CN111345266A - Method for producing ternary hybrid mutton sheep - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a production method of a ternary hybrid mutton sheep, which comprises the following steps: step 1: setting a pure breeding group of small-tailed han sheep as a control group, setting an experimental group at the same time, and hybridizing the small-tailed han sheep as a female parent and Australian white sheep, Dorper sheep and Charolais sheep as male parents to generate 3 binary hybrid mutton sheep; step 2: selecting a ewe of a high-quality binary hybrid mutton sheep as a female parent, and hybridizing the ewe with an Australian white sheep, a Dorper sheep and a Charolais sheep respectively to generate 6 types of ternary hybrid mutton sheep; and step 3: through production performance analysis and comparative research, the optimal hybridization combination is screened out from the 6 ternary hybridization combinations. The Aoha-Xihan ternary hybrid mutton sheep finally obtained by the method has the advantages of high growth speed, large slaughter body weight, high slaughter rate, low feed conversion ratio and the like, provides a new method for rapidly producing mutton sheep in large scale, and can meet the requirement of modern people on high-quality mutton in time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of animal breeding, in particular to a production method of a ternary hybrid mutton sheep.
Background
The small-tailed han sheep is produced in the south of Hebei, the east and the northeast of Henan, the south of Shandong and the north of Anhui and the North of Suzhou, and has the characteristics of early maturity, quick early growth and development, high physique, good meat quality, four-season estrus, strong fecundity, stable heredity and the like. Although small-tailed han sheep have strong reproductive capacity and a large number of lambs, the breeding management of the existing ewes is not scientific and fine enough, so that the number of non-productive days of the ewes is longer, the production cost is increased, the breeding benefit is reduced, and meanwhile, the meat yield is lower, so that the small-tailed han sheep are not suitable for being used as mutton sheep.
At present, in order to improve the meat production performance and the mutton quality of mutton sheep, the mutton sheep production is common by adopting a hybridization mode, but most of the mutton sheep production still stays on binary hybridization, certain excellent characters of two parents are obtained by a hybridization method, and the result shows that the filial generation is improved in growth speed or feed utilization rate compared with a single variety. Research shows that the total reproductive capacity of sheep adopting binary hybridization is improved by 2.1%, the reproductive capacity of ternary hybridization sheep is improved by 14.9%, and obviously, the mode of the multivariate hybridization has obvious advantages for improving certain performance, but compared with developed countries, China starts late in the aspect of the multivariate hybridization and is commonly a hybridized pig, the multivariate hybridization of sheep is mainly in the binary hybridization, the ternary hybridization is rare, patents also disclose the related hybridization mode of the ternary sheep, the hybridization process is complicated, and the adopted hybridization parents are generally foreign old varieties as male parents, such as: the method has the advantages that the method is simple, the quality of the mutton sheep is improved, the mutton sheep is bred, the mutton sheep meets the requirements of people on high meat quality and multiple lambs, and the method has important significance for obtaining the mutton sheep with high quality in a multi-element hybridization mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a production method of a ternary hybrid mutton sheep, which adopts foreign variety Charolais as a first male parent, local variety small tailed Han sheep as a female parent, and performs hybridization to obtain F1 generation binary hybrid progeny, and simultaneously performs hybridization between the foreign variety Australian white as a terminal male parent and F1 generation binary hybrid progeny to obtain the Australian Cold ternary hybrid mutton sheep with excellent growth and development performance, slaughter performance and feed conversion performance.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention provides a production method of a ternary hybrid mutton sheep, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: setting a pure breeding group of small-tailed han sheep as a control group, setting an experimental group at the same time, and hybridizing the small-tailed han sheep as a female parent and Australian white sheep, Dorper sheep and Charolais sheep as male parents to generate 3F 1 generation binary hybrid mutton sheep;
step 2: selecting a ewe of a high-quality F1 generation binary hybrid mutton sheep as a female parent, and hybridizing the ewe with Australian white sheep, Dorper sheep and Charolais sheep to generate 6F 1 generation ternary hybrid mutton sheep with Australian summer cold, Australian Duhan, Duaoyahan, Duxia summer cold, summer Australian cold and summer Duhan;
and step 3: through production performance analysis and comparative study, the optimal hybridization combination is screened out from 6F 1 generation ternary hybrid mutton sheep.
Preferably, the hybridization mode in step 2 is specifically:
selecting high-quality Aopahan ewes from F1 generation binary filial generations, and hybridizing with DuPo ram and Charolais ram respectively to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations, namely Duaohan and Charolais;
selecting high-quality Ardisia japonica from F1 generation binary filial generations to be respectively hybridized with Australian white ram and Charolais ram to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations of Australian Ardisia and Charolais;
high-quality summer-Han ewes are selected from F1 generation binary filial generations and are respectively hybridized with Australian white ram and DuPo ram to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations of Australian summer-Han and Du summer-Han.
Preferably, the optimal hybridization combination selected from the 6F 1 generation ternary hybrid mutton sheep in the step 3 is F1 generation ternary hybrid generation Aohai.
Preferably, the properties described in step 3 include growth and development properties, slaughter properties and feed conversion properties.
Preferably, when the ternary hybrid mutton sheep with the best performance is screened, the offspring of the pure breed variety of the small tailed han sheep is used as a control.
Preferably, the crossing is a natural mating method or an artificial insemination method.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
the invention adopts local small tailed han sheep as female parent, which has the characteristics of annual estrus, much lambing, large physique and the like, foreign varieties Australian white, Dorper and Charolly are used as male parents, which has the characteristics of much meat and little lambing, the foreign varieties are respectively hybridized to obtain F1 generation binary filial generation, the female sheep with high performance is selected from F1 generation binary filial generation as female parent, and is respectively hybridized with two varieties of Australian white, Dorper and Charolly (except the variety same as the parent), the F1 generation ternary filial generation is obtained, the F1 generation ternary filial generation is evaluated from three aspects of growth performance, slaughter performance and feed conversion performance, and the result shows that: the method is characterized in that Charolly is used as a first male parent to be hybridized with a female parent small-tailed Han sheep to obtain F1 generation binary filial generation, then high-quality F1 generation binary filial generation is selected as the female parent, and Australia white is used as a terminal male parent to be hybridized to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generation Aohan, and the method has the advantages of high growth speed, high meat production rate and large meat production amount. Specifically, through the comparative study on different hybrid combinations of Charolais, Dorper, Australian white and small tailed Han sheep, the Australian-summer cold ternary hybrid combination is screened out. The birth weight, the weaning weight and the 6-month-old weight are respectively increased by 5.57 percent, 21.31 percent and 13.3 percent, the dressing percentage is improved by 6.1 percent, and the feed conversion ratio is reduced by 11.8 percent.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the production method of the ternary hybrid mutton sheep.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.
Example 1
A production method of ternary hybrid mutton sheep specifically adopts a natural mating method for hybridization, and specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: breeding and hybridizing Australian white sheep (A), Dorper sheep (D) and Charolais sheep (X) which serve as male parents and small tailed Han sheep (H) which serve as female parents to obtain F1 generation binary filial generations of Australian Han (AH), Duhan (DH) and Chardonnah (XH);
step 2: selecting Australian Han ewe with high growth speed, high feed conversion rate, strong physique, good development of all parts of a body, particularly reproductive organs, and obvious oestrus expression in an initial period from the F1 generation binary filial generations, and hybridizing the Australian Han ewe with the DuPo ram and the Charolly ram respectively to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations, namely, the Australian Han (DAH) and the Charolly ram (XAH);
respectively hybridizing high-quality Duhan ewes with Australian white rams and Charolais rams to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations of Australian Duhan (ADH) and Charolais (XDH);
hybridizing high-quality summer-Han ewes with the Australian white ram and the Dorper ram respectively to obtain F1 generation ternary hybrid progeny Australian-summer-Han (AXH) and Dorper-summer-Han (DXH);
and step 3: and selecting the ternary hybrid mutton sheep with the best character from the obtained multiple F1 generation ternary hybrid offspring.
The hybridization process is divided into 6 groups for ternary hybridization test, and meanwhile, a control group (pure breeding group of small-tailed Han sheep) is set to determine the character indexes of the ternary hybridization mutton sheep, including production and development performance, slaughter performance and feed conversion performance respectively.
1. Determination of growth and development Performance index
Study subjects: all offspring sheep generated from 6 triple crosses and control group that achieved the slaughter criteria.
The research indexes are as follows: body weight (birth weight, weaning weight, slaughter weight, average daily gain from birth to weaning, average daily gain from weaning to slaughtering), body size (height, length, chest circumference, and circumference).
The research method comprises the following steps: the packets are marked, measured in time, and then the data is collated and analyzed (as shown in tables 1 and 2).
TABLE 1 weight index analysis results of three-way crossbred sheep and small tailed Han sheep (unit: kg, g/d)
As can be seen from Table 1, under the same feeding conditions, the weight indexes of the offspring sheep of the 6 ternary hybridization groups and the small tailed Han sheep groups are different, and the specific expression is as follows:
primary weight: the XDH was maximal, followed by AXH, which were 4.09 + -1.06 kg and 3.98 + -0.95 kg, respectively, 8.49% and 5.57% higher than 3.77 + -0.91 kg of small tailed Han sheep (H), respectively, but did not show significant difference with small tailed Han sheep (P >0.05), and did not show significant difference with the other 4 groups (P > 0.05).
Weight weaning: AXH is 27.83 + -6.58 kg, 21.31% higher than 22.94 + -3.39 kg of small tailed Han sheep (H), and has significant difference (P <0.05) with small tailed Han sheep (H), and the other 5 groups have no significant difference (P >0.05) with small tailed Han sheep.
And (4) marketing weight: AXH is 44.89 + -6.54 kg, 13.30% higher than 39.62 + -4.11 kg of small tailed han sheep (H), which is significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P <0.01), ADH, DAH and DXH are significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P <0.05), and XAH and XDH are not significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P > 0.05).
Average daily gain from birth to weaning: AXH is 243.32 + -83.02 g/d, which is 33.80% higher than that of small tailed han sheep (H), and has significant difference (P <0.01) with small tailed han sheep (H), and the other 5 groups except XAH also have significant difference (P <0.01) with small tailed han sheep (H).
Average daily gain from weaning to slaughtering: AXH is the largest, 299.57 + -42.13 g/d, 11.45% higher than 268.79 + -73.68 g/d of small tailed han sheep (H), which is significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P <0.05), the other 5 groups of ADH and DAH are also significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P <0.05), and DXH, XAH and XDH are not significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P > 0.05).
To sum up: from the results of analysis of the body weight indices at each stage, the hybrid combination of Aohai-Han (AXH) was superior among the 6 ternary hybrids.
TABLE 2 analysis results (unit: cm) of body size index of three-way hybrid sheep and small tailed Han sheep 6 months old for slaughter
As can be seen from Table 2, under the same feeding conditions, 6 three-way hybridization groups and 6-month-old postnatal sheep of small tailed Han sheep group have different body size indexes, which are specifically represented as follows:
body height: the biggest small-tail Han sheep (H) is 68.16 +/-3.72 cm, the second is XAH and AXH which are 67.82 +/-3.54 cm and 67.39 +/-2.12 cm respectively, and XAH and AXH have no significant difference (P is more than 0.05) with the small-tail Han sheep (H).
Body length: AXH is maximum, followed by DXH, 76.62 + -3.17 cm and 74.65 + -4.76 cm, which are respectively higher than 73.24 + -4.33 cm of small-tailed Han sheep (H) by 4.61% and 1.93%, both of which are significantly different from small-tailed Han sheep (P <0.05), XAH and XDH are also significantly different from small-tailed Han sheep (P <0.05), and ADH and DAH are not significantly different from small-tailed Han sheep (H) (P > 0.05).
Chest circumference: AXH is 86.90 + -4.13 cm, 3.37% higher than 84.05 + -5.94 cm of small tailed han sheep (H), and has significant difference (P <0.01) with small tailed han sheep (H), and the other 5 groups except ADH have significant difference (P <0.05) with small tailed han sheep (H).
Pipe surrounding: AXH is 10.07 + -0.51 cm, 5.11% higher than 9.58 + -0.49 cm of small tailed han sheep (H), which is significantly different from small tailed han sheep (H) (P <0.05), and 5 groups are significantly different from small tailed han sheep (P <0.05)
To sum up: among the 6 ternary hybrids, the Australian-summer-cold (AXH) ternary hybrid was superior from the results of analysis of body size indicators at the time of marketing at 6 months of age.
2. Study of slaughter Performance
Study subjects: 6 ternary hybridization combinations and control group offspring sheep which reach the slaughtering standard.
The research content is as follows: slaughter performance and meat quality performance indexes. Measurement indexes are as follows: slaughter indexes such as live weight before slaughtering, carcass weight, net meat weight, viscera weight, eye muscle area, slaughter rate, net meat rate, carcass net meat rate and meat-bone ratio.
The research method comprises the following steps: data were measured and compared for standard slaughter splits (as shown in table 3).
The slaughter test of the ternary hybridization combination is carried out 3 times in sequence, and 40 test sheep are slaughtered and determined respectively in 6-month and 10-day 2018, 7-month and 13-day 2018 and 11-month and 3-day 2018, wherein: ADH 8, AXH 8, DAH 6, DXH 6, XAH2, XDH 4, H6.
TABLE 3 slaughter Performance index analysis results of ternary hybrid sheep and small tailed Han sheep (unit: kg, cm)2，％)
Note: the feeding conditions among different groups are the same, the time for slaughtering and measuring data of each batch is the same, and the day ages of each sheep at slaughtering are similar.
As can be seen from Table 8, under the same feeding conditions, the slaughtering performance indexes of the offspring sheep of the 6 ternary hybridization groups and the small tailed han sheep groups are different, and the specific expression is as follows:
live weight before slaughter: AXH is maximum, 48.42 + -3.58 kg, 8.49% higher than that of small tailed han sheep (H) (44.63 + -6.21 kg), which are significantly different (P <0.05), the other 5 groups are all higher than that of small tailed han sheep, and XAH and XDH are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Carcass weight: AXH is 24.42 + -2.75 kg, which is 5.94% higher than that of small tailed han sheep (H) (23.05 + -3.80 kg), and the two are significantly different (P <0.05), the other 5 groups are all higher than that of small tailed han sheep, and XAH and XDH are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Net meat weight: AXH is 21.15 + -3.02 kg, which is 14.76% higher than that of small tailed Han sheep (H) (18.43 + -3.08 kg), and the two are very significant differences (P <0.01), and the other 5 groups are also higher than that of small tailed Han sheep and are very significant differences (P < 0.01).
Eye muscle area: AXH max, 30.38 + -6.07 cm2Comparative small tailed Han sheep (H) (24.40 + -2.94 cm)2) 24.51% higher, the difference between them is very significant (P)<0.01), the other 5 groups are all higher than small-tailed Han sheep (H), and have obvious or polarity difference (P) with ADH except ADH<0.05，P<0.01)。
Slaughter rate: AXH was the largest (54.23 + -1.25)%, 6.10% higher than that of small tailed han sheep (H) (51.11 + -2.11)%, which showed significant difference (P <0.05), and the other 5 groups were all higher than those of small tailed han sheep (H), except ADH and DAH, which showed significant difference (P < 0.05).
The net meat rate: AXH was maximal (39.77 + -8.77%), 35.09% higher than that of small tailed han sheep (H) (29.44 + -6.52%), with very significant difference (P <0.01), and the other 5 groups were higher than small tailed han sheep (H), with significant or polarity difference (P <0.05, P <0.01) except ADH and DXH.
Carcass meat purity: AXH was the largest (76.47. + -. 2.29)%, which was 5.87% higher than that of small tailed Han sheep (H) (72.23. + -. 3.86)%, and was significantly different from each other (P <0.05), and the other 5 groups were all higher than that of small tailed Han sheep (H), except ADH and DAH (P < 0.05).
The meat-bone ratio: DAH was maximal at AXH, second at 6.75 + -0.96 and 6.63 + -1.58, respectively, and 59.20% and 56.37% higher than 4.24 + -1.04 of small tailed han sheep (H), respectively, with all significant differences (P <0.05), and the other 5 groups were also higher than small tailed han sheep (H), with all significant differences (P <0.05), except for ADH.
To sum up: from the results of the slaughter performance index analysis, the three-element hybrid combination of Aohai-Han (AXH) is superior among the 6 three-element hybrid combinations.
3. Study of feed conversion Properties
And 4, 20 days in 2018, selecting a total of 54 test sheep of 6 ternary hybrid combinations and a control group with similar conditions of age of days (about 3 months), weight and body size and the like, wherein: ADH 8, AXH 10, DAH 8, DXH 10, XAH2, XDH 4, H12. Each group of sheep was under the same feeding conditions, i.e.: feeding with the same shed, material and person for 45 days. The initial body weight, end-of-term body weight and feed consumption of each group during the test period were recorded for each sheep and subjected to statistical analysis (as shown in table 4).
TABLE 4 analysis of the weight ratio of three-way crossbred sheep and small tailed Han sheep (unit: kg, g/d)
As can be seen from Table 4, under the same feeding conditions, after a feeding test for 45 days, the feed-weight ratio indexes of the offspring sheep of the 6 ternary hybridization groups and the small tailed han sheep group are different, and the specific expression is as follows:
average daily gain: AXH was the largest, 316.01. + -. 21.79g/d, 28.37% higher than 246.17. + -. 37.4g/d of small tailed han sheep (H), which showed significant difference (P <0.05), and the other 5 groups were also higher than small tailed han sheep (H), except XAH and XDH, showed significant difference (P < 0.05).
The material weight ratio is as follows: AXH is minimum and 4.19, which is 11.80% lower than 4.75% of small tailed Han sheep (H), and the other 5 groups are all lower than small tailed Han sheep (H).
In summary, from the analysis results of the average daily gain and the material-to-weight ratio index, the three-element hybrid combination of Australian-summer-cold (AXH) is superior among the 6 three-element hybrid combinations.
By combining the analysis results, through comparative analysis of indexes such as weight, body size, average daily gain, material weight ratio, slaughter performance and the like of 6 ternary hybridization combinations and offspring sheep of small-tailed Han sheep groups, the indexes of the Aohan (AXH) combination are superior in the 6 hybridization combinations, and the fact that the Aohan (AXH) combination is popularized in ternary hybridization production of meat sheep in the city of Tangshan is suggested.
Example 2
The difference from the example 1 lies in that the artificial insemination method is adopted for hybridization, the hybridization result is not different from the result of the natural mating method, and the indexes of the Australian-summer-cold ternary hybrid mutton sheep are the best.
The key technology for breeding the ternary hybrid mutton sheep obtained by carrying out hybridization in different modes in the above embodiment 1-2 is as follows: the key technologies of 4 meat sheep intensive breeding, such as early supplementary feeding of lambs, rapid fattening technology of weaned lambs, Total Mixed Ration (TMR) feeding, epidemic disease prevention and control, and the like, are integrated and applied to reduce the production cost of a sheep farm and improve the production efficiency. At present, the integrated application of the key technologies for intensive breeding of the 4 meat sheep is initiated in China, and the immunization program is self-created by the inventor. The 4-item intensive cultivation key technology of the meat sheep specifically comprises the following steps:
1. lamb early supplementary feeding technology
The lamb early supplementary feeding technology is a technology for supplementary feeding of lambs by arranging a lamb supplementary feeding fence or a lamb trough after the lambs are about 14 days old. The lamb early growth promoting agent aims to accelerate the growth speed of lambs in the early stage, stimulate the development of digestive organs, reduce the difference of single, double and multiple lambs and lay a good foundation for later-stage fattening. Meanwhile, the frequency of milk eating by the lambs to the ewes is reduced, so that the lactation peak period of the ewes is kept for a longer time. The supplementary feed comprises concentrated feed and coarse feed, the coarse feed is preferably high-quality green hay, and the lamb can eat the supplementary feed freely by using a grass frame or a hanging handle; the concentrated feed mainly comprises corn, bean cake, bran, etc.
1.1 determination of the supplementary feeding time
After 5-7 days, the lambs and the ewes are separated in different time periods in the daytime through manual operation, and the lambs are full of milk for 3 times in the morning, in the middle and at the evening. And (3) the healthy lambs in 10-15 days begin to be trained to eat green grass and concentrated feed, so that the gastrointestinal functions of the lambs are exercised as early as possible, and the growth and development of the digestive system and the body are promoted. The lambs of 15 days old are fed with the mixed concentrated feed and the high-quality green hay every day, the lambs of 50 days old are fed with the green and coarse feed as the main part, the concentrated feed is fed properly, and the feed amount of the concentrated feed is increased along with the increase of the month old.
1.2 selection of supplementary feed
The supplementary feed includes green hay and compound feed, and the compound feed is crushed mixed feed or granulated feed of corn, soybean, pea, salt, etc. The green hay is selected from herba Trifolii Pratentis, herba Avenae Fatuae, and Lolium Perenne.
1.3 supplementary feeding method
A trough for supplementing 1 lamb is arranged in a ewe shed, a trough and a water trough are arranged in a supplementing fence, and lamb supplementing feeds are placed in the trough every day and are taken freely. The lambs can eat the supplementary feed in the supplementary feeding fence and can eat breast milk outside the fence, thus meeting the requirements of the growth and development of the lambs and improving the growth speed. The 15-day-old lamb is fed with 30-50 g of mixed concentrate every day, 70-100 g of the mixed concentrate every 30 days, 100-200 g of the mixed concentrate every 2-3 months, and high-quality green hay is fed freely.
1.4 management points
The sheep pen and the appliances are strictly disinfected, the ground of the sheep pen is kept dry, the sheep pen is warm in winter and cool in summer, each lamb has sufficient activity and lying area, sufficient clean drinking water is provided, strict epidemic disease prevention and treatment are achieved, and feeding management is enhanced.
2. Quick fattening technology for weaned lambs
Is divided into a pre-feeding period and a formal fattening period.
2.1 feed management during Pre-feeding period
The pre-feeding period is about 15 days, the feeding is carried out for 2 times every day, the feed is preferably completely eaten within 30-45 minutes every time, the feed is not added, the feed is cleaned in time if the feed is large, the position of a trough is sufficient, and the feed increasing and the feed formula changing are finished within 3 days.
After the lambs are transported out, water supply and grass supply are suspended, and the lambs are transported out by weighing in the next morning after one night in an empty stomach; after the sheep are fed into a fattening house, the sheep are quiet and have sufficient drinking water, and the sheep can comprehensively expel parasites and prevent injection. Can be divided into 3 stages:
1-3 days in the first stage: only hay is fed to the lambs, so that the lambs adapt to a new environment;
and 3-10 days in the second stage: replacing the hay ration with the second stage ration from the 3 rd day, and feeding the hay after the hay ration is replaced on the 7 th day to the 10 th day;
and a third stage for 10-14 days: keeping the ratio of fine powder to coarse powder of the daily ration formula to be 5: 5.
2.2 official period rearing management
According to the fattening plan, local conditions and weight gain requirements, the type of the daily ration is selected and treated in feeding management respectively.
Concentrated feed type daily ration. The daily ration is suitable for fattening strong lambs with large weight, the initial weight of the sheep is about 35kg, and the weight of the sheep in slaughter is 48-50 kg after the sheep is fattened for 40-55 days. The main points of feeding management are as follows: after the sheep have a rest for 3-5 days, the triple vaccine is injected to prevent the enterotoxemia, and the triple vaccine is injected for 1 time every 14-15 days. If the sheep are purchased from other places, the water needs to be added with antibiotics for continuous taking for 5 days. The adaptation period of the lambs to the feed is generally not less than 10 days.
Coarse feed type daily ration. The hay is mainly leguminous forage, and has a protein content of not less than 14%. Gradually changing to the full feeding amount of the fattening daily ration according to the principle of gradually adding and slowly changing. The prepared daily ration has consistent components. The corn with the ear should be crushed to make the lamb difficult to pick out the corn grains.
Silage type daily ration. The corn silage is mainly used as corn silage, accounts for 67.5-87.5% of daily ration, and is generally used for fattening young lambs for more than 70-80 days. The materials are strictly and uniformly mixed according to the proportion of the daily ration formula, and particularly, the limestone is indispensable.
3. Total-house-feeding TMR feeding technology for meat sheep
The TMR feeding technology is also called a total mixed ration feeding technology, and refers to a feeding technology which scientifically mixes chopped coarse feed, silage, concentrated feed and various feed additives according to the nutritional requirements of different physiological stages or feeding stages of meat sheep, fully mixes the mixture in a feed mixer to obtain a complete ration with relatively balanced nutrition and directly provides the free feed for the sheep to eat. The technology is suitable for a large-scale meat sheep farm, but small-scale farms recommend a method of mixing the feed by using a simple feed mixer, and a good feeding effect can be achieved.
3.1 Cluster management
The group management is the precondition for the implementation of TMR feeding technology, and the aim is to provide suitable feed for the sheep at each stage. After the sheep are reasonably grouped, the daily ration with different nutrition levels and compositions is given according to the characteristics of different sheep groups. Theoretically, the finer the herd of sheep the better, but in view of the production operability, the following herd is suggested:
3.1.1 Large-scale self-propagating autotroph
The method comprises the following steps: stud ram and backup ram groups, nonpregnant and early gestation ewe groups, lactation ewe groups, weaned lambs, bred ewe groups and the like. Wherein, the ewes in the later lactation period should be classified as the ewe group in the non-pregnancy period due to the reasons of reduced milk yield, increased feed intake of the early supplementary feeding of the lambs and the like.
3.1.2 Small self-propagating autotroph
The method comprises the following steps: and flocks of sheep such as flocks of male sheep, flocks of female sheep, flocks of fertile sheep and the like. According to the principle of reducing the grouping quantity as much as possible.
3.1.3 fattening ground
The method comprises the following steps: sheep flocks at the early stage, the middle stage and the later stage of fattening and the like.
3.2 preparation of feed and feeding protocol
3.2.1 feed formulation
The design of the feed formula comprehensively considers the factors of physiological stage, age, fetal number, body condition and body type, feed resources, sheep farm actual conditions and the like of each sheep flock, designs various TMR daily ration formulas as far as possible, and timely adjusts the TMR daily ration formulas according to the conditions.
Selection of 3.2.2TMR machines
The key of TMR feeding technology is how to thoroughly and fully mix all the daily rations. Therefore, the TMR machine is selected in the sheep farm, and the two factors of the volume and the model are considered with importance.
(1) And (4) selecting the volume. The building structure of the sheep farm, the width of the feeding channel, the height of the colony house, the size of the entrance and the like need to be considered, and then factors such as the size of the sheep flock, the feed intake of dry matters, the type of daily ration, the daily feeding times and the like need to be considered. Generally, a 5-7 cubic mixing truck can meet the requirement of 500-3000 sheep farms in feeding scale.
(2) And (4) selecting a machine type. TMR mixers are of the types of discrete, horizontal, self-propelled, traction and fixed. Generally speaking, the vertical machine is superior to the horizontal machine in that the grass bales and long grass do not need additional processing, the mixing uniformity is high, no residual material exists in the stirring tank, the machine is convenient to maintain, and the service life is longer.
3.2.3 determination of Filler sequence and mixing time
(1) And (4) filling the materials in sequence. The order of feed ingredient delivery affects the uniformity of mixing. The general feeding principle is that the materials are long first and then short, dry first and then wet first, and light first and then heavy. The adding sequence is concentrate, hay, accessory feed, whole cottonseed, silage, wet grains and the like. Different types of mixer-blenders use different sequences, and if the vertical mixer-blender is used, the order of addition of the concentrate and hay is reversed.
(2) The mixing time. Generally, the last batch of raw materials is stirred for 5-8 minutes after being added, and the stirring effect is reduced when the time is too short or too long. If long grass is to be cut, dry grass is required to be fed firstly for cutting, and then other raw materials are continuously fed. The hay may also be chopped and then added.
3.2.4 feeding method
Feeding for 3-4 times every day, wherein the time for emptying the trough is generally not more than 3 hours, and fresh feed is fed in the trough for 24 hours as much as possible; and pushing the feed arched by the sheep back in time for 5-6 times every day so as to encourage food intake and reduce food picking. The daily remaining material of the sheep does not exceed 3-5% of the addition amount, if the remaining material is too little, the sheep may not be full, and if the remaining material is too much, the sheep is wasted.
3.2.5 notes
(1) And (5) the requirement of water content. The water content of the TMR daily ration is kept at 45-55%, and when the water content of the raw materials is low, additional water needs to be added. The meat sheep is fed with the feed granules easily after being dried (the moisture is less than 35 percent) so as to be fed by the meat sheep; over-wetting (moisture > 55%) results in reduced dry matter intake and can lead to reduced digestibility and waste. Moisture was measured at least once a week. The simple method for measuring the water content is that a TMR feed is held by hands, and if the feed is slowly dispersed after loosening, palm residue is left after lumps are removed, which indicates that the water content is proper; if the feed is too slow to be agglomerated or dispersed, the water content is higher; if the dispersion speed is fast and there is almost no residue in the palm, the moisture content is low.
(2) Observing at any time and adjusting in time. The feeding condition of the sheep flocks must be observed at any time after the TMR daily ration is put into the trough, and the TMR daily ration before and after feeding is basically consistent in the trough. Otherwise, the situation indicates that the sheep is on the food, and when the sheep is on the food, the trough has a hole digging phenomenon, namely the sheep is on the food of the concentrated feed, and the coarse feed is more remained. The reason may be that the forage is separated by too low water in the feed, or the forage is separated by too long hay due to uneven granularity of TMR production. When the sheep are eaten by pickles, the coarse proportion of the feed ingested by the sheep is easily disordered, and the rumen internal environment balance is seriously influenced, so that acidosis is caused.
4. Epidemic disease prevention and control technology for intensive cultivation of meat sheep
In the intensive breeding process of the meat sheep, various diseases are more likely to occur to intensive house-fed flocks due to the large breeding density, the reduced activity amount in the house-fed state, the higher nutritional ingredients of the feed and the like. Therefore, a scientific and reasonable epidemic disease prevention and control technology is very important. The prevention and control measures for the epidemic diseases of the intensive breeding of the meat sheep comprise the following aspects:
4.1 tightly controlling sources of infection
Encourages the self-reproduction and self-feeding of the middle and large sheep farms to reduce the introduction of epidemic diseases. If the sheep are introduced from other places, the sheep must be purchased from non-epidemic areas and is strictly quarantined and has quarantine certification. Newly purchased sheep only need to be strictly isolated and raised, and after observation for 1 month, healthy sheep can be bred in mixed groups. Meanwhile, an enclosure and a protection ditch are required to be arranged in a feeding farm, a disinfection pool is arranged at a doorway, and non-production personnel and vehicles are strictly prohibited from entering the disinfection pool.
4.2 enhanced self-check
The health condition of the sheep flock is often checked, and quarantine work is strengthened. Attention is paid to pinpoint, control and destroy the source of infection. Some infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and brucellosis should be quarantined regularly. And (4) isolating and treating the detected diseased or suspicious sheep in time according to the condition, reporting to relevant departments, and processing according to law rules.
4.3 cutting off the infection pathway
Doing daily sanitation and disinfection work for the environment, and performing harmless treatment on excrement and sewage; regularly killing insects and rats, and treating sheep without death reasons by burning, deep burying or high-temperature disinfection and the like to cut off the infection path. Once infectious diseases occur, corresponding prevention and control measures are taken according to the infectious agents of different types of infectious diseases.
4.4 enhancing sheep immunity
According to the nutrition condition of the sheep, the sheep is fed with supplementary feed at proper time to prevent nutrient deficiency. The feeding of mildewed deteriorated feed is forbidden, and the sheep are forbidden to drink only the dead water or the sewage, so that the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites is reduced, and the sheep house is kept dry, clean and ventilated.
4.5 formulation and strict execution of immunization program
According to the type of the perennial infectious diseases in the local area and the current epidemic situation of the epidemic diseases, a feasible immunization program is formulated. The preventive inoculation is carried out according to the immunization program, so that the sheep can obtain specific resistance from birth to slaughter, and the susceptibility to epidemic diseases is reduced.
Immunization is a means for stimulating sheep bodies to generate specific resistance by inoculating biological products such as vaccine, toxoid and the like, so that the sheep only generate automatic immunity. The organized and planned immunization is one of the important measures for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in sheep farms. Different inoculation methods such as subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular injection or drinking water can be generally adopted according to different types of biological products. For the immunization of meat sheep, a corresponding epidemic prevention plan is made on the basis of mastering the type, the occurrence season and the epidemic rules of local sheep infectious diseases, and the immunization is carried out at proper time.
4.5.1 intensive cultivation immunization program for meat sheep
In combination with the characteristics of infectious diseases of sheep in recent years in our market, the following intensive breeding immunization program for meat sheep is formulated, as shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 intensive cultivation immunization procedure for meat sheep
Note: all vaccines, bacterins, etc. must be used strictly according to the dosage, injection site, etc. of the product instructions.
4.5.2 immunological notes
(1) When the pregnant ewe needs to be injected with the vaccine, the pregnant ewe should be carefully protected to avoid abortion.
(2) The used vaccine bottle, the residual vaccine, the syringe for inoculation and the needle head are intensively burned and deeply buried.
(3) The operator needs to wear the mask and the medical gloves during the injection process to ensure the safety of the operator.
(4) The immunity should not be performed at the time of sudden change of weather, so as to prevent anaphylaxis due to resistance reduction
(5) After the injection of the vaccine, attention should be paid to observe, the symptoms of the adverse reaction can be found in time, so that emergency measures can be taken as soon as possible, and unnecessary loss can be reduced.
According to the invention, multiple meat sheep intensive breeding key technologies such as a lamb early-stage supplementary feeding technology, a lamb fast fattening technology, a meat sheep full house feeding TMR feeding technology, a meat sheep intensive breeding epidemic disease prevention and control technology and the like are integrated and applied, so that the accumulated effect of the technologies is fully exerted, the survival rate and the breeding rate of lambs in a test field and a demonstration and promotion field are improved, the slaughtering time is greatly reduced, the slaughtering weight is increased, the production cost is greatly reduced, the production level is improved, the breeding benefit is increased, and the method has important significance for popularization of the ternary hybrid meat sheep in the Tangshan city.
The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements of the technical solutions of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention defined by the claims.
Claims (6)
1. A production method of three-way hybrid mutton sheep is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: setting a pure breeding group of small-tailed han sheep as a control group, setting an experimental group at the same time, and hybridizing the small-tailed han sheep as a female parent and Australian white sheep, Dorper sheep and Charolais sheep as male parents to generate 3F 1 generation binary hybrid mutton sheep;
step 2: selecting a ewe of a high-quality F1 generation binary hybrid mutton sheep as a female parent, and hybridizing the ewe with Australian white sheep, Dorper sheep and Charolais sheep to generate 6F 1 generation ternary hybrid mutton sheep with Australian summer cold, Australian Duhan, Duaoyahan, Duxia summer cold, summer Australian cold and summer Duhan;
and step 3: through production performance analysis and comparative study, the optimal hybridization combination is screened out from 6F 1 generation ternary hybrid mutton sheep.
2. The method for producing three-way hybrid mutton sheep according to claim 1, wherein the hybridization mode in the step 2 is specifically as follows:
selecting high-quality Aopahan ewes from F1 generation binary filial generations, and hybridizing with DuPo ram and Charolais ram respectively to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations, namely Duaohan and Charolais;
selecting high-quality Ardisia japonica from F1 generation binary filial generations to be respectively hybridized with Australian white ram and Charolais ram to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations of Australian Ardisia and Charolais;
high-quality summer-Han ewes are selected from F1 generation binary filial generations and are respectively hybridized with Australian white ram and DuPo ram to obtain F1 generation ternary filial generations of Australian summer-Han and Du summer-Han.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the optimal hybridization combination selected in step 3 from the 6F 1 generation triple hybrid mutton sheep is the F1 generation triple hybrid generation Aohai.
4. The method for producing a triple hybrid mutton sheep according to claim 3, wherein the properties in step 3 include growth and development properties, slaughter properties and feed conversion properties.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the progeny of the pure breed of small tailed han sheep is used as a control when selecting the best performance three-way crossbred mutton sheep.
6. The method of producing a triple hybrid mutton sheep according to claim 1 wherein the hybridization is a natural mating method or an artificial insemination method.
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