CN111433018A - 具有高耐鸟撞击性的航空层压窗玻璃 - Google Patents

具有高耐鸟撞击性的航空层压窗玻璃 Download PDF

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CN111433018A
CN111433018A CN201880078228.9A CN201880078228A CN111433018A CN 111433018 A CN111433018 A CN 111433018A CN 201880078228 A CN201880078228 A CN 201880078228A CN 111433018 A CN111433018 A CN 111433018A
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laminated glazing
sheet
glass sheet
structural
glass
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T.通迪
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
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    • B32B17/10018—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising only one glass sheet
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    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
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    • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
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    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及‑用于车辆或建筑物的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括内结构聚合物材料片材和外结构玻璃片材，该外结构玻璃片材在鸟撞击的应力特征下具有350至1000MPa断裂应力；‑将这种层压窗玻璃用作满足鸟撞击强度的要求的飞机窗玻璃。

Description

具有高耐鸟撞击性的航空层压窗玻璃
航空窗玻璃的机械尺寸由对耐鸟类撞击性的要求所决定。因此，窗玻璃的重量强烈地受对耐鸟撞击性的要求所控制。本发明是一种具有减轻重量的窗玻璃组合物，该窗玻璃由具有高断裂应力的结构玻璃和坚韧的结构塑料组成。断裂应力有时也称为断裂模量(英文为“module of rupture”MOR)。
当前，航空窗玻璃由至少两个片层形成，以确保在一个片层破裂的情况下的安全性。可以在外部面上增加第三片层以管理空气动力学要求和/或作为用于除冰的加热功能的支撑。
提供机械性能的层称为结构片层：它们是：
-两个具有高断裂应力的玻璃片层；或者
-两个或更多个由聚合物材料制成的片层：流延(英文为“as cast”)或拉伸的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)，聚碳酸酯(PC)，聚氨酯(PU)。
减轻重量是航空业的一项永久要求。具有一方面两个玻璃结构片层，另一方面拉伸的PMMA的窗玻璃，使得可以实现与层压窗玻璃基本相似的重量。
由聚碳酸酯制成的窗玻璃允许减轻重量，但聚碳酸酯还存在许多缺陷：
-高划痕敏感性；
-机械性能随时间连续下降；
-在紫外线辐射下泛黄；
-分层倾向；
-在连接位置(在PC片材中用于螺栓连接的孔)的疲劳破坏(压力的增加和减少的交替)；
-较低的弹性模量，在飞机增压的作用下导致窗玻璃的明显变形。
在鸟撞击期间，窗玻璃会局部弯曲，这在窗玻璃中产生应力。正是距冲击最远的表面承受的最大应力可能会导致飞机层压窗玻璃的内结构片层破裂。相反，外结构片层很少受到拉伸应力，甚至处于压缩状态，这使其得到保留。沿着鸟的撞击方向，从飞机的外部朝向内部，层压窗玻璃的结构块受到压缩应力，然后受到拉伸应力，这两种类型应力在结构块中由称为“中性轴(fibre neutre)”(零载荷)分隔。
本发明的目的是结合两个结构片材，以便在鸟撞击时推后该压层压窗玻璃的断裂限值。该目的通过本发明实现，因此本发明的一个主题是用于车辆或建筑物的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括内结构聚合物材料片材和外结构玻璃片材，该外结构玻璃片材具有为3至20mm的厚度，在鸟撞击的应力特征下具有350至1000MPa断裂应力。
本发明包括一种结构块的形成，该结构块由在结构块的最外侧面上具有高断裂应力的玻璃和由放置在窗玻璃的内表面上并且特征为低弹性模量的聚合物材料形成。
玻璃具有约70GPa等级的高弹性模量，远高于聚合物材料的弹性模量(在鸟撞击产生应力条件下为几GPa)。因此，玻璃主要决定窗玻璃的变形。
与具有两个结构玻璃的窗玻璃相比，中性轴(零负载)在层压窗玻璃的装配位置中，更具体地说在外结构玻璃的内部中，朝结构块的外侧移动：因此，其负载增加了。换句话说，外结构玻璃片材在这里是拉伸应力。内结构聚合物材料片材由于玻璃的刚度而几乎不变形。此外，由于其低的弹性模量，聚合物材料需要比玻璃更大的变形来负载。
由于本发明，可以通过寻求同时达到在玻璃和聚合物材料上的断裂限值来优化层压窗玻璃的重量，这在两个结构片层是相同类型时是不可能的。
与其中两个结构片层由玻璃或PMMA制成的飞机层压窗玻璃相比，本发明的窗玻璃同时提供更好的鸟撞击性能，尤其结构块的重量减轻了例如约20％。
外结构玻璃片材的完全封装允许选择表面化学增强材料，与具有深度增强的玻璃相比，该表面化学增强材料允许实现更高的增强水平。规定了深度增强允许防止由于表面刮擦而造成的机械性能的损失，这在封装的情况下是不可能发生的。
根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的其他特征：
-内结构聚合物材料片材由拉制或非拉制的聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)，结构聚氨酯(PU)或聚碳酸酯(PC)制成，厚度在5至22mm之间；
-外结构玻璃片材由钠钙玻璃或铝硅酸盐玻璃制成；
-外结构玻璃片材是化学增强的；化学增强作用例如包括在玻璃片材的表面上用钾离子代替钠离子，或用钠离子代替锂离子，即每次用较大的离子代替；正是这增加了它们的表面压缩应力和断裂应力；
-内和外结构片材通过第一粘合剂中间层彼此粘合，该第一粘合剂中间层的厚度为0.5至5毫米，优选为1.8至3.2毫米；
-所述层压窗玻璃在所述外结构玻璃片材的与所述内结构聚合物材料片材相反的一侧上包括厚度为0.5mm至5mm的外玻璃片材；这种薄的、非结构性的外玻璃片材构成了层状窗玻璃的外表面，与外界大气接触；
-外玻璃片材是钠钙或铝硅酸盐类型玻璃片材；
-外玻璃片材是半淬火的或化学增强的；
-外玻璃片材通过厚度为2至12mm，优选为3至7mm的第二粘合剂中间层被粘结至外结构玻璃片材；
-外玻璃片材的朝向外结构玻璃片材的面支撑着电热丝网和/或导电加热层；铜线，掺杂锡的氧化铟ITO(铟锡氧化物)层，它们通过集电器(母线)连接到电源；在所有使用条件下，加热功能的这种定位在与外部大气接触时为层压窗玻璃的表面提供除冰，同时使所需的电功率最小化(接近冰)；
-内或外结构玻璃片材的一个面支撑着如上所述的加热丝网和/或导电加热层；加热功能的这种定位为与飞机座舱的与大气接触的层压窗玻璃表面的提供除雾；
-外玻璃片材的与外结构玻璃片材相反的面与装配结构齐平；换句话说，该面处于结构(飞机机身)的连续性中；外玻璃片材的基本功能是飞机的空气动力学性能，并且在较小程度上是外观功能；
-粘合剂中间层包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)，聚氨酯(PU)，乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)等；
-层压窗玻璃是弯曲的(在装配位置朝车辆或建筑物内部的凹面)；
-在层压窗玻璃的外围区域的至少一部分上，在内和外结构玻璃片材之间插入增强片材；它是沿着层压窗玻璃外围区域的有效部分的增强材料条，例如金属或纤维复合材料(Kevlar®等)；该增强片材承受窗玻璃保持器所施加的局部应力，这具有使外结构玻璃局部破碎成小块的风险；增强片材防止在窗玻璃保持器和窗玻璃之间的接触边界处粘合剂中间层的撕裂。
另一方面，本发明的主题是如上所述的层压窗玻璃在航空中的用途，特别地作为在满足耐鸟撞击强度的要求的商用、区域或公务飞机的窗玻璃。
本发明现在通过以下实施例进行说明。
实施例
加压商用飞机驾驶舱的层压窗玻璃从飞机内部向外部由以下构成：
-10毫米厚的拉制PMMA内结构片材;
-断裂应力为500MPa的8毫米厚的化学增强钠钙玻璃外结构片材；和
-3毫米厚的半淬火钠钙外玻璃片材(表面应力为50MPa)。
两个结构片材通过2mm厚的PVB粘合剂中间层粘合。
外结构玻璃片材和外玻璃片材通过10mm厚的PU粘合剂中间层粘合。
朝向外结构玻璃片材的外玻璃片材的面带有ITO除冰加热层。飞机座舱的正面除冰窗玻璃尤其是这种情况。如上所述，在除雾窗玻璃的情况下，可以通过在层压板中结构块的任何表面来支撑加热功能。
外玻璃片材的外表面与飞机的机体、层压窗玻璃的组装环境齐平。
这种层压窗玻璃具有改善的抗鸟撞击性能。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于车辆或建筑物的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它包括内结构聚合物材料片材和厚度为3至20mm的外结构玻璃片材，该外结构玻璃片材在鸟撞击的应力特征下具有350至1000MPa断裂应力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，内结构聚合物材料片材由拉制或非拉制的聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)，结构聚氨酯(PU)或聚碳酸酯(PC)制成，厚度在5至22mm之间。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外结构玻璃片材由钠钙玻璃或铝硅酸盐玻璃制成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外结构玻璃片材是化学增强的。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述内结构片材和外结构片材通过厚度为0.5至5毫米，优选地为1.8至3.2毫米的第一粘合剂中间层彼此粘合。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述层压窗玻璃在所述外结构玻璃片材的与所述内结构聚合物材料片材相反的一侧上包括厚度为0.5mm至5mm的外玻璃片材。
7.根据权利要求6所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外玻璃片材是钠钙类型或铝硅酸盐类型玻璃片材。
8.根据权利要求6所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外玻璃片材是半淬火的或化学增强的。
9.根据权利要求6所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外玻璃片材通过厚度为2至12mm，优选地3至7mm的第二粘合剂中间层结合到所述外结构玻璃片材。
10.根据权利要求6所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外玻璃片材的朝向所述外结构玻璃片材定向的面支撑着加热丝网和/或导电加热层。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述内或外结构片材的一个面支撑着加热丝网和/或导电加热层。
12.根据权利要求6所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述外玻璃片材的与所述外结构玻璃片材相反的面与所述组装结构齐平。
13.根据权利要求5和9中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，粘合剂中间层包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛，聚氨酯，乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物等。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，它是弯曲的。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，在所述层压窗玻璃的外围区域的至少一部分上，在所述内和外结构玻璃片材之间插入加强片材。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃在航空中的用途。
17.根据权利要求16所述的层压窗玻璃的用途，作为在满足耐鸟撞击强度的要求的商用、区域或公务飞机的窗玻璃。
CN201880078228.9A 2017-12-13 2018-12-11 具有高耐鸟撞击性的航空层压窗玻璃 Pending CN111433018A (zh)

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