CN111543197B - Cultivation method of clone avocado seedlings - Google Patents
Cultivation method of clone avocado seedlings Download PDFInfo
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- CN111543197B CN111543197B CN202010318523.6A CN202010318523A CN111543197B CN 111543197 B CN111543197 B CN 111543197B CN 202010318523 A CN202010318523 A CN 202010318523A CN 111543197 B CN111543197 B CN 111543197B
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for cultivating clone avocado stocks, which comprises the following steps: (1) culturing the nutrition stock; (2) grafting the second rootstock; (3) yellowing treatment; (4) rooting of the second rootstock; (5) separating and grafting target scions. The invention well solves the problem of grafting between disease-resistant functional stocks and target scions by using a secondary grafting technology. In the method, the rooting efficiency of the disease-resistant functional rootstock and the like can be promoted by yellowing treatment and matching with a rooting nutrient solution transfusion method or an atomization supply method. In the rooting step, the second stock is subjected to 360-degree wave girdling, and rooting of the avocado stock and large-scale transplanting of seedlings are completed by promoting with auxin and utilizing a direct rooting or atomizing rooting method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method of clone avocado seedlings.
Background
Avocado (English name: Avocado) is also called Avocado, Avocado and happiness fruit, is a evergreen arbor of Avocado of Lauraceae, and is one of the most important woody and oleaginous tree species in the world. The avocado industry has a history of nearly a hundred years in developed countries. In recent 20 years, along with the improvement of living standard of people, the nutrition, health care and beauty effect of avocados is accepted by consumers, and the avocados become increasingly popular fruits.
With the increase of the demand of people on the avocados, technicians also research the planting technology of avocado seedlings so as to improve the yield of the avocados and the quality of fruits. The existing avocado planting technology comprises various grafting propagation methods. In the 1970 s, a method for propagating clonal avocado rootstocks was developed in the united states and subsequently, this method has been widely used worldwide.
In China, the plantation of the avocado is still in the initial stage, and the transplantation of the avocado seedlings has many problems, so that the avocado seedlings are high in price and difficult to popularize in China in a large area at low cost, the yield of the avocado in China is limited, the price of the commercially available avocados is high, and the avocados are not acceptable by common consumers.
The avocado root rot is the most serious disease which damages avocados, has strong infectivity, can destroy the whole avocado garden when being serious, and seriously threatens the development of avocado industry. Root rot occurs in many of the avocado growing areas in the united states (california, florida, hawaii), australia, mexico, and africa. The growing areas of the Chinese avocados, such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan and Fujian, are also damaged by the root rot of the avocado, and the loss is serious. Phytophthora camphora is a main factor limiting the production and development of avocados, and can infect a plurality of avocado varieties and cause the death of avocado plants in severe cases.
At present, a better method for preventing the root rot of the avocado is to use a disease-resistant stock. However, the seedling breeding technologies such as cloning of disease-resistant stocks, target scion grafting, rooting of disease-resistant stocks and the like have a plurality of unsolved technical problems. The method is particularly provided for the technical problems in the seedling breeding of the avocado disease-resistant rootstock.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for cultivating clone avocado stocks, so that the survival rate of the clone avocado stocks and the disease resistance of avocado trees are improved, and the growth cycle of avocados is shortened.
The technology solves the problem of grafting between the disease-resistant stock and the target scion by using a secondary grafting technology; the rooting efficiency of the disease-resistant rootstocks is promoted by utilizing etiolation treatment, and the rootstocks of the avocados are rooted by utilizing the technologies of minimally invasive girdling, rooting hormone stimulation, atomization rooting and the like.
Specifically, the cultivation method of the present invention comprises the steps of:
(1) cultivation of vegetative rootstock (first rootstock)
Selecting fresh and high-quality avocado seeds, cleaning, sterilizing, peeling the seeds, accelerating germination, sowing and culturing avocado seedlings;
(2) grafting of the second rootstock
After the seedling of the avocado grows to be 10-20cm high, grafting by adopting scions from high-quality rootstocks with root rot resistance, salt tolerance, stress resistance and the like; placing the grafted avocado seedlings in a shade place, and culturing at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ to obtain avocado seedlings serving as second stocks;
(3) yellowing treatment
After the grafted scion starts to grow, culturing the avocado seedlings in the dark, and yellowing the germinated seedlings in an environment with the temperature of 25-30 ℃ and the humidity of 60-75%;
(4) rooting of the second rootstock
Reserving a single strong bud on a second stock of the avocado seedling, or germinating two or more twigs by removing the apical dominance in the etiolation process;
when the new yellow twig grows to 150-; performing 360-degree girdling on the bottoms of the branches of the yellow twigs to expose xylem; removing the avocado seedlings from the dark room, recovering photosynthesis, controlling the temperature of the photosynthesis to be more than 25 ℃, and then promoting the second rootstocks to take roots by adopting a culture medium;
(5) separation and purpose scion grafting
After ring cutting and rooting treatment, the illumination of the avocado plant is recovered, the target scion is grafted to a second stock, and then a seedling culture medium is transplanted.
In the step (2) of the cultivation method, the nutrition rootstock and the second rootstock have better affinity, and the nutrition rootstock and the second rootstock are grafted by a bilateral grafting method. The affinity is mainly used for judging the good and bad fusion degree between the rootstock and the scion, and the affinity can be judged through the interface and the growth condition in the later grafting period. In practice, affinity is determined by experimental statistical data. In the present invention, the bilateral grafting method means that the stock and the scion both have two contact parts, and the two contact parts have a common contact surface. Thus, the rootstock and scion each had three contact surfaces, as shown in figure 2. The vegetative stock should have a better affinity with the second stock. The good compatibility is favorable for grafting to shorten survival time and survival rate, and the two-side grafting method for grafting and selecting between the nutrition rootstock and the second rootstock is favorable for grafting survival rate.
In the step (3) of the cultivation method of the present invention, it is more preferable that the avocado seedling is placed in the dark for cultivation and etiolation when the grafted scion starts to grow and just starts to germinate at the bud point.
The yellowing treatment has strict requirements on temperature and humidity, and generally the yellowing treatment is carried out on the germinated seedlings in an environment with the temperature of 25-30 ℃ and the humidity of 60-75%. Preferably, the pear seedlings are placed in the dark for cultivation in an environment where the temperature is maintained at 26.5 ℃ and the relative humidity is maintained at 70%. In the step, smaller temperature fluctuation is more beneficial to the growth of the avocado seedlings in the dark, the survival rate of the avocado seedlings can be ensured, the growth of the avocado seedlings can be accelerated, and the growth period can be shortened.
During the etiolation of the nutritional rootstock, watering is carried out every day to keep the culture medium moist, and excessive watering or water shortage cannot be caused so as to avoid dangerous phenomena of plants, such as drowning or death due to drought.
In step (4) of the cultivation method of the present invention, two or more shoots are germinated by removing apical dominance during etiolation. Through the operation, more than two second stocks can be produced in each etiolation process, the cultivation efficiency is improved, and the large-scale transplantation of the avocado seedlings is ensured.
In the step (4) of the cultivation method of the present invention, the ring cutting is a wave-shaped ring cutting. If the second stock is difficult to root after the 360-degree girdling is carried out on the bottoms of the branches of the yellow twigs, the wave-shaped girdling can be selected. The wavy girdling can increase the area of the girdling wound, thereby being beneficial to the rooting of the second rootstock.
In the step (4) of the cultivation method, auxin is coated on the girdling wound. The auxin is selected from one or more of indoleacetic acid, indolepropionic acid, indolebutyric acid, naphthylacetic acid, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 4-iodophenoxyacetic acid. Further, the auxin is IBA, and the concentration range of the IBA is 0.5-1.0 g/L.
In the step (4) of the cultivation method of the present invention, the rooting method of the second rootstock may be a direct rooting method or an atomized rooting method.
Wherein the directly rooting comprises: filling moss or culture soil at the girdling peeling position; or filling wet soil mixed with auxin helpful for rooting, then wrapping the moss outside the culture soil, and finally wrapping the moss or the culture soil with a plastic film or closing a micro rooting container; a transfusion bottle infusion device is utilized to increase moisture of the rooting matrix in a limited amount to promote the rooting, and meanwhile, low-concentration rooting hormone is periodically added to promote the rooting. After rooting, providing a regular rooting nutrient solution to promote the germination and growth of roots; watering every several days, and cutting off the plant after rooting.
The atomization rooting comprises the following steps: at the girdling and peeling position, IBA is smeared on a girdling wound at the base of a etiolating branch, a hollowed rooting device is utilized to surround the girdling wound, and peat moss, perlite and vermiculite are put into the hollowed rooting device according to the mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, in the rooting culture medium, at the temperature of 27-30 ℃, spraying and humidifying by using a rooting nutrient solution regularly.
In step (5) of the cultivation method of the present invention, the isolating and target scion grafting comprises: after girdling and rooting treatment, under the photosynthesis of the avocado plants, the chlorophyll is recovered, and the avocado plants turn green again under the light; the second rootstock is recovered to grow, when the root system grows well and the second rootstock grows to be more than 300mm, the second rootstock is cut off from the lower part of the root of the second rootstock and the first rootstock, a seedling culture medium is transplanted, and a perforated plastic bag or a non-woven bag is adopted for bagging; after the plant grows, grafting the second stock to a selected target scion with the length of more than 250mm, and culturing the selected target scion in an indoor illumination condition of 25-30 ℃ to grow a tree suitable for field planting.
In step (5) of the cultivation method of the present invention, the isolating and target scion grafting comprises: after girdling and rooting treatment, the plant is recovered to be illuminated, the target scion is grafted to the position, which is more than 250mm away from the second rootstock after yellowing, preferably below the position where the leaves of the first leaf are located, the plant is cultured under the indoor illumination condition of 25-30 ℃, when the new growth length on the target scion reaches more than 50mm, the plant is cut off from the position below the root of the second rootstock and the first rootstock, then the second rootstock is transplanted into a rooting matrix, and the plant is placed under a moist-heat chamber for illumination culture, so that the growth of the root system and the scion is completed, and the plant is ready for field planting.
The invention has the advantages of
The invention well solves the grafting problem between the disease-resistant rootstock and the target scion by utilizing the secondary grafting technology. In the method, the rooting efficiency of the disease-resistant rootstocks can be promoted through yellowing treatment. In the rooting step, the second stock is subjected to 360-degree girdling, and rooting of the avocado stock and large-scale transplanting of seedlings are completed by promoting with auxin and utilizing a direct rooting or atomizing rooting method.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the process of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a two-sided grafting method used in the method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the vegetative stock culture and etiolation process;
FIG. 4 illustrates three ways of 360 ° girdling may be used in the method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a direct rooting method in the method of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the fog rooting method in the method of the present invention;
FIG. 7 shows the isolation and transplantation process of the cultivated avocado plants.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 1 shows a flow chart of a method for breeding clonal avocado rootstocks.
The specific operation process of the avocado cultivation method is as follows.
Cultivation of nutritive rootstock (first rootstock)
Seed treatment: selecting fresh, mature and plump avocado seeds without plant diseases and insect pests, cleaning, sterilizing and peeling the seeds after harvesting;
accelerating germination: accelerating germination by adopting a sand bed accelerating germination method;
thirdly, sowing: when in sowing, the tip of the seed is upwards, and sand is covered on the seed; the distance between the seeds is 2 cm-3 cm, after the seeds are covered with sand, the seeds are drenched and placed in a shade to facilitate the germination of the seeds;
fourthly, transplanting seedlings: the seedling of the avocado is 5 cm-10 cm high in emergence, and the cotyledon is transplanted before being unfolded, so that the avocado has robust radicles and nutrient absorption capacity, and sufficient water is poured before transplanting to protect the root system of the seedling; bagging by adopting a perforated plastic bag or a non-woven cloth bag with the length, width and height of 15cm multiplied by 20cm multiplied by 25 cm;
grafting of second and third rootstock
After the avocado seeds are sown, the bud emergence height is more than 10-20cm, and the avocado seeds have relatively developed root systems, so that the grafting survival rate is ensured, and the grafting of the intermediate stock can be realized.
The scions are from the required stock varieties, such as root rot resistance, salt tolerance and other stress-resistant stocks.
Selecting a good variety which grows robustly and has no diseases and pests as a scion stock plant, and collecting current-year semi-lignified branches which are robustly arranged at the periphery of a crown, short in internodes and plump and robustly germinated;
II, scion treatment: cutting the long branches into small sections, ensuring that 2-4 full bud points are reserved on each section of scion, and cutting off the scions at the position of 0.5cm away from the upper ends of the bud points;
grafting: a two-sided grafting method is adopted. Inserting the scion inclined plane into the cut of the stock, enabling the long cut surface to face inwards and at least aligning one side of a cambium; a plastic film belt with the length of 25 cm-30 cm and the width of 1 cm-1.5 cm is adopted, the grafting opening is taken as the center, and the plastic film belt is tightly bound from bottom to top to seal the grafting opening;
fourthly, the scion recovers growth
Placing the grafted avocado in a shade place to avoid direct solar radiation, and culturing at 25-30 deg.C; the scion is green, and the bud eye is fresh and tender, namely survival;
third, yellowing treatment
As shown in figure 3, when the grafting starts to grow, the avocado seedlings are placed in the dark for culture, and the germinated seedlings are yellowed, so that the rooting of the second rootstock is facilitated. Generally, the temperature is controlled between 25 ℃ and 30 ℃ and the relative humidity is controlled between 60 percent and 75 percent, so that the time for yellowing can be minimized. And the time can be optimized according to the yellowing condition of the intermediate stock.
Fourth, second rootstock rooting
In some cases, the second rootstock can retain a single strong bud. In other cases, two or more shoots are produced during yellowing by removing apical dominance. When the new yellow tender branches grow to 150-.
The specific steps of rooting the second rootstock comprise:
first step-ring cutting
The type of wound applied by the etiolated stem can determine the success and quality of rooting. The rootstock not only needs to be minimally injured, but also needs to be completely 360 deg. girdled.
The specific method of 360-degree girdling is as follows: at the bottom of the etiolated branch, annular peeling is firstly carried out to expose the xylem, and the sieve tube in the phloem of the bark is cut off, so that nutrients produced in the leaves are blocked when being conveyed downwards through the sieve tube, and a large amount of nutrients are accumulated at the peeling part, so that the wound is accelerated to heal, and new roots are rapidly germinated. IBA (indolebutyric acid, 7g/L) is smeared on a ring-cutting wound at the base of a etiolated bud to promote rooting. The 360 ° girdling may be straight, upwardly curved, and upwardly curved (as shown in fig. 4).
Sometimes, only a 360 ° girdling is more difficult to promote the rooting of the second rootstock in the subsequent steps. After the practice of the inventor, the inventor finds that the second rootstock after the etiolation is subjected to 360-degree wave-shaped girdling, so that the rooting of the second rootstock can be promoted, and the success rate is improved.
Second step-rooting of second rootstock
The second rootstock can be rooted by a direct rooting method or an atomization rooting method.
Direct rooting method
Placing moss or culture soil at the annular peeling position, or placing wet soil mixed with growth hormone for helping rooting, then wrapping the moss outside the soil, and finally wrapping the moss or the soil with a plastic film or closing a micro rooting container. By utilizing a transfusion bottle infusion device, the moisture of the rooting matrix is improved by limiting the quantity of water, the moisture of the rooting matrix is kept, and the rooting is promoted, and meanwhile, the low-concentration rooting hormone is periodically added to promote the rooting; after rooting, a rooting nutrient solution is provided to promote the growth of the roots (as shown in figure 5). Watering every few days. Keeping the moss or rooting soil moist, and cutting off the moss or rooting soil after rooting. The wrapping film or the miniature container can be made of transparent materials, so that the rooting condition can be observed, and the transplanting time is utilized.
In the direct rooting method, the rooting nutrient solution can be extract of seaweed after cell wall breaking or fermentation product of seaweed, or high-quality seaweed fertilizer, and the concentration is generally 0.05-0.5 wt%. The concentration of the nutrient solution can be properly adjusted according to the rooting condition.
Atomization rooting method
At the annular peeling position, IBA (7g/L) is smeared on an annular cutting wound at the base part of the etiolated bud, a hollowed rooting device is utilized to surround the periphery of the annular cutting wound, and a cutting area is placed in a position with the mass ratio of 1: 1: 1 peat moss, perlite and vermiculite in rooting medium, sprayed at a temperature of 27 ℃ for 5 seconds every 60 seconds.
Shown in FIG. 6
Fifth, separation and purpose scion grafting
Two methods can be adopted for separation and target scion grafting.
The first separation and target scion grafting method comprises the following steps: after the girdling rooting treatment, under the photosynthesis of the avocado plants, the chlorophyll is recovered, and the plants turn green again under the light. And (4) the second stock recovers growth, the leaves are aged, and the growth condition of the root system is observed when new leaves grow. When the root system grows well and the second rootstock grows more than 300mm, the second rootstock is cut off from the lower part of the root of the second rootstock and the first rootstock, and is transplanted to a seedling culture medium, and a perforated plastic bag or a non-woven bag with the length, the width and the height of 15cm multiplied by 20cm multiplied by 25cm is adopted for bagging.
After the plant grows back, grafting the second stock to a selected target scion with the length of more than 250mm, and culturing the selected target scion indoors under illumination at the temperature of about 25 ℃ to grow a tree suitable for field planting.
A second separation and target scion grafting method: after the girdling rooting treatment, the plants are subjected to light irradiation again, the plants are grafted to the selected target scion with the etiolation stock of more than 250mm, the plants are subjected to light irradiation culture indoors at about 25 ℃, and when the new growth length on the target scion reaches 50mm, the plants are cut off from the lower part of the rooting of the second stock and the first stock (about 4-6 weeks after scion grafting). Then transplanting the root system and the scion into a rooting substrate, and placing the rooting substrate in a moist heat chamber (at the lowest temperature of 24 ℃) for illumination culture to complete the growth of the root system and the scion for field planting, as shown in figure 7.
The invention well solves the grafting problem between the disease-resistant rootstock and the target scion by utilizing the secondary grafting technology. In the method, the rooting efficiency of the disease-resistant rootstocks can be promoted through yellowing treatment. In the rooting step, the second stock is subjected to 360-degree girdling, and rooting of the avocado stock and large-scale transplanting of seedlings are completed by promoting with auxin and utilizing a direct rooting or atomizing rooting method.
Claims (9)
1. A cultivation method of clone avocado seedlings comprises the following steps:
(1) cultivation of vegetative rootstock
Selecting fresh and high-quality avocado seeds, cleaning, sterilizing, peeling the seeds, accelerating germination, sowing and culturing avocado seedlings;
(2) grafting of the second rootstock
After the seedling of the avocado grows to be 10-20cm high, grafting by adopting scions from high-quality rootstocks with root rot resistance or salt tolerance and stress tolerance; placing the grafted avocado seedlings in a shade place, and culturing at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ to obtain avocado seedlings serving as second stocks;
(3) yellowing treatment
After the grafted scion starts to grow, culturing the avocado seedlings in the dark, and yellowing the germinated seedlings in an environment with the temperature of 25-30 ℃ and the relative humidity of 60-75%;
(4) rooting of the second rootstock
Reserving a single strong bud on a second stock of the avocado seedling; or germinating two or more shoots by removing apical dominance during etiolation;
when the new yellow twig grows to 150-250mm, performing 360-degree circular cutting on the bottom of the branch of the yellow twig to expose the xylem; removing the avocado seedlings from the dark room, recovering photosynthesis, controlling the temperature of the photosynthesis to be more than 25 ℃, and then promoting the second rootstocks to take roots by adopting a culture medium;
(5) separation and purpose scion grafting
After ring cutting and rooting treatment, the avocado plant is subjected to light irradiation restoration, the target scion is grafted to a second stock, and then a seedling culture medium is transplanted;
in the step (4), the rooting method of the second rootstock comprises a direct rooting method or an atomization rooting method;
the direct rooting comprises the following steps: filling moss or culture soil at the girdling peeling position; or filling wet soil mixed with auxin helpful for rooting, then wrapping the moss outside the culture soil, and finally wrapping the moss or the culture soil with a plastic film or closing a micro rooting container;
the infusion device of a transfusion bottle is utilized to improve the moisture of the rooting matrix and keep the moisture of the matrix to promote rooting, and simultaneously, rooting hormone is periodically added to promote rooting; providing rooting nutrient solution regularly to promote root germination and growth;
watering every several days, and cutting off the plant after rooting;
the atomization rooting comprises the following steps: at the girdling and peeling position, IBA is smeared on a girdling wound at the base of a etiolating branch, a hollowed rooting device is utilized to surround the girdling wound, and peat moss, perlite and vermiculite are put into the hollowed rooting device according to the mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, at a temperature of between 27 and 30 ℃, periodically adopting a rooting nutrient solution for spray humidification.
2. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the compatibility between the vegetative rootstock and the second rootstock is improved, and the vegetative rootstock and the second rootstock are grafted by a bilateral grafting method.
3. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (3), when the grafted scion starts to grow and germination starts at the bud point, the avocado seedling is placed in the dark for cultivation and yellowing treatment.
4. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the step (3), the yellowing treatment is carried out at a temperature of 26.5 ℃ and a relative humidity of 70%.
5. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in step (4), the 360 ° girdling is a wave-shaped girdling.
6. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), further comprising applying auxin to the girdling wound; the auxin is selected from one or more of indoleacetic acid, indolepropionic acid, indolebutyric acid, naphthylacetic acid, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-iodophenoxyacetic acid.
7. A cultivation method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the auxin is IBA and the concentration of IBA is in the range of 0.5-1.0 g/L.
8. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (5), the separation and purpose scion grafting comprises: after girdling and rooting treatment, under the photosynthesis of the avocado plants, the chlorophyll is recovered, and the avocado plants turn green again under the light; the second rootstock is recovered to grow, when the root system grows well and the second rootstock grows to be more than 300mm, the second rootstock is cut off from the lower part of the root of the second rootstock and the first rootstock, a seedling culture medium is transplanted, and a perforated plastic bag or a non-woven bag is adopted for bagging; after the plant grows, grafting the second stock to a selected target scion with the length of more than 250mm, and culturing the selected target scion in an indoor illumination condition of 25-30 ℃ to grow a tree suitable for field planting.
9. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (5), the separation and purpose scion grafting comprises: after girdling and rooting treatment, the plant is enabled to recover illumination, a target scion is grafted at the position below the leaf of the first leaf on the second rootstock after yellowing by more than 250mm, indoor cultivation is carried out under the illumination condition of 25-30 ℃, when the new growth length on the target scion reaches more than 50mm, the target scion is cut off from the lower part of the root of the second rootstock and the first rootstock, then the second rootstock is transplanted into a rooting matrix, and the second rootstock is placed under a moist-heat chamber for illumination cultivation, so that the growth of a root system and the scion is completed, and the plant is ready for field planting.
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