CN111517868A - Tea combined fertilizer and decrement annual fertilization method thereof - Google Patents
Tea combined fertilizer and decrement annual fertilization method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
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- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
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- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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Abstract
The invention discloses a tea combined fertilizer and a decrement annual fertilization method thereof, wherein the tea combined fertilizer comprises a base fertilizer, a germination accelerating fertilizer and a pruning nutrient fertilizer; the method for reducing and annually fertilizing the tea combined fertilizer is characterized in that a biochar material is prepared by pruning tea trees and pine stumps and is loaded with a growth-promoting microbial inoculum, the raw materials such as sheep manure and cow manure are matched for optimizing compost, and the winter base fertilizer is fertilized by combining a formula fertilizer, a humic acid/alginic acid type fertilizer synergistic substance and a water-retaining material; the method adopts a scheme of optimizing topdressing by spraying amino acid and pyroligneous composite synergistic organic and inorganic nutrient solution fertilizer on the leaf surfaces to realize the reduction of chemical fertilizer and the enhancement of bud strengthening; after pruning in summer, the tree vigor is enhanced by drip irrigation of the wood vinegar compound synergistic macroelement liquid fertilizer. The fertilizer consumption is reduced through overall optimization of a annual fertilization scheme, and the reduction and the synergism of the tea fertilizer are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of efficient fertilization of crops, and particularly relates to a tea combined fertilizer and a decrement annual fertilization method thereof.
Background
The tea garden is subjected to long-term over-dosage and low-efficiency fertilizer application, so that the problems of soil acidification, low organic matter, unbalanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, lack of trace elements, degradation of soil microbial communities and the like are caused, the tea leaf fertilizing effect is reduced, and the yield and the quality are uneven.
At present, in the market, many applications are reported for improving soil and improving fertilization effect by using a single technology of biochar, a growth-promoting microbial inoculum, an organic fertilizer, a fertilizer synergistic substance (amino acid, humic acid, alginic acid, wood vinegar and the like), a water-retaining agent, a formula fertilizer and the like. In addition, humic acid, alginic acid and amino acid have the effects of delaying nitrogen fertilizer effect, phosphorus activation and the like, but are greatly influenced by fertilization means, for example, the effect of the humic acid and the alginic acid is better than that of foliage spraying when the humic acid and the alginic acid are applied to soil, while the application of amino acid substances to soil is greatly influenced by microorganisms and has unstable effect, so that different types of fertilizer synergists need to be adjusted and used according to the change of fertilization measures at different stages.
In the prior art, a tea garden fertilization method with reduction and times reduction with application number 201710078866.8 discloses the following steps: 1) detecting the pH value of the soil and controlling the pH value of the soil to be 4.5-5.5; 2) applying a base fertilizer in 10-11 middle of the month every year, wherein the fertilizer application mode is as follows: for 1-2 years old tea trees, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 15cm is arranged at a position 20cm away from the roots of the tea trees on the side edge of the tea trees, and a tea formula fertilizer is applied in the fertilizing ditch, wherein the fertilizing amount is as follows: 45 kg/mu; for 3-4 years old tea trees, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 15cm is arranged at a position 25cm away from the tree root on the side edge of the tea trees, and a tea formula fertilizer is applied in the fertilizing ditch, wherein the fertilizing amount is as follows: 62 kg/mu; for tea trees grown for 5 years and over 5 years, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 20cm is opened at a position 30cm away from the root of the tea tree on the side edge of the tea tree, and tea formula fertilizer is applied in the fertilizing ditch, wherein the fertilizing amount is as follows: 83 kg/mu; the tea formula fertilizer consists of a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, a selenium fertilizer, a zinc fertilizer and a rare earth fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen content in the tea formula fertilizer is 21%, the phosphorus content is 9%, the potassium content is 9%, the selenium content is 1.5%, the zinc content is 1.5%, and the rare earth content is 1.5%; 3) topdressing is applied in late 1 month of each year, and the fertilizing mode is as follows: for 1-2 years old tea trees, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 15cm is arranged at a position 20cm away from the roots of the tea trees on the side edge, urea formaldehyde slow release fertilizer is applied in the fertilizing ditch, and the fertilizing amount is as follows: 16 kg/mu; for 3-4 years old tea trees, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 15cm is arranged at a position 25cm away from the tree root on the side edge of the tea trees, and urea formaldehyde slow release fertilizer is applied in the fertilizing ditch, wherein the fertilizing amount is as follows: 20 kg/mu; for tea trees grown for 5 years and over 5 years, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 20cm is opened at a position 30cm away from the root of the tea tree on the side edge, urea formaldehyde slow release fertilizer is applied in the fertilizing ditch, and the fertilizing amount is as follows: 25 kg/mu. In the technology, the application time and the application amount of the tea trees are adjusted by adjusting the pH of soil and changing the content of a conventional fertilizer, in addition, the urea formaldehyde slow release fertilizer is adopted during topdressing to achieve the purpose of reducing weight and reducing the application time, the urea formaldehyde slow release fertilizer is not matched with the improvement effect of microorganisms on the soil, and the application of a foliar fertilizer can carry out more comprehensive reduction, fertilization and synergism on the tea trees. Fertilizer synergists such as humic acid, alginic acid, wood vinegar and the like are not used in a matching manner to improve the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer, and the fertilizer is applied in a reduced amount. The biological carbon is not used for loading growth promoting microbial inoculum, so that the stability and the activity of the microbial inoculum are improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a tea combined fertilizer and a decrement annual fertilization method thereof. According to the invention, the technology of optimizing compost mixture by embedding biochar and growth promoting microbial inoculum, the combination of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, formula chemical fertilizer and fertilizer synergistic substance, and the combination optimization application of water retention material are combined, and the technology of applying fertilizer outside roots and integrating water fertilizer is combined to drip irrigation root topdressing, so that the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is effectively improved, and the fertilizer reduction and synergism management of the tea garden is realized.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a tea combined fertilizer comprises a base fertilizer, a germination accelerating fertilizer and a trimming nutrient fertilizer according to different application time and application positions;
the base fertilizer comprises a compost mixture and a base fertilizer synergistic formula material, wherein the compost mixture is prepared by mixing and composting livestock manure compost mixture and biochar material loaded with growth promoting microbial inoculum in a mass ratio of 5-8: 1; the base fertilizer synergistic formula comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5-15% of urea, 40-45% of ammonium sulfate, 10-15% of monoammonium phosphate, 20-30% of potassium sulfate, 0.2-0.5% of borax, 5-8% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5-1.0% of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0-5% of potassium humate or 0-5% of alginic acid concentrated solution; when the base fertilizer is applied, the compost mixture of 350-1200 kg/mu and the base fertilizer synergistic formula of 20-60 kg/mu are mixed with the starch grafted acrylate of 1.5-3.0 kg/mu and the fine sand of 8-10 kg/mu for broadcast application.
The germination accelerating fertilizer comprises the following components in concentration: 0-0.25g/L of polyaspartic acid, 0-0.25g/L, L g-lysine, 0.1-0.3g/L of polyglutamic acid, 3.0-5.0g/L of middle-layer wood vinegar, 1.5-2.5g/L of ammonium sulfate, 1.0-2.5g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10-30mg/L of borax, 15-40mg/L of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and the balance of water;
the pruning nutrient fertilizer comprises the following components in concentration: 5.0-10.0g/L of upper layer wood vinegar, 0.3-0.8g/L of urea, 0.5-1.0g/L of monoammonium phosphate, 0.5-1.5g/L of potassium sulfate and the balance of water;
the preparation method of the biochar and the wood vinegar liquid comprises the following steps: air-drying the straws trimmed in the tea garden, taking natural air-dried pine and pine needles, mixing the straws with the weight percentage of 25-50% of the tea garden, 50-75% of the pine and 10-15% of the pine needles, burning biochar under anaerobic conditions, collecting tail gas when the temperature of the tail gas reaches above 120 ℃, condensing the tail gas to obtain crude pyroligneous liquor, standing for 30 days, and separating to obtain upper pyroligneous liquor and middle pyroligneous liquor; and cooling to obtain biomass charcoal after firing, crushing to obtain a biomass charcoal material, and crushing to fragments of less than 1.5 cm.
Further, the composting condition of the compost mixture is that the temperature is 28-40 ℃, and the composting and culturing time is more than 30 days.
Further, the livestock manure compost mixture comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 20-40% of sheep manure, 20-50% of cow manure, 15-25% of peanut bran, 5-10% of tea cake and 3-5% of calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the components are mixed, adjusted in moisture content, and piled up after 60-65%.
Further, the composting condition of the livestock manure compost mixture is high-temperature fermentation at the temperature of more than 60 ℃, during which the composting temperature needs to be reduced by turning over the compost for more than 24 hours under the temperature condition of more than 60 ℃ so as to prevent the composting, and the compost body is cooled to below 40 ℃ after 7-10 days.
Furthermore, in the charcoal material loaded with the growth promoting microbial inoculum, the growth promoting microbial inoculum is 1 or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium and bacillus licheniformis, the number of effective live bacteria contained in the strain is more than 2-5 hundred million/g, and the inoculation amount is 0.2-0.3%.
The invention relates to a decrement annual fertilization method of a tea combined fertilizer, which comprises the following steps:
s1, applying a base fertilizer in winter: after 11 months of winter, making strip-shaped ditches 20-30cm deep near the drip line of the tea trees, mixing the compost mixture of 350-1200 kg per mu, the base fertilizer synergistic formula material of 20-60 kg per mu, the starch grafted acrylate of 1.5-3.0 kg per mu with the fine sandy soil of 8-10 kg per mu, and spraying the mixture into the ditches, covering soil and watering thoroughly;
s2, adding a germination accelerating fertilizer: spraying a germination accelerating fertilizer on the leaf surface 1 month before tea buds sprout, spraying 1 time every 7-10 days for 2-3 times, and stopping spraying the germination accelerating fertilizer after the tea buds sprout;
s3, adding a nutrient fertilizer after summer pruning: the pruning nutrient fertilizer is drip-irrigated once every 15-20 days after the tea leaves are pruned, the drip irrigation is carried out for 2-3 times, and the pruning nutrient fertilizer is applied for 6-10m per mu of drip irrigation3。
Further, in step S1, the fertilizing amount in the tea garden in different years is different, specifically: for a 1-3-year-old tea garden, uniformly mixing and spreading 500 kg of compost mixture per mu of 350-sand, 20-35 kg of base fertilizer synergistic formula material per mu, 1.5-3.0 kg of starch grafted acrylate per mu and 8-10 kg of fine sand soil; for 3-6 year old tea gardens, uniformly mixing and spreading 800 kg of compost mixture per mu, 30-40 kg of base fertilizer synergistic formula material per mu, 1.5-3.0 kg of starch grafted acrylate per mu and 8-10 kg of fine sandy soil; for a high-yield tea garden with more than 6 years old, the compost mixture of 1200 kilograms per mu of 700-1200-kilograms, the base fertilizer synergistic formula of 40-60 kilograms per mu, the starch grafted acrylate of 1.5-3.0 kilograms per mu and the fine sandy soil of 8-10 kilograms are uniformly mixed and spread.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the bacillus subtilis, the bacillus megatherium and the bacillus licheniformis are not directly applied to soil or directly applied by being mixed with a fertilizer, and the growth-promoting microbial inoculum can improve the adaptability and stability of the microbial inoculum to the environment through a microporous structure loaded in a charcoal material, and the microbial inoculum is proliferated by utilizing organic nutrition in compost in the later decomposition process of the compost, so that the functions of the microbial inoculum in improving the nutrient efficiency and improving the microbial community of the soil are amplified;
the crop fertilization generally comprises a plurality of fertilization methods such as base fertilizer, additional fertilizer, foliar fertilizer and the like. The invention applies fertilizer synergists such as humic acid, algin and the like to the base fertilizer and applies the fertilizer to the base fertilizer in a matching way with a water retention material, and the organic fertilizer also utilizes a biochar material loaded with growth-promoting bacteria to optimize compost, and improves the nutrient efficiency through the approaches of fertilizer synergism, soil moisture conservation and the like. The foliar fertilization realizes the synergism of inorganic nutrition by amino acid, the synergism of wood vinegar and the short-term pest prevention and control effect thereof, and reduces the damage of the tea bud to pests under the condition of no pesticide application while realizing the synergism of inorganic nutrition sprayed on the foliar. The soil drip irrigation fertilization adopts the disease-resistant and insect-expelling and nutrient activation effects of the wood vinegar to improve the fertilizer efficiency and the soil biological environment.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art will more clearly and intuitively understand the present invention, the present invention will be further described below.
The decrement annual fertilization method of the tea combined fertilizer is characterized in that tea trees and pine stumps are trimmed to prepare a charcoal material and load a growth-promoting microbial inoculum, raw materials such as sheep manure and cow manure are matched to optimize compost, and base fertilizer fertilization in winter is carried out by combining a formula fertilizer, a humic acid/alginic acid type fertilizer synergistic substance and a water retention type material; the method adopts a scheme of optimizing topdressing by spraying amino acid and pyroligneous composite synergistic organic and inorganic nutrient solution fertilizer on the leaf surfaces to realize the reduction of chemical fertilizer and the enhancement of bud strengthening; after pruning in summer, the tree vigor is enhanced by drip irrigation of the wood vinegar compound synergistic macroelement liquid fertilizer. The fertilizer consumption is reduced through overall optimization of a annual fertilization scheme, and the reduction and the synergism of the tea fertilizer are realized.
Specifically, the decrement annual fertilization method of the tea combined fertilizer comprises the following steps:
1) preparing biochar and wood vinegar: air-drying straws trimmed in a tea garden, taking naturally air-dried pine and pine needles, burning biochar under anaerobic conditions by adopting a simple soil kiln or rotary furnace device, collecting tail gas when the temperature of the tail gas reaches above 120 ℃, condensing to obtain crude wood vinegar, standing for 30 days, and separating to obtain upper layer wood vinegar and middle layer wood vinegar; and cooling to obtain biomass charcoal after firing, and crushing the biomass charcoal into fragments of less than 1.5cm to obtain the biomass charcoal.
2) Preparing a compost mixture: according to the mass fraction, 20-40% of sheep manure (dry basis), 20-50% of cow manure (dry basis), 15-25% of peanut bran, 5-10% of tea seed cake and 3-5% of calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed, the water content is adjusted to 60-65%, the height of a stack is 0.6-0.8m, and the width is 1.2-1.5 m. Fermenting at high temperature (above 60 deg.C) for 7-10 days, cooling to below 40 deg.C to obtain primary compost material, and turning over and cooling for more than 24 hr at 60 deg.C to prevent burning. Inoculating 1 or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus megatherium and bacillus licheniformis to the charcoal, wherein the number of effective live bacteria in the strain is more than 2-5 hundred million/g, the inoculation amount is 0.2-0.3%, adjusting the water content to 20-30%, and uniformly mixing to obtain the charcoal material loaded with the growth-promoting microbial inoculum. Mixing the primary compost material and the biochar material loaded with the growth promoting microbial inoculum according to the mass ratio of 5-8:1, the height of a compost body is 0.6-0.8m, the width is 1.2-1.5m, the temperature is 28-40 ℃, and the mixed composting culture time is more than 30 days to obtain a compost mixture.
3) Preparing a base fertilizer synergistic formula material: urea, ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, borax, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, potassium humate or concentrated alginic acid solution is used as a fertilizer source for compounding, and by mass fraction, the fertilizer is prepared by 5-15% of urea, 40-45% of ammonium sulfate, 10-15% of monoammonium phosphate, 20-30% of potassium sulfate, 0.2-0.5% of borax, 5-8% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5-1.0% of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0-5% of potassium humate (containing more than 50% of humic acid), and 0-5% of concentrated alginic acid solution (containing more than 18% of alginic acid).
4) Applying a base fertilizer in winter: after 11 months of winter, making strip-shaped ditches 20-30cm deep near the drip line of the tea trees, applying 500 kilograms of compost mixture per mu of 350-one-year-old tea garden in a 1-3 year-old tea garden, 20-35 kilograms of base fertilizer synergistic formula fertilizer per mu, 1.5-3.0 kilograms of starch grafted acrylate per mu and 8-10 kilograms of fine sandy soil, uniformly mixing and spreading, and watering thoroughly after covering soil; applying 800 kilograms of compost mixture per mu, 30-40 kilograms of base fertilizer synergistic formula fertilizer per mu, 1.5-3.0 kilograms of starch grafted acrylate per mu and 8-10 kilograms of fine sandy soil into a 3-6 year old tea garden, uniformly mixing and applying, covering soil and watering thoroughly; 1200 kilograms of compost mixture per mu of 700-1200-kilograms, 40-60 kilograms of base fertilizer synergistic formula fertilizer per mu of base fertilizer synergistic formula fertilizer, 1.5-3.0 kilograms of starch grafted acrylate per mu of fine sandy soil and 8-10 kilograms are applied to the high-yield tea garden with more than 6 years old, mixed uniformly and applied in a broadcast mode, and the high-yield tea garden is watered thoroughly after being covered with soil.
5) And (3) adding a germination accelerating fertilizer: the method adopts foliage spraying germination accelerating fertilizer, and the concentration and the components of the germination accelerating fertilizer are as follows: 0-0.25g/L of polyaspartic acid, 0-0.25g/L, L-lysine, 0.1-0.3g/L of polyglutamic acid, 3.0-5.0g/L of middle-layer wood vinegar, 1.5-2.5g/L of ammonium sulfate, 1.0-2.5g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10-30mg/L of borax and 15-40mg/L of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, wherein the polyaspartic acid is sprayed for 1 month before tea buds sprout, sprayed for 1 time every 7-10 days, sprayed for 2-3 times totally and stopped being used after the tea buds sprout.
6) And (3) adding a nutrient fertilizer after summer pruning: applying pruning nutrient fertilizer 6-10m per mu by adopting a drip irrigation method3Pruning the components of the nutrient fertilizer: 5.0-10.0g/L of upper layer wood vinegar, 0.3-0.8g/L of urea, 0.5-1.0g/L of monoammonium phosphate and 0.5-1.5g/L of potassium sulfate. And carrying out drip irrigation once every 15-20 days after the tea leaves are trimmed, and carrying out drip irrigation for 2-3 times.
Example 1
The tea decrement annual fertilization method comprises the following steps:
(1) according to the mass fraction, 30% of air-dried straws, 60% of pine branches and 10% of pine needles are trimmed in a tea garden, biochar is fired in a rotary furnace at high temperature in an anaerobic manner, tail gas is collected at the temperature of 130 ℃, is condensed to obtain crude pyroligneous liquor, and then is kept stand for 30 days to obtain upper layer pyroligneous liquor and middle layer pyroligneous liquor after layering and stabilization; and cooling in the furnace body to obtain the biochar material, and crushing the biochar material into 1.5cm fragments to obtain the biochar.
(2) According to the mass fraction, 30 percent of sheep manure (dry basis), 40 percent of cow manure (dry basis), 20 percent of peanut bran, 6 percent of tea seed cake and 4 percent of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are fully mixed to adjust the moisture to 65 percent, and the mixture is fermented for 8 days at high temperature (above 60 ℃) to obtain a primary compost material; inoculating bacillus subtilis and bacillus megatherium to charcoal, wherein the number of effective live bacteria in the strain is more than 2 hundred million/g, the inoculation amount is 0.3 percent of the mass fraction, adjusting the water content to 30 percent, and fully and uniformly mixing to obtain the charcoal material loaded with the growth-promoting microbial inoculum; mixing the primary compost material with the biochar material loaded with the growth promoting microbial inoculum according to the mass ratio of 6:1, and composting for 30 days to obtain an optimized compost mixture.
(3) According to the mass fraction, 10.5 percent of monoammonium phosphate, 42.0 percent of ammonium sulfate, 12.9 percent of urea, 22.4 percent of potassium sulfate, 0.3 percent of borax, 6.4 percent of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.8 percent of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and 4.7 percent of potassium humate (containing over 50 percent of humic acid) are fully mixed to obtain the base fertilizer synergistic formula material.
(4) Preparing a germination accelerating fertilizer by using clear water: 0.2g/L, L g-lysine 0.2g/L of polyaspartic acid, 5.0g/L of middle-layer wood vinegar, 2.0g/L of ammonium sulfate, 2.0g/L of monopotassium phosphate, 25mg/L of borax and 30mg/L of zinc sulfate heptahydrate.
(5) Preparing a trimming nutrient fertilizer by using clear water: 10.0g/L of upper layer wood vinegar, 0.6g/L of urea, 0.5g/L of monoammonium phosphate and 1.0g/L of potassium sulfate.
(6) Annual fertilization management tests of the tea are carried out, annual fertilization conditions are shown in a table 1, and test effects are shown in a table 2.
TABLE 1 annual fertilization conditions with different treatments
TABLE 2 indexes of yield, quality and soil of tea leaves treated differently
Example 2
The tea decrement annual fertilization method comprises the following steps:
(1) according to the mass fraction, 25% of trimmed air-dried straws of a tea garden, 65% of pine branches and 10% of pine needles are subjected to anaerobic high-temperature charcoal firing in a rotary furnace, tail gas is collected at 120 ℃ and condensed to obtain crude pyroligneous liquor, and then the crude pyroligneous liquor is stood for 30 days to obtain upper-layer pyroligneous liquor and middle-layer pyroligneous liquor after layering and stabilization; and cooling in the furnace body to obtain the biochar material, and crushing the biochar material into 1.5cm fragments to obtain the biochar.
(2) Taking 25% of air-dried sheep manure, 45% of air-dried cow manure, 18% of peanut bran, 7% of tea seed cake and 5% of calcium superphosphate according to mass fraction, fully mixing and adjusting the water content to 65%, and fermenting at a high temperature (above 60 ℃) for 7 days to obtain a primary compost material; inoculating the biochar with bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis, wherein the strain contains more than 2 hundred million effective viable bacteria per gram, the inoculation amount is 0.3 percent of the mass fraction, adjusting the water content to 28 percent, and fully and uniformly mixing to obtain the biochar material loaded with the growth-promoting microbial inoculum; mixing the primary compost material with the biochar material loaded with the growth promoting microbial inoculum according to the mass ratio of 5:1, and carrying out composting for 30 days to obtain a compost mixture.
(3) According to the mass fraction, 12.1 percent of monoammonium phosphate, 44.5 percent of ammonium sulfate, 8.8 percent of urea, 22.1 percent of potassium sulfate, 0.4 percent of borax, 7.5 percent of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 1.0 percent of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and 4.0 percent of alginic acid concentrated solution (containing more than 18 percent of alginic acid) are taken and fully mixed to form the base fertilizer synergistic formula material.
(4) Preparing a germination accelerating fertilizer by using clear water: 0.2g/L, L g-lysine 0.3g/L, medium wood vinegar 5.0g/L, ammonium sulfate 1.8g/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.5g/L, borax 30mg/L, and zinc sulfate heptahydrate 20 mg/L.
(5) Preparing a trimming nutrient fertilizer by using clear water: 8.0g/L of upper layer pyroligneous, 0.7g/L of urea, 0.5g/L of monoammonium phosphate and 0.8g/L of potassium sulfate.
(6) Annual fertilization management tests of the tea are carried out, annual fertilization conditions are shown in a table 3, and test effects are shown in a table 4.
TABLE 3 annual fertilization conditions with different treatments
TABLE 4 indexes of yield, quality and soil of tea leaves treated differently
The above examples show that the method of the invention can realize the yield and quality increase of tea leaves under the condition of reducing the fertilizer consumption compared with the traditional fertilizing method. Wherein N is reduced by 19.4-28.7%, and P is2O5Reduce K by 24.0-52.0%2The reduction of O is 14.0 percent; the weight of the tea leaves is increased by 16.1-18.6%, the yield of tea leaves is increased by 10.1-12.0%, the content of free amino acids is relatively increased by 18.3-29.2%, the content of tea polyphenols is increased by-2.1-25.0%, the phenol-ammonia ratio is reduced, the organic matter of soil is increased by 0.17-0.19%, and the pH is increased by 0.15-0.26 unit. The granular form of the sheep manure in the compost mixture is beneficial to compost aeration, the compost condition is optimized, the temperature is rapidly raised and the compost is thoroughly decomposed, and loose soil can be improved when the sheep manure is applied to the soil; the tea seed cake is added for composting, so that insect pests and diseases of a tea garden can be reduced by utilizing the insect expelling effect of tea saponin in the tea seed cake; the effect of the biochar on improving soil and the stability of the activity of the microbial inoculum can be improved by the biochar loaded growth-promoting microbial inoculum; humic acid/alginic acid and other synergistic formula materials are applied in the base fertilizer stage, and a starch type water-retaining agent is applied in combination, so that soil moisture preservation and fertilizer synergism are facilitated. The foliage spraying germination accelerating fertilizer synergizes inorganic nutrients through amino acid, and introduces the disease-resistant and insect-resistant effects of the wood vinegar in a short period, so that the damage of plant diseases and insect pests to tea buds in the growth period is reduced, and the quality of the tea buds is improved. The introduction of wood vinegar into the soil drip irrigation topdressing can activate nutrients and reduce the occurrence degree of soil diseases and insect pests, so that the invention can comprehensively play a role in various aspects such as microcosmic and macroscopic aspects to achieve the aim and solve the technical problem。
The embodiments described above are presented to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the invention. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments may be made, and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications to the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A tea combined fertilizer is characterized by comprising a base fertilizer, a germination accelerating fertilizer and a pruning nutrient fertilizer;
the base fertilizer comprises a compost mixture and a base fertilizer synergistic formula material, wherein the compost mixture is prepared by mixing and composting livestock manure compost mixture and biochar material loaded with growth promoting microbial inoculum in a mass ratio of 5-8: 1; the base fertilizer synergistic formula comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5-15% of urea, 40-45% of ammonium sulfate, 10-15% of monoammonium phosphate, 20-30% of potassium sulfate, 0.2-0.5% of borax, 5-8% of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5-1.0% of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0-5% of potassium humate or 0-5% of alginic acid concentrated solution;
the germination accelerating fertilizer comprises the following components in concentration: 0-0.25g/L of polyaspartic acid, 0-0.25g/L, L g-lysine, 0.1-0.3g/L of polyglutamic acid, 3.0-5.0g/L of middle-layer wood vinegar, 1.5-2.5g/L of ammonium sulfate, 1.0-2.5g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10-30mg/L of borax, 15-40mg/L of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and the balance of water;
the pruning nutrient fertilizer comprises the following components in concentration: 5.0-10.0g/L of upper layer wood vinegar, 0.3-0.8g/L of urea, 0.5-1.0g/L of monoammonium phosphate, 0.5-1.5g/L of potassium sulfate and the balance of water;
the preparation method of the biochar and the wood vinegar comprises the following steps: air-drying the tea garden straws trimmed in the tea garden, mixing the naturally air-dried pine and pine needles, burning biochar under anaerobic conditions, collecting tail gas when the temperature of the tail gas reaches above 120 ℃, condensing the tail gas to obtain crude wood vinegar, standing for 30 days, layering and stabilizing, and separating to obtain upper layer wood vinegar and middle layer wood vinegar; and cooling to obtain biomass charcoal after firing, and crushing to obtain the biomass charcoal material.
2. The tea combined fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tea garden straws, pine wood and pine needles are mixed in a proportion of 25-50% by mass, 50-75% by mass and 10-15% by mass.
3. The tea combined fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer is applied by mixing the compost mixture of 350-1200 kg/mu, the base fertilizer synergistic formula of 20-60 kg/mu with the starch grafted acrylate of 1.5-3.0 kg/mu and the fine sand of 8-10 kg/mu.
4. The tea combined fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the composting temperature is 28-40 ℃ and the composting culture time is 30 days or more.
5. The tea combined fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the livestock manure compost mixture comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 20-40% of sheep manure, 20-50% of cow manure, 15-25% of peanut bran, 5-10% of tea cake and 3-5% of calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the components are mixed, adjusted in moisture content, and piled up after 60-65%.
6. The tea combined fertilizer as claimed in claim 5, wherein the composting conditions of the livestock manure compost mixture are high temperature fermentation above 60 ℃, and during the composting, when the duration is more than 24 hours under the temperature condition of more than 60 ℃, the composting needs to be turned over and cooled to prevent the composting, and after 7-10 days, the compost is cooled to below 40 ℃.
7. The tea combined fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the growth promoting microbial inoculum is 1 or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium and bacillus licheniformis, the number of effective viable bacteria in the strain is more than 2-5 hundred million/g, and the inoculation amount is 0.2-0.3%.
8. The method for reducing annual fertilization according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising the steps of:
s1, applying a base fertilizer in winter: after 11 months of winter, making strip-shaped ditches 20-30cm deep near the drip line of the tea trees, mixing and spreading the compost mixture of 1200 kilograms per mu of 350-plus material, the base fertilizer synergistic formula material of 20-60 kilograms per mu, the starch grafted acrylate of 1.5-3.0 kilograms per mu and the fine sand of 8-10 kilograms per mu in the ditches, covering soil and watering thoroughly;
s2, adding a germination accelerating fertilizer: spraying a germination accelerating fertilizer on the leaf surface 1 month before tea buds sprout, spraying 1 time every 7-10 days for 2-3 times, and stopping spraying the germination accelerating fertilizer after the tea buds sprout;
s3, adding a nutrient fertilizer after summer pruning: the pruning nutrient fertilizer is drip-irrigated once every 15-20 days after the tea leaves are pruned, the drip irrigation is carried out for 2-3 times, and the pruning nutrient fertilizer is applied for 6-10m per mu of drip irrigation3。
9. The fertilizing method as claimed in claim 8, wherein in step S1, the amount of fertilizer applied to the tea garden varies from year to year:
for a 1-3-year-old tea garden, uniformly mixing and spreading 500 kg of compost mixture per mu of 350-sand, 20-35 kg of base fertilizer synergistic formula material per mu, 1.5-3.0 kg of starch grafted acrylate per mu and 8-10 kg of fine sand soil;
for 3-6 year old tea gardens, uniformly mixing and spreading 800 kg of compost mixture per mu, 30-40 kg of base fertilizer synergistic formula material per mu, 1.5-3.0 kg of starch grafted acrylate per mu and 8-10 kg of fine sandy soil;
for a high-yield tea garden with more than 6 years old, the compost mixture of 1200 kilograms per mu of 700-1200-kilograms, the base fertilizer synergistic formula of 40-60 kilograms per mu, the starch grafted acrylate of 1.5-3.0 kilograms per mu and the fine sandy soil of 8-10 kilograms are uniformly mixed and spread.
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