜味口感,而且还使得甜味剂具有显著的降血糖、降血脂功效。是一种甜度高且具有降血糖、降血脂功效的甜味颗粒剂,是甜食爱好者、爱美减肥人士和糖尿病人理想的糖类替代品。
总之,本发明制备方法简单,原料成本低,市场前景广阔,适合大规模生产,值得进一步推广应用。
本发明配方中各成分具体药理作用如下:
(一)、山药的药理作用
山药为薯蓣科植物薯蓣( Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)的干燥根茎,是我国传统的药食同源食物之一,因其较好的药用保健功效和糯香可口的风味品质深得世人喜爱,一直受到广大药物及农业研究者的关注。我国自夏、商起便开始种植山药,明清以来逐渐将其应用为药材,《神农本草经》《本草纲目》均将其列为上品。山药以河南焦作( 古怀庆府) 所产最为道地,称为“怀山药”。性甘,平。归脾、肺、肾经。功效是补脾养胃,生津益肺,补肾涩精。现代化学成分研究发现山药中主要含有多糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸、山药素类化合物、微量元素、淀粉、蛋白质等成分,其根茎中亦含有甾体、薯蓣皂苷、尿囊素、菲及联苄类等化学成分。现代药理活性研究表明,山药具有降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化等多种功效。
1. 降血糖作用
何云等发现山药多糖的剂量和其对糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用在某种程度呈一定的正比关系,且
有保护胰岛功能的作用。郜红利等发现山药多糖可降低四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖,促进体重恢复,其作用机制可能与增加胰岛素分泌、改善受损坏的胰岛β细胞功能及清除过多 自由基等有关。LWU等研究发现山药水溶性成分(如多糖)与山药降血糖作用有关。
2. 降血脂作用
山药淀粉成分被认为具有降血脂作用,PREMAP等研究山药对于动脉粥样硬化模型小鼠的作用,发现小鼠喂养提纯山药淀粉,其血清中类脂质浓度、主动脉和心脏中的糖浓度显著降低。WANG 等采用高脂血症大鼠比较了山药淀粉与马铃薯淀粉的降血脂作用,发现山药淀粉能显著降低模型大鼠血清中总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和甘油三酯,降低率分别为33.8%、27.5% 和 46.2%。马铃薯淀粉也降低三者水平,但结果并不显著。结果表明,山药淀粉可降低血脂水平,且作用显著优于马铃薯淀粉。
3. 抗氧化作用
山药多糖与黄酮类成分发现具有不同程度抗氧化作用,王丽霞等研究山药蛋白多糖体外抗氧化作用,发现山药蛋白多糖具有明显的抗氧化作用,能够清除自由基,同时减少红细胞的溶血。张婧萱等采用超声波乙醇浸提法提取淮山药中总黄酮,建立提取工艺,并发现随着黄酮类物质的浓度升高,其对·OH自由基的清除率也增大。
4. 调节脾胃功能
山药性缓和,适合具有补中益气、调节脾胃的作用,常作为食疗和药疗的主要成分之一,如山药红枣粥、健胃消食片。山药在临床上常用于治疗脾虚久泻、慢性肠胃炎等症,研究表明山药对正常大鼠的胃排空及血清淀粉酶的分泌有抑制作用,可增强小肠的吸收功能。
5. 抗肿瘤作用
山药多糖被认为是山药抗肿瘤主要活性成分,具有免疫调节和增强白细胞吞噬作用,对肿瘤治疗具有潜在作用。赵国华等采用小鼠移植性实体瘤模型评价了山药多糖 RDPS-Ⅰ的抗肿瘤作用,结果表明50 mg / kg RDPS-Ⅰ对 Lewis 肺癌有显著的抑制作用,但对 B16黑色素瘤的抑制作用不明显; RDPS-Ⅰ剂量≥150 mg/kg时对 Lewis肺癌和 B16 黑色素瘤均有显著的抑制作用。
6. 免疫调节作用
郑素玲等研究发现山药水煎液能明显改善老龄小鼠的游泳耐力,具有保护免疫器官,延缓小鼠衰老进程的功能。徐增莱等研究发现,山药多糖可增强小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖能力,促进机体抗体的生成,增强小鼠碳廓清能力。
[陈梦雨,刘伟,侴桂新,王永丽.山药化学成分与药理活性研究进展[J].中医药学报,2020,48(02):62-66. ]
(二)、玉米的药理作用
1. 降血脂作用
不同种类的膳食纤维显示出完全不同的降血脂作用机制,玉米膳食纤维的降血脂作用,主要通过以下 3 种方式来实现:第一,由于膳食纤维具有吸附作用,它可以与小肠中的胆酸盐结合,减少肝脏和肠道循环过程中的重新吸收,促进胆固醇氧化;第二,由于膳食纤维具有发酵作用,它可以通过盲肠中微生物迅速发酵产生短链脂肪酸,从而阻碍胆固醇的合成;第三,是在基因调控水平上改变脂质代谢相关酶的活性,从而降低甘油三酯和胆固醇浓度。
2. 降血压作用
玉米膳食纤维由糖基聚合组成,其侧链具有许多的羟基和羧基,从而呈现出弱酸性,可与阳离子反应,特别是在有机阳离子彼此进行相互交换以改变阳离子的瞬时浓度,可产生一个更为缓冲的环境,使其更加容易的消化和吸收,它还可以影响消化道的 PH,渗透压和氧化还原电位,或是膳食纤维可与肠道中的 Na+和 K+阳离子进行交换,从而 K+、Na+可以通过人体排泄排出体外,从而降低血压。
3. 降低肠道疾病的可能
膳食纤维的吸水性很强,但是不同来源的纤维吸水能力不同,膳食纤维的吸水力为1.5 g 水 /g 粉。膳食纤维是维持水的载体,膳食纤维不容易被人体所消化,但是它在进入胃后可以吸
收部分水分还可促进肠道蠕动,加速粪便排泄,从而可以降低由直肠和泌尿系统造成的压力,并可预防和减少肠道疾病和泌尿系统疾病。
[杨小倩,郅慧,张辉,孙佳明.玉米不同部位化学成分、药理作用、利用现状研究进展[J].吉林中医药,2019,39(06):837-840. ]
(三)、葛根的药理作用
葛根是我国最常见的中药之一,始载于我国汉代的《神农本草经》,具有悠久的药食两用历史,有“亚洲人参”的美誉,在 2000 年葛根正式被国家卫生部批准列入“既是食品又是药品”名录。葛根味甘辛,性平,入脾胃经,具生津止渴、解表退热和升阳透疹的功效。
1. 抗糖尿病
近年来研究表明,葛根中主要活性成分,如葛根素或葛根异黄酮类等具有多种药理作用,其药效明确,药理活性较强,且安全低毒,在糖尿病、心脑血管疾病及其并发症等治疗中取得了良好的效果。吴伟等采用循证医学方法评价葛根素治疗早期 2 型糖尿病肾病的临床效果及安全性,结果表明,葛根素具有减少尿微量白蛋白、降低空腹血糖的作用,对治疗早期 2 型
糖尿病肾病安全有效。袁媛等研究表明,葛根素能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖,改善口服糖耐量,抑制糖化血红蛋白,对体内外晚期糖基化终末产物形成具有明显的抑制作用。
2. 改善心脑血管疾病
现代医学研究表明,葛根在改善心脑血管疾病方面具有良好的作用,如心肌保护、降血压和降血脂等。王萌萌等研究发现,葛根提取物能够明显降低食源性高脂血症大鼠的血
脂水平,减轻脂质过氧化程度,提高机体的抗氧化能力,有利于防治动脉粥样硬化,减少心脑血管疾病的发生。
3. 骨质疏松预防和治疗
葛根活性成分对骨质疏松症的作用机制可能通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴发挥作用,陈冠儒采用卵巢去势手术和糖皮质激素诱导大鼠骨质疏松模型,发现葛根总黄酮可降低骨代谢,并上调下丘脑雌激素受体 α( estrogen receptor α,ERα) 和 ERβ mRNA的表达,故葛根总黄酮可能通过调节下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴来调节卵泡生成素的表达水平,发挥对骨质疏松的保护和治疗作用。孙玉敏等研究表明,葛根素通过 ER介导对体外培养的大鼠及小鼠成骨细胞具有促进细胞增殖和骨形成作用。
4. 神经保护作用
葛根活性成分具有抑制神经元凋亡和抗氧化应激的作用。张静通过中断大鼠两侧颈动脉主干制备慢性缺血引起的血管性痴呆动物模型,发现葛根素能提高模型大鼠的学习能力,并对大鼠的学习和记忆能力有保护作用,其作用与其对 ROS 的清除能力密切相关,在分子水平,葛根素能显著上调 Nrf2、FoxO1、FoxO3和 FoxO4蛋白质水平,而 FoxO 家族和Nrf2 在中枢神经系统中具有重要的生理功能和病理作用。刘承浩等开展的多中心随机对照试验表明,葛根素穴位注射配合西药治疗早中期帕金森病患者可更好地改善其精神、行为、情绪症状及日常活动能力。
[杨小倩,郅慧,张辉,孙佳明.玉米不同部位化学成分、药理作用、利用现状研究进展[J].吉林中医药,2019,39(06):837-840. ]
(四)、木瓜的药理作用
1. 降血糖、降血脂
木瓜中的多种有效物质具有降血脂的作用。Shruti等以 80% 甲醇提取皱皮木瓜得提取物,再洗脱得其正己烷部位,二氯甲烷部位,乙酸乙酯部位,正丁醇部位和水部位,分别进行了α-葡萄糖苷酶,β-葡萄糖苷酶,α-半乳糖苷酶和 β-半乳糖苷酶活性抑制研究。结果表明,所有部位均具有显著的 α-葡萄糖苷酶,β-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,而对 α-半乳糖苷酶和β-半乳糖苷酶的抑制活性较弱,其中正丁醇部位对 α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性最高。Sandesh 等研究表明,光皮木瓜 80% 甲醇提取物对 STZ 诱导的大鼠高血糖模型有一定的降脂降血糖作用。纪学芳等研究结果表明光皮木瓜黄酮和多糖可不同程度地降低高脂小鼠肝脏系数和脂肪系数,提高肾指数,并降低高脂小鼠血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和动脉粥样硬化指数,提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,达到降血脂作用。
2. 抗肿瘤
试验证明,木瓜中的总黄酮、齐墩果酸、熊果酸、桦木酸均有很好的抑制肿瘤的效果。刘爱华等的研究证明皱皮木瓜总黄酮对 PD1 /PD-L1 结合有明显的抑制作用。皱皮木瓜总黄酮可以达到和化疗药物顺铂一样的抗肿瘤效果,并且可以提高接种 H22 肿瘤细胞小鼠的存活率。
3. 抗氧化作用
木瓜含有抗氧化活性的氨基酸、SOD、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等,具有清除自由基、抗脂质过氧化作用等。谭文波等以皱皮木瓜果实提取液涂抹小鼠皮肤,测定皮肤指数和皮肤组织中的羟脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛及脂褐质的含量,实验发现,木瓜提取液可提高皮肤清除氧自由基的能力,阻止脂质过氧化物对细胞结构和功能的破坏。
4. 抗炎镇痛
中药木瓜是中医治疗“痹症”的常用药,已有文献表明木瓜提取物、木瓜皂苷、总有机酸均有较好的抗炎镇痛作用。Dai 等研究结果表明,木瓜总苷能抑制佐剂性关节炎大鼠激发继发性足肿胀,其机制与抑制滑膜细胞结构变化和抑制促炎因子 IL-1,TNFα,PGE2释放有关。杨兴海等实验结果表明,资丘木瓜皂苷也能改善大鼠佐剂性关节炎症状、抑制炎症免疫反应,其药理学机制可能是通过下调炎症因子(PGE2) 和抑制 T 淋巴细胞增殖有关。
[杨蕾磊,靳李娜,陈科力.木瓜及其同属植物化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J].中国药师,2015,18(02):293-295. ]
(五)、麦芽的药理作用
1. 助消化
大麦中含有丰富的食用纤维,在消化过程中,纤维起到增大体积的作用,以及减少通过肠
道时间,能有效地降低结肠癌产生的危险。麦芽内主要含有 α 淀粉酶与 β 淀粉酶。β淀粉酶能将糖淀粉完全水解成麦芽糖,α 淀粉酶则使之分解成短直链缩合葡萄糖即糊精,后者可再被 β 淀粉酶水解成麦芽糖。
2. 促性激素分泌
麦芽可提高切除卵巢、结扎输卵管去势雌小鼠卵泡激素 ( follicle-stimulatinghor-
mone,FSH),雌二醇 ( estradiol,E2) 升高,孕酮( pro-gesterone,P) 水平下降,表明麦芽可刺激生殖腺轴而提高性激素水平,且单味药优于复方。
3. 调节肠道菌群
麦芽中的麦芽纤维可增加溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道内的杆菌、肠球菌及产气荚膜梭菌数量,减少双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道菌群具有良好的调控作用。麦芽中的异麦芽低聚糖在体内和体外均能起到调节双歧杆菌生长的作用。
[辛卫云,白明,苗明三.麦芽的现代研究[J].中医学报,2017,32(04):613-615. ]
(六)、薄荷的药理作用
1. 抗病毒作用
研究发现,薄荷煎剂可很好地抑制单纯疱疹病毒的活性,但该抑制性有一定的限度,即当
病毒感染量达到一定量时,薄荷煎剂的抑制作用会随着感染量的不断增大而逐渐减小直至消失。
2. 抗肿瘤作用
从薄荷中提取出来的普列薄荷(M.pulegium)成分具有祛风、抗痉挛及防腐功效。通过体外实验发现该成分对人恶性子宫颈细胞、人肺癌A549细胞、人卵巢腺癌SK-OV-3 等癌细胞具有不同程度的抑制作用,基于这一发现,薄荷已经成为发展前景广阔的抗癌药物。
3. 抗菌作用
研究表明,薄荷中富含丰富的挥发性物质,这些物质对于某些病原微生物有良好的抑制作用。从薄荷属植物中提取的精油对白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌活性有良好的抑制作用。
4. 抗氧化活性
实验中发现薄荷中所含香芹酮具有抗氧化活性。体外研究结果表明薄荷多糖具有显著的1, 1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力和还原能力。
5. 抗辐射作用
研究表明,辐射导致睾丸损伤白花小鼠使用绿薄荷精油后,其脾脏、肠道、骨髓染色体均可得到一定的保护,小鼠体内的血清磷酸酶得到有效的降低,同时NO的释放也有所增加,体内自由基的清除活性随之增强。由此可见,薄荷属植物精油有良好的抗辐射作用,可用于相关患者的治疗。
[徐佳馨,王继锋,颜娓娓,崔真真,郭浩,周长征.薄荷的药理作用及临床应用[J].食品与药品,2019,21(01):81-84.]
(七)、薏苡仁的药理作用
1. 降血糖作用
薏苡仁多糖能够明显减低机体内血糖含量。 徐梓辉等[30]研究薏苡仁多糖对正常小鼠、四氧嘧啶导致的糖尿病模型小鼠和肾上腺素导致的高血糖小鼠等体内血糖含量的影响,结果发现,与各模型对照组比较,薏苡仁多糖可以明显降低小鼠体内血糖含量。
2. 抗肿瘤作用
朱晓莹等用薏苡茎叶的水、乙醇提取物,作用于人肝癌细胞 HepG2、人胃癌细胞 SGC-7901 和人宫颈癌 Hela 细胞,研究发现薏苡茎叶的水、乙醇提取物对这些细胞均有抑制作用。 黄挺章等实验研究发现薏苡茎醇提取物在一定程度上能够抑制荷 H22 细胞小鼠体内的肉瘤,并且发现薏苡茎醇提取物对小鼠肝脏有较好的保护作用,并对小鼠脾脏和胸腺也有一定
保护作用。
3. 增强机体免疫功能
薏苡仁具有增强机体免疫功能的作用。 王彦芳等发现薏苡仁多糖的不同组分,对脾虚水湿不化大鼠模型的免疫功能降低具有拮抗的作用,薏苡仁多糖及其拆分的组分在一定程度上能够提高机体的免疫防御作用和恢复机体的自我免疫功能。
[喻巧容,黄锁义.薏苡化学成分与药理作用研究概况[J].中国医药导报,2019,16(15):21-24.]
(八)、魔芋的药理作用
魔芋为天南星科 ( Araceae) 魔芋属(Amorphophallus Blume) 多年生草本植物的块茎 。 近年来, 国内外研究证实, 魔芋中魔芋葡甘露聚糖(KGM) 是一种优良的低热量、低脂肪、
高纤维素的水溶性膳食纤维, 对营养平衡有重要调节作用, 还具有减肥、润肠通便、调节胆固醇代谢的功能, 对动脉硬化、胆结石、便秘、糖尿病、肥胖症等有显著疗效, 被称为健康食品。它能降低餐后血糖和血清胆固醇水平, 但对空腹血糖无明显影响,亦能抑制大肠癌变。
1.降血糖作用
魔芋中魔芋葡甘露聚糖(KGM)无明显刺激分泌胰岛素的作用, 是通过改善糖代谢环境而产生降糖作用的。KGM 相对分子质量高, 黏性大, 能延缓葡萄糖的吸收, 从而减轻胰岛的负担, 促使糖尿病人处于良性循环。 KGM 降低血液循环中的游离脂肪酸水平, 提高胰岛素的敏感度, 使糖耐量降低。 Liu H.研究了 KGM 对肥胖及糖尿病小鼠的治疗作用, 表明 KGM 能明显降低四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的血糖。向明等探讨了KGM 防治链脲霉素所致大鼠糖尿病的作用及机制, 表明 KGM 可防止链脲霉素诱导的大鼠糖尿病的发生且作用持久。
2. 调血脂作用
Chen L .等对魔芋低聚糖的降血脂作用进行了研究 。高血脂组小鼠每天喂高脂溶液,低聚糖组在高血脂溶液中加入质量分数 30%魔芋低聚糖。 结果低聚糖组小鼠血清中 TG较高脂组降低 29%, TC 降低 32%, HDL-C 升高 35%,与高脂组比较 P <0 .01, 提示魔芋低聚糖有降脂和降尿素氮作用。有研究观察到大鼠饲料含质量分数 5%和10%魔芋能明显降低血清胆固醇、LDL-C 和 VLDL-C 的作用;同时 LDL-C 与 T C 的比值及与 HD L-C 比值明显下降, H DL-C 与 TC 比值上升;说明魔芋对高脂血症有重要的防治意义。
3. 抗癌作用
罗德元等研究表明, KGM 对甲基硝基亚硝基胍( MNNG ) 诱发的小鼠肺癌有不同程度的抑制和预防作用, 使诱发的癌及癌前病变的动物数目大量减少, 恶性肿瘤减少, 良性腺瘤相对增加, 无腺癌发生。 KGM 还可抑制二甲肼诱发大鼠肠癌的作用, 提高大鼠的存活率和增加粪湿质量。 王玲等研究表明, KGM 具有明显促进小鼠免疫功能的作用, 对胸腺指数和脾脏指数具有增高作用, 对巨噬细胞合成和释放I L-1 和 TNF-α有明显促进作用。此外, KGM 对小鼠血清中TNF-α水平也有一定的促进作用 。这提示 KGM 可作为治疗肿瘤的免疫调节辅助性制品。
[王慧,夏晴.魔芋葡甘露聚糖药理作用研究进展[J].西北药学杂志,2011,26(01):77-78. ]
(九)、紫苏的药理作用
1. 调节糖脂代谢作用
研究发现紫苏总黄酮提取物能显著降低四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病小鼠的血糖及其血脂中TC、TG 含量,有良好的调节糖脂代谢作用。紫苏叶提取物能显著降低雄性肥胖小鼠体质量、内脏脂肪量及附睾脂肪量,调节肝功及血脂、血糖、胰岛素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗。
2. 降血压作用
嵇志红等研究结果显示紫苏油能够显著降低高血压模型大鼠尾动脉收缩压,且对其心率的影响较小。Shimokawa 等研究发现紫苏油能够降低原发性高血压的幼鼠的舒张压,降低幼鼠生长期脑溢血的发生率,延长其存活时间。
3. 抗血栓作用
李英霞等研究证实苏子油复方制剂可调节血栓素 A2与前列腺素 I2 的平衡,从而减轻动脉粥样硬化及冠状动脉硬化性心脏病的发生和发展。Jang 等研究发现紫苏油能够显著抑制胶质原和凝血酶原所诱导的血小板聚集,延迟 FeCl3 所诱导的动脉栓塞,且抑制作用随剂量的增加而增强,作用与阿司匹林相近。
4. 抗抑郁作用
小鼠强迫游泳实验证明,紫苏叶水提物能够显著缩短其静止期,体现出明显的抗抑郁作用,进一步实验显示其发挥抗抑郁作用的成分为迷迭香酸。还有研究发现,迷迭香酸可以促进小鼠大脑海马齿状回细胞的增殖,继而减轻抑郁模型小鼠的抑郁症状。
[何育佩,郝二伟,谢金玲,韦玮,秦健峰,侯小涛,邓家刚.紫苏药理作用及其化学物质基础研究进展[J].中草药,2018,49(16):3957-3968.]
(十)、山楂的药理作用
1. 降脂
山楂黄酮类提取物显著降低高脂血症小鼠血脂中 TC、TG 水平,有良好的调节血脂代谢作用。
2. 促进睡眠
林启云等采用模型研究广山楂促进睡眠的作用,结果表明,广山楂总黄酮乙醇提取物,对戊
巴比妥钠促进动物睡眠有一定的协同促进作用,能显著延长小鼠戊巴比妥睡眠持续时间。
3. 调节免疫
李忠海等采用小鼠免疫器官重量法、小鼠常压耐缺氧实验、小鼠游泳实验、小鼠耐高温、耐低温实验和小鼠碳粒廓清法实验研究发现,广山楂叶的水提取物和乙醇提取物能明显提高小鼠的免疫功能。
4. 抗氧化
Ling 等发现广山楂提取物中,绿原酸和根皮素糖苷具有较强细胞抗氧化活性。Lin 等发现广山楂中 2 种酚类化合物 3-羟基根皮素和儿茶酚具有出很强的羟基自由基清除能力。Leu 等发现广山楂叶中的化合物具有较强的抗氧化活性和一定的清除自由基的能力,其中 3-羟基根皮苷、3-羟基根皮素和槲皮素的清除自由基能力最强,3-羟基根皮苷和 3-羟基根皮素对黄嘌呤氧化酶有明显的抑制作用。
[赵帅,郝二伟,杜正彩,谢金玲,韦玮,秦健峰,侯小涛,邓家刚.广山楂的化学成分、药理作用与质量控制研究进展[J].中成药,2020,42(01):169-175.]
(十一)、黄精的药理作用
1. 降血糖
庞红霞等人研究发现,黄精皂苷提取物对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的降血糖效果显著。黄精多糖能改善链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠症状,显著降低血糖、糖化血清蛋白和糖化血红蛋白的浓度,明显提高组织胰岛素及 C - 肽表达量,增强胰岛素敏感性,改善糖尿病大鼠对胰岛素的抵抗,对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平也有明显的降低作用。
2. 抗氧化
巫永华等人采用闪式提取的方法提取黄精中的多酚类化合物,并探讨黄精多酚粗提物的抗氧化活性。实验结果表明,黄精多酚粗提物具有较好的总还原能力以及清除 DPPH、ABTS 自由基的能力,而且呈现出良好的量效关系,说明黄精多酚粗提物具有较好的抗氧化能力。从黄精酒中提取出的多酚类物质也具有较强的抗氧化活性。方欢乐等人应用碱提醇沉法提取黄精多糖,并观察其对 ISO 诱导的心肌肥厚大鼠的抗氧化作用。
3. 调节免疫力
华岩等人观察了黄精多糖对大鼠脾脏免疫功能的影响。研究发现,黄精多糖能显著缓解由强迫运动造成的脾脏免疫功能低下,并使其恢复至正常水平。邓旭坤等人研究发现,黄精多糖对正常小鼠的脾细胞增殖活力有显著提高作用,还可以提高免疫功能低下小鼠的脾脏和胸腺指数,促进在刀豆蛋白 A( ConA) 刺激下的脾脏和胸腺细胞增殖,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,促进 IL - 6 和 TNF - α 的分泌,说明黄精多糖对环磷酰胺致小鼠免疫力低下有显著的缓解作用。
4. 改善记忆力
未小明等人研究发现,黄精水提物可以明显改善 AD 模型大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,其作用机制可能与调节 α7 nAChR 表达有关。唐伟等人研究了黄精多糖对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力及脑组织超微结构的影响,进而评价了黄精的抗衰老作用。成威等人研究发现,黄精多糖可以增加痴呆小鼠海马 CA1 区的线粒体密度,线粒体变形程度减轻,说明黄精多糖具
有防治老年痴呆的作用。
[于纯淼,刘宁,宫铭海,周忠光.黄精药理作用研究进展及在保健食品领域的应用开发[J].黑龙江科学,2019,10(18):66-68.]
(十二)、桑叶的药理作用
1. 降血糖
Ren 等发现桑叶多糖能改善2型糖尿病患者的高脂水平和链脲佐菌素诱导的大鼠肝细胞葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素抵抗。他们得出在高脂高糖和 STZ 诱导的糖尿病老鼠中桑叶多糖治疗能通过抑制 PTP1B 的表达,激活 P13K-AKT 信号通路减轻氧化应激来有效的保护肝糖代谢。大量研究表明桑叶的降血糖作用是通过两个途径实现的:一是通过桑叶生物碱DNJ 对二糖类分解酶活性产生抑制作用,从而抑制小肠对双糖的吸收,降低食后血糖的高峰值;二是桑叶生物碱及桑叶多糖促进 B 细胞分泌胰岛素,而胰岛素可以促进细胞对糖的利用、肝糖原合成以及改善糖代谢,最终达到降血糖的效果。
2. 抗高血脂
桑叶中含有的异槲皮苷、黄芪苷、东莨菪苷及苯甲醇的糖苷可以抑制动脉粥样硬化、血清脂质增加。Kayo 等研究桑叶对硫酸铜所致 LDL 氧化的影响,指出桑叶提取物可以抑制动脉粥样硬化、高脂血症血清脂质升高。高岭等认为桑叶在提高高脂血症大鼠 HDL-C/TC、血清高密度脂蛋白 C(HDLC)方面作用明显,LDL-C胆固醇(TC)甘油三酷(TG)明显降低,LPO极显著降低,由此说明桑叶在抑制有害过氧化物、降低血脂方面作用明显,对抑制动脉粥样硬化、高血脂症血清脂质升高作用也很显著。
3. 保肝护肝
在 CCl4 诱 导 的 小 鼠 肝 损 伤 研 究 中,200mg/kg、400mg/kg和800mg/kg口服给药桑叶提取物能显著降低脂质过氧化和抑制脂质沉积和肝纤维化。在800mg/kg组,桑叶提取物能降低血清中 AST 和 ALT 水平,减少小鼠的睡眠时间,与阴性组比较使肝脏得到了很好的保护。
[朱琳,赵金鸽,范作卿,王娜,邹德庆.桑叶的主要营养成分及其药理作用的研究进展[J].北方蚕业,2017,38(02):9-15+23. ]
(十三)、桔梗的药理作用
1. 降血糖
乔彩虹等认为对于糖尿病大鼠,桔梗多糖能显著减少大鼠的进水量、进食量和尿量,并且大鼠体质量显著增加,与模型组比较差异明显(P<0.05或P<0.01);桔梗多糖低、中、高剂量组空腹血糖较模型组明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),空腹胰岛素水平、胰岛素敏感指数及葡萄糖耐受能力明显增加(P<0.05或P<0.01);桔梗多糖还能提高肝组织超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低丙二醛含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),说明桔梗具有明显的降血糖作用,机制可能是改善空腹胰岛素水平、提高抗氧化能力。
2. 降血脂
桔梗中的总皂苷具有降血脂作用。徐丽萍认为高、中剂量的桔梗总皂苷能显著降低高脂血症的总胆固醇水平(P<0.05),并能降低高血脂症大鼠的低密度脂蛋白水平(P<0.05);高、中、低剂量组均能显著降低高血脂症大鼠的甘油三酯水平(P<0.05),且均能增加高密度脂蛋白水平。相关研究表明,桔梗皂苷降低血胆固醇的作用是通过低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-r)转运胆固醇来实现的。
3. 止咳平喘
桔梗有很好的止咳平喘作用,这是其主要作用之一。梁仲远认为高、中剂量的桔梗水提液咳
嗽潜伏期明显延长,咳嗽次数明显减少(P<0.05或P<0.01),低剂量的桔梗水提液对咳嗽潜伏期、次数也有所改善;同时,给予高、中剂量桔梗水提液的小鼠气管酚红排泌量显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),低剂量也有增加趋势,由此说明桔梗水提液是通过增加呼吸道黏膜分泌量的方式,达到祛痰的目的。
4. 抗肿瘤
目前可知桔梗皂苷类成分和桔梗多糖有抗肿瘤作用。李伟等发现桔梗皂苷D、桔梗皂苷D3和
远志皂苷D均可抑制人肝癌 Bel-7402 细胞株、人胃癌 BGC-823 细胞株及人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株的增殖,其中桔梗皂苷D抑制作用最强。
[左军,尹柏坤,胡晓阳.桔梗化学成分及现代药理研究进展[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2019,21(01):113-116. ]
(十四)、茯苓的药理作用
1. 利尿作用
健康人服用茯苓水煎剂,有明显的利水效果;对心源性水肿患者的利水效果非常好,日剂量100g时效果最好。研究表明,茯苓水煎醇沉提取液对家兔的利尿作用具有明显 的 量效 关 系,而相同剂量水煎液灌胃无利尿作用;对于盐水负荷鼠模型,0.5-1.0g·mL-1剂量的茯苓水煎剂灌胃具有较显著的利尿作用,该作用并未受到受体内酸碱平衡变化的影响。
2. 抗炎作用
茯苓能够对抗不同实验模型下的急慢性炎症,其显著的抗炎效果在国外公认度很高。实验显示,防己茯苓汤中茯苓对激活巨噬细胞中的亚硝酸盐含量具有一定抑制作用,其高剂量乙醇提取物对静息巨噬细胞有一定的细胞毒性。茯苓多糖小剂量下能抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿,
同时对棉球所致大鼠皮下肉芽肿的形成有抑制作用,证明茯苓多糖具有抑制急慢性炎症反应的作用。
3. 多糖类成分对免疫功能的作用
茯苓多糖能直接抑制肿瘤细胞,增强机体免疫力,主要表现在抑瘤生长、同时增强细胞免疫和体液免疫、抗脾脏增大、抗胸腺萎缩;加快用药后小鼠白细胞的回升速度,加快造血机能的恢复;明显增加酸性非特异酯酶的阳性淋巴细胞数、增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能、增加脾脏抗体分泌细胞数;明显促进细胞生长。
[崔鹤蓉,王睿林,郭文博,王鹏龙,马涛,李瑞生,贾天柱,何塞·路易斯·里奥斯,张振秋,雷海民.茯苓的化学成分、药理作用及临床应用研究进展[J].西北药学杂志,2019,34(05):694-700.]
(十五)、枸杞的药理作用
1. 降血糖降血脂
为评估枸杞的降血糖效果,有学者采用小鼠实验对其功效进行了观察。结果显示,给予小鼠枸杞提取物灌胃后,四氧嘧啶中毒的小鼠,血糖水平明显下降,提示枸杞提取物用于降血糖,效果值得肯定。近年来,高血脂患者的数量明显增多。枸杞的应用,可有效降低血清胆固醇指标,减少甘油三酯,达到降血脂的目的,对高血脂治疗有效率的提高,具有积极意义。
2. 保肝及抗肿瘤
枸杞所含的成分,可有效抑制脂质过氧化,且可预防并修复肝脏损伤,促进蛋白质合成,降低肝脏丙二醇含量,达到保肝的目的。大鼠实验显示,给予大鼠乙醇饮料复制酒精性肝病模型后,给予模型大鼠枸杞,大鼠肝脏炎性反应明显减轻。除保肝外,枸杞同样具有抗肿瘤之功效。小鼠实验研究结果显示,给予小鼠枸杞提取物后,小鼠肿瘤的生长速度明显减缓。该研究结果,证实了枸杞在抗肿瘤方面的应用价值。
3. 抗衰老抗疲劳
抗衰老、抗疲劳,同样为枸杞的主要功效。黑枸杞经分离纯化后,果实中的枸杞多糖可有效发挥功效,使小鼠脾脏重量得以增加,增强小鼠的免疫调节功能,延缓衰老,提高机体免疫力,改善机体的健康状况。此外,与未应用枸杞多糖者相比,喂食枸杞多糖的小鼠,体内GSH-PX
以及 SOD 活性,同样可显著增加,提示枸杞可能具有清除氧自由基之功效,抗衰老效果显著。此外,枸杞中所含的多糖,同样可促进肌肉收缩,达到抗疲劳的目的。
[林泉峰.黑枸杞的化学成分及药理作用研究进展[J].临床医药文献电子杂志,2019,6(79):169. ]
(十六)、白芷的药理作用
1. 镇痛抗炎作用
白芷辛温,能行散祛寒;气味芳香,能走善通,通窍止痛,临床常用于风寒、各类头痛以及鼻炎、肠胃炎、月经不调、妇科炎症等。 白芷中挥发油成分对神经中枢作用非常显著,它能明显升高甲醛所致的伤害性疼痛大鼠模型下丘脑的 β-内啡肽和一氧化氮水平;使下丘脑、脑干黑皮素(POMC)m RNA 的表达阳性细胞数目大量增加 ;但对血液中的促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)并无影响。最新的研究表明,白芷的抗炎作用是通过其主要成分中呋喃香豆素实现的,呋喃香豆素能通过抑制环氧合酶-2(COX-2)来调节花生四烯酸的代谢途径,从
而发挥抗炎作用。
2. 对皮肤的作用
白芷气味芳香,燥可胜湿,温燥汉寒湿,可化湿醒浊、辟秽解毒,具有润泽颜面,祛斑增白之功效。 《本草纲目》记载:白芷“长肌肤,润泽颜色,可作面脂”。 欧喜燕等研究发现白芷对酪氨酸具有抑制作用,因此白芷可用于肌肤美白。
3. 对血管的作用
白芷的主要成分之一香豆素类化合物对冠状动脉血管具有扩张作用和对钙离子拮抗作用,因此可以用于高血压疾病。赵万红等通过对复方白芷胶囊活血化瘀的作用进行研究后表明复方白芷胶囊具有显著的活血化瘀作用,可以用于预防高血压的并发症及心脑血管意外。
4. 对肿瘤的作用
有文献对具有抗癌作用的多种中药进行筛选后表明白芷及白芷的有效成分欧前胡素可以抑制毒激素-L 所诱导的脂肪分解反应,从而遏制恶性肿瘤的发生和进展。吴耕书等研究发现白芷中戊烯氧呋豆素能抑制毒霉素-L在大鼠体内产生的诱导恶病质样表现,包括引起大鼠体内自由脂肪酸的释放量增加、血糖和血锌降低、血铜升高和摄食行为被抑制。 因此证明了白芷对恶性肿瘤的抑制作用。
5. 对中枢神经的作用
白芷具有兴奋中枢神经作用,白芷中白芷毒素在小剂量时能兴奋延脑呼吸中枢、血管运动中枢、迷走中枢和脊髓,从而产生呼吸兴奋、血压升高、心率减慢、流涎等作用;大剂量时导致间歇性惊厥,继而导致麻痹。Bergendorff 等研究发现白芷中珊瑚菜素能有效抑制苯甲二氮卓对中枢神经的束缚。
[朱艺欣,李宝莉,马宏胜,刘永仙.白芷的有效成分提取、药理作用及临床应用研究进展[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(31):159-162+166.]
(十七)、罗汉果的药理作用
1. 降糖降血脂
饶荣研究了罗汉果的果实及其茎叶提取物对 2 型糖尿病模型大鼠的降血糖药效比较,结果显示罗汉果的茎叶提取物对 2 型糖尿病的降糖作用优于果实提取物。郑楚等观察了罗汉果总黄酮对实验性糖尿病大鼠的治疗作用,结果显示罗汉果总黄酮对 STZ 糖尿病大鼠有降糖及降血脂作用。张建义等观察中药罗汉果对 50 只雄性 SD 大鼠血脂紊乱的情况,结果可以显著降低实验大鼠血清 TC 和 LDL-C,说明罗汉果具有降脂作用。
2. 止咳祛痰
李坚等研究了罗汉果水提取物的止咳作用,结果罗汉果水提取物能明显减少枸橼酸或辣椒素引起的豚鼠咳嗽次数和延咳嗽潜伏期,抑制机械刺激所致豚鼠咳嗽次数。林吴研究了不同采收期、不同品种、不同规格、不同商品学等级和不同产地的罗汉果提取物祛痰实验,均具有祛痰作用。
3. 抗氧化
夏星等考察了罗汉果甜苷在 PC12 细胞中对外源性氧化损伤的保护作用,结果能增强PC12 细胞的抗氧化能力。甘胜等研究表明罗汉果果实的提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。黄德红等研究了罗汉果茎的不同部位提取物清除 DPPH 自由基的作用,结果显示罗汉果茎的水部位提取物的清除能力最强,不同溶剂提取物均有抗氧化作用。Zhang 等研究了罗汉果多糖对小鼠具有免疫调节作用和抗氧化作用。
[张庆莲,黄娟,吴智惠,皮凤娟.罗汉果的药理及开发应用的研究概况[J].药学研究,2017,36(03):164-165+186. ]
(十八)、决明子的药理作用
1. 降血脂作用
决明子降血脂效果明显。黎海彬等人通过高脂血症大鼠试验发现,决明能够降低大鼠血液中脂质含量,当与山楂配伍使用时,降血脂效果更显著。李续娥等人研究发现决明子起降低三酰甘油含量、总胆固醇含量、低密度脂蛋白含量的成分是蒽醌苷元和蛋白质。
2. 降血压作用
决明子在一定条件下经水提法、醇提法后降血压效果增强。对高血压大鼠注射一定剂量决明子乙醇提取物后发现,其收缩压、舒张压均降低。
3. 减肥作用
研究表明,低浓度的决明子水提物对营养性肥胖有一定抑制作用,并且不会导致便秘、不影响食欲。动物试验表明,起减肥效果的是决明子中新决明内酯成分,能够抑制脂类代谢,从而使体重减轻。
[李金金,罗长浩.中药决明子有效成分、药理作用与发展前景[J].农产品加工,2018(17):71-72+76. ]
(十九)、淡竹叶的药理作用
1. 降血脂作用
付彦君以高脂饲料喂养大鼠造高脂血症模型,再通过灌胃分别给予淡竹叶总提取物、总提取物的水浸膏、30%醇浸膏、90%醇浸膏3周,检测血清总胆固醇及三酰甘油变化。结果表明30%醇浸膏可显著降低高血脂症大鼠的血清总胆固醇。
2. 抑菌作用
刘晓蓉研究表明,淡竹叶的醇提物对金黄色葡萄菌、溶血性链球菌、绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌有一定的抑制作用,抑制作用的强弱顺序为金黄色葡萄菌>溶血性链球菌>绿脓杆菌>大肠杆菌;而对于黑霉菌和常见青霉的抑制效果不明显。
3. 保肝作用
林冠宇等用大孔吸附树脂纯化淡竹叶中总黄酮,通过小鼠拘束应激模型,研究淡竹叶总黄酮对拘束应激负荷小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。发现淡竹叶总黄酮可明显降低小鼠血浆中丙氨酸氨基酸转移酶 ALT 活性、肝组织的丙二醛(MDA)含量和一氧化氮(NO)含量,显著提高血浆和肝组织的抗氧化能力指数。
[陈烨.淡竹叶化学成分与药理作用研究进展[J].亚太传统医药,2014,10(13):50-52. ]
(二十)、菊花的药理作用
1. 降血糖作用
菊花提取物可降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖,其作用机制一方面可能与通过部分恢复受损的胰岛 β 细胞合成和释放胰岛素有关,另一方面可能是通过增加肝中的过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体(PPARα)表达,从而增加 Glut-2 和 GS 蛋白的表达,促进肝脏对血中葡萄糖的摄取和糖原的合成有关。菊花总黄酮能改善糖尿病小鼠的发病症状,促进小鼠体质量增长,显著降低血糖水平和糖耐量水平。
2. 对心血管系统作用
菊花醇提取物能显著增加心肌收缩力,对戊巴比妥造成衰竭的离体蟾蜍心脏有很好的正性肌力作用,且作用效果明显强于对正常离体蟾蜍心脏的作用,并能够明显增加离体的心脏的冠状动脉血流量。菊花醋酸乙酯提取物能够延长心肌细胞的有效不应期动作电位产生,缓解大鼠心脏心律失常和易颤的作用,从而提高大鼠心脏电生理稳定性。菊花总黄酮通过调节一氧化氮的介导途径控制钙、钾离子通道,产生保护血管舒张反应性、扩张血管等作用。除此之外,菊花还能拮抗氯仿诱发的心律失常。
3. 抗肿瘤作用
菊花多糖 CMP、CMP-1、CMP-2 和 CMP-3 能够显著抑制人体肝癌 HepG-2 的增殖;CMP-2 能显著抑制人体乳腺癌细胞 MCF-7 细胞的增殖。从菊花中分离得到的蒲公英烷型三萜醇类对由佛波醇(TPA)引起的小鼠皮肤肿瘤和人类肿瘤细胞系有显著的抑制作用,且抑制活性强于甘草次酸,是一种潜在的抗肿瘤药物。
[周衡朴,任敏霞,管家齐,刘艳莉,熊友香,钟全发,蒋珊,吴素香.菊花化学成分、药理作用的研究进展及质量标志物预测分析[J].中草药,2019,50(19):4785-4795. ]
(二十一)、甘草的药理作用
1. 抗凝血、抗血栓
大鼠以甘草叶提取物灌胃 5d,用毛细管法观察凝血时间,电刺激法观察血栓形成时间。结果发现,甘草叶总黄酮 1g/kg 和 0.5g/kg 可明显延长电刺激所致大鼠颈动脉血栓的形成时间,其中大剂量组( 1g/kg) 能够显著延长凝血时间,可见甘草叶总黄酮具有抗凝血、抗血栓的药理作用。
2. 抗肿瘤
甘草叶中的黄酮成分( 总黄酮) 在体外诱导小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞(BMC) 及腹腔巨噬细胞(PEC) 产生细胞毒因子的作用研究发现,在一定浓度下,甘草叶中的黄酮类成分对 BMC和 PEC及L929 细胞无直接毒性作用,但能诱导 BMC 和 PEC产生具有杀伤作用的细胞毒因子,并经中和试验初步证明此细胞毒因子为肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)。由此提示,甘草叶中富含的总黄酮有诱导单核巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子的作用,其作用与 FM100(从甘草甲醇提取物中得到的总黄酮组分) 相比大3.4倍,是一种良好无毒的巨噬细胞诱导激活剂。
3. 抗病原微生物
Manfredi 等在美国国家癌症研究所体外抗 HIV-1 生物测定中,发现来自甘草叶片的有机可溶性提取物显示出中等活性。该提取物中二异戊烯基联苄被观察到有抗病毒活性。
[张鲁,崔洁,王文全,侯俊玲,张媛,张莉.甘草属植物地上部分化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J].中药材,2018,41(06):1501-1505. ]
本发明所述的甜味颗粒被人体摄入后,基本不产生热量,其使用功能主要有两项:
一是能抑制水解双糖的酶,因此抑制因摄入蔗糖(在小肠蔗糖酶的作用下分解成葡萄糖和果糖而被吸收)而导致的血糖升高,简称抑制双糖水解酶的降糖作用;
二是对双糖水解酶抑制后,使在小肠里没被分解的蔗糖在大肠里被微生物分解产生出大量的有机酸, 这种有机酸对肝脏合成脂肪有抑制作用,再加上其在小肠里对吸收蔗糖的抑制作用, 从而减少体内新脂肪的产生。
作为新型的健康糖,本发明配方可望在家用乳制品、糕点、面包、冰淇淋、饮料、甜点、巧克力、压缩海苔等食品中得到广泛应用。 为广大的正在受着“三高一超”疾病困扰的人群和由于喜欢高糖高脂饮食而造成超量摄入从而很有可能患病的人群带来了真正的福音,可谓“既带来健康,又饱了口福”,市场前景极为广阔。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明。
实施例1,高血糖高血脂病人可食用的甜味颗粒,由以下重量份的原料制成: 山药粉15份、魔芋粉10份、葛根粉10份、特制混合粉料15份、特制木糖醇50份。所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜1.5份,麦芽1.5份,薄荷1.5份,薏苡仁1.5份,紫苏1.5份,山楂1.5份,黄精1.5份,桑叶1.5份,桔梗1.5份,茯苓1.5份,枸杞1.5份,白芷1.5份,罗汉果1.5份,决明子1.5份,淡竹叶1.5份,菊花1.5份,甘草1.5份。
其制备方法,包括如下步骤:
制备特制混合粉料并脱色:将木瓜,麦芽,薄荷,薏苡仁,紫苏,山楂,黄精,桑叶,桔梗,茯苓,枸杞,白芷,罗汉果,决明子,淡竹叶,菊花,甘草粉粹,过80-120目筛。按照混合粉用量的15%-20%加入一定浓度的盐酸(通常PH3-4)在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解。水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为1-2h。以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量一般为糖液的12%-15%,脱色速度宜快,温度控制在75-80℃;
将新鲜山药洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥(60-80℃)1-2h,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到山药干粉。
将新鲜魔芋洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到魔芋干粉;
将新鲜葛根洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力30-50Mpa、温度50-80℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过100-140目筛,得到葛根干粉;
将玉米粉碎物按照发明内容所述的方法提取木糖醇,取木糖醇30-70份溶解于350-500份的60-80℃的50%-70%乙醇水,搅拌使其溶解充分,得到甜味溶液;
将脱色制得的混合粉15份与山药粉15份、魔芋粉10份和葛根粉10份充分混合均匀,得基础支撑物料。
将基础支撑物料置包衣机中,以55-80转/min的速度进行转动;采用高压喷枪将甜味剂溶液以3-9mL/min的速度均匀地喷涂到基础支撑物料上,同时包衣机内的加热温度设定65-85度;
收集得到的甜味颗粒,真空干燥(60-80℃)1-2h,制得甜味颗粒。
实施例2,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉5份、魔芋粉5份、葛根粉10份、特制混合粉料25份、特制木糖醇55份。所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜1份,麦芽1份,薄荷1份,薏苡仁1份,紫苏1份,山楂1份,黄精1份,桑叶1份,桔梗1份,茯苓1份,枸杞1份,白芷1份,罗汉果1份,决明子1份,淡竹叶1份,菊花1份,甘草1份。
实施例3,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉25份、魔芋粉15份、葛根粉10份、特制混合粉料5份、特制木糖醇45份。所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜1份,麦芽2份,薄荷1份,薏苡仁2份,紫苏1份,山楂2份,黄精1份,桑叶2份,桔梗1份,茯苓2份,枸杞1份,白芷2份,罗汉果1份,决明子2份,淡竹叶1份,菊花2份,甘草1份。
实施例4,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉5份、魔芋粉5份、葛根粉5份、特制混合粉料5份、特制木糖醇80份。所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜2份,麦芽1份,薄荷2份,薏苡仁1份,紫苏2份,山楂1份,黄精2份,桑叶1份,桔梗2份,茯苓1份,枸杞2份,白芷1份,罗汉果2份,决明子1份,淡竹叶2份,菊花1份,甘草2份。
实施例5,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉25份、魔芋粉15份、葛根粉15份、特制混合粉料25份、特制木糖醇20份。
实施例6,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉10份、魔芋粉8份、葛根粉12份、特制混合粉料20份、特制木糖醇50份。
实施例7,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉20份、魔芋粉12份、葛根粉8份、特制混合粉料10份、特制木糖醇50份。
实施例8,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉10份、魔芋粉8份、葛根粉12份、特制混合粉料10份、特制木糖醇60份。
实施例9,与实施例1基本相同,但所述食品添加剂组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:山药粉20份、魔芋粉12份、葛根粉8份、特制混合粉料20份、特制木糖醇40份。
对比例1,一种可替代蔗糖的甜味颗粒,由以下重量份的原料制成:山药粉15份,魔芋粉10份,木糖醇75份。
其制备方法,包括如下步骤:
将新鲜山药洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥(60-80℃)1-2h,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到山药干粉;
将新鲜魔芋洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到魔芋干粉;
将玉米粉碎物按照发明内容所述的方法提取木糖醇,取木糖75份溶解于350-500份的60-80℃的50%-70%乙醇水,搅拌使其溶解充分,得到甜味溶液;
将山药粉15份、魔芋粉10份充分混合均匀,得基础支撑物料;
将基础支撑物料置包衣机中,以55-80转/min的速度进行转动;采用高压喷枪将甜味剂溶液以3-9mL/min的速度均匀地喷涂到基础支撑物料上,同时包衣机内的加热温度设定65-85度;
收集得到的甜味颗粒,真空干燥(60-80℃)1-2h,制得甜味颗粒。
对比例2,一种可替代蔗糖的甜味颗粒,由以下重量份的原料制成:葛根粉10份,混合粉15份,木糖醇75份。
其制备方法,包括如下步骤:
将新鲜葛根洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力30-50Mpa、温度50-80℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过100-140目筛,得到葛根干粉;
将混合物料(木瓜,麦芽,薄荷,薏苡仁,紫苏,山楂,黄精,桑叶,桔梗,茯苓,枸杞,白芷,罗汉果,决明子,淡竹叶,菊花,甘草)粉粹,过80-120目筛。按照混合粉用量的15%-20%加入一定浓度的盐酸(通常PH3-4)在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解。水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为1-2h。以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量一般为糖液的12%-15%,脱色速度宜快,温度控制在75-80℃;
将玉米粉碎物按照发明内容所述的方法提取木糖醇,取木糖醇75份溶解于350-500份的60-80℃的50%-70%乙醇水,搅拌使其溶解充分,得到甜味溶液;
将葛根粉10份与脱色制得的混合粉15份充分混合均匀,得基础支撑物料;
将基础支撑物料置包衣机中,以55-80转/min的速度进行转动;采用高压喷枪将甜味剂溶液以3-9mL/min的速度均匀地喷涂到基础支撑物料上,同时包衣机内的加热温度设定65-85度;
收集得到的甜味颗粒,真空干燥(60-80℃)1-2h,制得甜味颗粒。
对比例3,一种可替代蔗糖的甜味颗粒,由以下重量份的原料制成:魔芋粉10份,葛根粉10份,木糖醇80份。
其制备方法,包括如下步骤:
将新鲜魔芋洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到魔芋干粉;
将新鲜葛根洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力30-50Mpa、温度50-80℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过100-140目筛,得到葛根干粉;
将玉米粉碎物按照发明内容所述的方法提取木糖醇,取木糖80份溶解于350-500份的60-80℃的50%-70%乙醇水,搅拌使其溶解充分,得到甜味溶液;
将魔芋粉10份,葛根粉10份充分混合均匀,得基础支撑物料;
将基础支撑物料置包衣机中,以55-80转/min的速度进行转动;采用高压喷枪将甜味剂溶液以3-9mL/min的速度均匀地喷涂到基础支撑物料上,同时包衣机内的加热温度设定65-85度;
收集得到的甜味颗粒,真空干燥(60-80℃)1-2h,制得甜味颗粒。
本发明所制得的甜味颗粒对糖尿病患者血糖与血脂的影响:
本发明随机抽取2型糖尿病260名,随机分为13组,未用胰岛素治疗,年龄分布在60±5岁,体重指数为60.0±5.0。试验者不改变生活习惯,其中1组为空白对照组,另外12组人群每天上午空腹服用本发明实施例及对比例制得的甜味颗粒10g,连续服用30天后分别收集静脉血测血液中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-G)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的变化以及空腹血糖的变化。
表1:服用本发明甜味颗粒对糖尿病患者血脂的影响
表2:服用本发明甜味颗粒对糖尿病患者空腹血糖的影响
空腹血糖 | 服用前 | 服用后 |
实施例1 | 15.21±0.42 | 5.78±0.55 |
实施例2 | 16.44±0.36 | 5.99±0.42 |
实施例3 | 16.57±0.43 | 5.85±0.61 |
实施例4 | 16.56±0.42 | 5.68±0.53 |
实施例5 | 17.24±0.46 | 6.13±0.40 |
实施例6 | 16.21±0.42 | 5.59±0.48 |
实施例7 | 15.99±0.38 | 5.80±0.58 |
实施例8 | 16.39±0.52 | 5.87±0.52 |
实施例9 | 16.32±0.43 | 5.58±0.51 |
对比例1 | 17.52±0.45 | 6.38±0.46 |
对比例2 | 16.26±0.42 | 6.31±0.44 |
对比例3 | 16.29±0.41 | 6.34±0.45 |
对照组 | 15.02±0.45 | 19.78±0.55 |
实验结果表明,服用本发明的甜味颗粒后糖尿病人的血糖、血脂有明显改善作用。山药粉、魔芋粉、葛根粉与中药混合粉、木糖醇合用优于单独使用山药粉、魔芋粉与木糖醇混合物,优于单独使用葛根粉、中药混合粉与木糖醇混合物,也优于魔芋粉、葛根粉与木糖醇混合物,也就是说,四种组分混合使用效果优于单独分开其使用。从上述结果得知,本发明提供的甜味颗粒经过科学配比,甜味口感纯正,而且还具有降血脂与降血糖作用,本发明产品是甜食爱好者、爱美减肥人士和糖尿病人理想的糖类替代品,市场前景极为广阔。
Claims (8)
1.一种可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,其特征在于,所述甜味组合物由如下重量比的原料组成:
特制混合粉料5-25份、山药粉5-25份、魔芋粉5-15份、葛根粉5-15份、特制木糖醇20-80份;所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜1-2份,麦芽1-2份,薄荷1-2份,薏苡仁1-2份,紫苏1-2份,山楂1-2份,黄精1-2份,桑叶1-2份,桔梗1-2份,茯苓1-2份,枸杞1-2份,白芷1-2份,罗汉果1-2份,决明子1-2份,淡竹叶1-2份,菊花1-2份,甘草1-2份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,其特征在于,所述各组分的重量比是:特制混合粉料10-20份、山药粉10-20份、魔芋粉8-12份、葛根粉8-12份、特制木糖醇40-60份;所述特制混合粉料各组分的重量比是:木瓜1.5份,麦芽1.5份,薄荷1.5份,薏苡仁1.5份,紫苏1.5份,山楂1.5份,黄精1.5份,桑叶1.5份,桔梗1.5份,茯苓1.5份,枸杞1.5份,白芷1.5份,罗汉果1.5份,决明子1.5份,淡竹叶1.5份,菊花1.5份,甘草1.5份。
3.根据权利要求2所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,其特征在于,所述各组分的重量比是:各组分的重量比是:特制混合粉料15份、山药粉15份、魔芋粉10份、葛根粉10份、特制木糖醇50份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,其特征在于,所述木糖醇是指,按照以下方法制备的木糖醇:
①预处理:将玉米和/或玉米秸秆和/或玉米芯,用粉碎机粉粹,将玉米粉碎物先在100-120℃的温度下蒸煮50-70min,把水排除,再加入低浓度的稀盐酸于120℃蒸煮45-75min;
②水解:以玉米粉粹物用量的15%-20%的一定浓度的盐酸在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解;水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为3-4h;
③脱色:以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量为糖液的12%-15%;脱色速度要快,温度控制在75-80℃;
④第一次离子交换: CLl是阴离子,采用阴离子交换树脂;
⑤第一次浓缩:离子交换除酸后的糖液通过减压蒸发,使糖液浓度提高到30%-35%,蒸发时间为 6-8h;
⑥第二次离子交换:采用阳离子交换树脂 ;
⑦加氢处理:采用间歇釜式悬浮镍催化加氢,当反应温度为120-130℃,压力为70-80kg/cm2, pH值为 6-7,剂糖质量比为2%,反应时间为90-120min,转化率可达 99% 以上;
⑧第三次离子交换:采用“阳柱-阴柱混合床”的组合;
⑨第二次浓缩:采用真空蒸发结晶;蒸发浓缩前,先过滤除去氢化液中其他杂质及少量催化剂细未,蒸发浓缩过程温度控制65-75℃,真空度700mm汞柱以上;当浓缩液含醇量为90%时,即可进入结晶环节;
⑩结晶、成品:当醇膏温度降到64℃加入适当晶种,慢慢搅拌助晶 ,每小时降温l℃,直到比室内温度稍高时,即可分离取得木糖醇成品。
5.根据权利要求1-4之一所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物,其特征在于,所述甜味食品添加剂组合物在实际使用中,在糕点中加入重量比例为5%-30%,在饮料类食品中加入重量比例为5%-10%,在调味品中加入重量比例为5%-40%,其他类食品中加入重量比例为5%-40%。
6.权利要求1所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤如下:
一、制备特制混合粉料并脱色:
将木瓜,麦芽,薄荷,薏苡仁,紫苏,山楂,黄精,桑叶,桔梗,茯苓,枸杞,白芷,罗汉果,决明子,淡竹叶,菊花,甘草,粉粹,过80-120目筛;按照混合粉用量的15%-20%加入pH3-4的盐酸,在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解;水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为1-2h;以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量一般为糖液的12%-15%;脱色温度控制在75-80℃;
二、制备木糖醇具体步骤如下:
①预处理:将玉米和/或玉米秸秆和/或玉米芯为主,用粉碎机粉粹,将玉米粉碎物先在100-120℃的温度下蒸煮50-70min,把水排除,再加入低浓度的稀盐酸于120℃蒸煮45-75min;
②水解:以玉米粉粹物用量的15%-20%的一定浓度的盐酸在水解釜中采用常压水解的方法进行水解;水解温度为110-130℃,水解时间为3-4h;
③脱色:以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭做为脱色剂,采用常压操作,活性炭用量为糖液的12%-15%;脱色速度要快,温度控制在75-80℃;
④第一次离子交换: CLl是阴离子,采用阴离子交换树脂;
⑤第一次浓缩:离子交换除酸后的糖液通过减压蒸发,使糖液浓度提高到30%-35%,蒸发时间为 6-8h;
⑥第二次离子交换:采用阳离子交换树脂 ;
⑦加氢处理:采用间歇釜式悬浮镍催化加氢,当反应温度为120-130℃,压力为70-80kg/cm2, pH值为 6-7,剂糖质量比为2%,反应时间为90-120min,转化率可达 99% 以上;
⑧第三次离子交换:采用“阳柱-阴柱混合床”的组合;
⑨第二次浓缩:采用真空蒸发结晶;蒸发浓缩前,先过滤除去氢化液中其他杂质及少量催化剂细未,蒸发浓缩过程温度控制65-75℃,真空度700mm汞柱以上;当浓缩液含醇量为90%时,即可进入结晶环节;
⑩结晶、成品:当醇膏温度降到64℃加入适当晶种,慢慢搅拌助晶 ,每小时降温l℃,直到比室内温度稍高时,即可分离取得成品;
三、制备山药粉:
将新鲜山药洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到山药干粉;
四、制备魔芋粉:
将新鲜魔芋洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力40-55Mpa、温度70-90℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过120-160目筛,得到魔芋干粉;
五、制备葛根粉:
将新鲜葛根洗净后加适量水打磨成浆液,放入高压均质机中,在压力30-50Mpa、温度50-80℃下进行超细化粉碎,然后送入真空干燥机中进行干燥,干燥后粉碎过100-140目筛,得到葛根干粉;
六、制备甜味溶液:
将木糖醇30-70份溶解于350-500份的60-80℃的50%-70%乙醇水,搅拌使其溶解充分,得到甜味溶液;
七、制备支撑物料
将第五步脱色制得的混合粉5-25份与山药粉5-25份、魔芋粉5-15份和葛根粉5-15份充分混合均匀,得甜味组合物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物的制备方法,其特征在于,增加有以下步骤:
八、制备甜味颗粒:
将基础支撑物料置包衣机中,以55-80转/min的速度进行转动;采用高压喷枪将甜味剂溶液以3-9mL/min的速度均匀地喷涂到基础支撑物料上,同时包衣机内的加热温度设定65-85度;
收集得到的甜味颗粒,真空干燥,制得甜味颗粒。
8.根据权利要求7所述的可替代蔗糖的甜味组合物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤二制备山药粉中所述真空干燥是在60-80℃下干燥1-2h;步骤八制备甜味颗粒中所述真空干燥是在60-80℃下干燥1-2h。
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