CN111296722A - 一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂及其应用 - Google Patents
一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂及其应用,所述霉菌毒素吸附剂,按重量份计,包括40~60份蒙脱石和40~60份硅藻土。相对现有技术,本发明采用了更为简易的组分,通过优选适宜的配比,使用安全、成本低廉,并且脱毒效果显著,有效的改善反刍动物瘤胃发酵能力。在实际反刍动物饲养中,可获得广泛应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及畜牧养殖饲料添加剂,具体涉及一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂及其应用。
背景技术
反刍动物饲料在收获前、储存期间或饲喂期间都可能受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,不但造成经济损失,且受污染的日粮会对家畜的生产性能和健康产生不利影响。由于牛奶中的黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1)是奶牛摄入含有AFB1的日粮后通过肝脏代谢形成的代谢产物,故未被奶牛瘤胃微生物降解的黄曲霉毒素还会有通过食物链转移到人体并致癌的风险。在奶牛生产中威胁最大的霉菌毒素是AFB1,可通过培育抗真菌农作物、良好的农业生产活动和适当保存措施来降低日粮中AFB1含量,进而降低牛奶中AFM1水平,即便如此,由于气候的差异和天气的变化多端,饲料还是会不同程度被霉菌毒素污染。
为解决饲料霉菌毒素污染问题,饲料的脱毒防霉成为奶牛养殖重要的环节,目前生产中最为广泛应用的黄曲霉毒素脱毒方法是在日粮中添加非营养性霉菌毒素螯合剂,与霉菌毒素一起通过粪便排出体外,防止或限制黄曲霉毒素在动物胃肠道中被吸收。
王炳付公开了一种畜禽用复合霉菌脱霉方法(106333223A)。通过使用铝硅酸盐类物质能够有效地防霉脱毒。为水合铝硅酸盐类物质在饲料添加剂中的应用提供参考。
王峰等人公开了一种缓解饲料中霉菌毒素的危害的方法(CN102499330A)。通过铝硅酸盐类物质作为添加剂使用到奶牛饲料中,能够缓解饲料中霉菌毒素的危害,降低对乳产品的危害以及对奶牛机体免疫力的侵害。为水合铝硅酸盐类物质在奶牛饲料脱毒防霉中的应用提供参考。
然而,上述技术手段并未根据黄曲霉毒素在反刍动物瘤胃降解部分毒素的特点达到实际应用效果。为解决奶牛饲料防霉脱毒问题,我们对奶牛日粮中AFB1的脱毒和解毒技术进行了研究,开发设计出一种能改善奶牛瘤胃发酵的饲料霉菌毒素吸附剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂,按重量份计,包括40~60份蒙脱石和40~60份硅藻土。
优选的,包括45~55份蒙脱石和45~55份硅藻土。
优选的,所述蒙脱石的目数为50~200目,所述硅藻土的目数为50~200目。两种原料有效成分在95%以上。
本发明一种优选方案,所述霉菌毒素吸附剂,按重量份计,由50份蒙脱石和50份硅藻土组成。
所述霉菌毒素吸附剂的制备方法,具体为,将蒙脱石和硅藻土过筛后,按比例混合,即可。
本发明所述的霉菌毒素吸附剂在反刍动物饲料中的应用,效果突出。
具体的,所述反刍动物饲料为泌乳期的奶牛饲料。黄曲霉毒素是奶牛饲料污染风险最高的毒素,本产品对奶牛饲料黄曲霉毒素吸附效果突出。
相对现有技术,本发明采用了更为简易的组分,通过优选适宜的配比,有效的防止反刍动物,尤其是奶牛黄曲霉毒素中毒,使用安全且成本低廉,并且脱毒效果显著。在实际反刍动物饲养中,可获得广泛应用。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂,按重量份计,由50份蒙脱石和50份硅藻土组成;
其中,硅藻土200目,蒙脱石50目。
试验例将实施例1所述的霉菌毒素吸附剂进行奶牛瘤胃发酵的脱毒效果试验
1、瘤胃液及缓冲液准备
(1)瘤胃液及缓冲液准备:于晨饲前采集三头瘘管牛的瘤胃液,四层纱布过滤后放入保温瓶内迅速运回实验室。
(2)已知配方组成的TMR饲料65℃烘干48h后粉碎后过1mm筛子,称取500mg入体外发酵瓶内。
(3)配制实验所用缓冲液A,B,C,刃天青D和还原溶液,配制方法参照AGRS-Ⅲ微生物发酵微量产气自动记录仪使用说明。
(4)分流器吸取50mL缓冲液进入产气瓶中通入二氧化碳2-3s,加入25mL瘤胃液。
(5)吸附剂的配制。按重量百分比称取原材料,蒙脱石:硅藻土的比例为50%:50%。
尼龙袋65℃烘干,称量。
2、动物和瘤胃液收集
3头体重为(600±10)kg,安装永久性三位点瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛为体外培养瘤胃液的供体。每天将40kg混合日粮分2等分,在06:00和18:00分2次饲喂,日粮组成表。饲喂时间点为7:00和17:00,自由饮水。将晨饲后2小时从每只动物收集的瘤胃液(700mL)通过四层粗棉布挤压并以相等比例混合。然后将混合的瘤胃液转移到在39℃预热的热水瓶中迅速带回实验室分装至培养瓶中。
3、制备模拟TMR饲料
按比例配制泌乳牛TMR饲料。体外发酵前一天在每个发酵瓶中称量500mg。
4、实验设计
将1mg粉状黄曲霉毒素标准品溶于有机溶剂中,稀释AFB1溶液为1μg/mL待用。采用完全随机区组设计以确定当(0,1μg/mL)AFB1的存在下,剂量(0g/L,0.5g/L,5g/L)的吸附剂对TMR底物的体外瘤胃发酵的影响。同时,甲醇阴性对照包括底物但没有吸附剂或AFB1。体外发酵培养72小时,每个处理重复5次。试验3组分别为:NC组不添加吸附剂及AFB1,C组添加1μg/mLAFB1但不添加吸附剂,T组添加0.5g/L吸附剂及1μg/mLAFB1。
将500mg底物称量到装有37.5,375mg吸附剂的120-mL发酵瓶中。向每个瓶中加入25ml过滤的瘤胃液,49mL缓冲液,并将1.0ml溶解于1L甲醇中的75mg AFB1的黄曲霉毒素工作溶液,用N2持续5秒以除去瓶子顶部空间中的空气。将甲醇(1.0mL)加入到具有底物的阴性对照瓶中。所有瓶子都用丁基橡胶瓶塞和亨盖特的螺帽密封。使用一次性输液针通过塞子插入瓶中,其管道立即连接到自动化气体生产记录系统(AGRS,北京,中国)的每个气体接口。所有瓶子在39℃下培养72小时。同时运行包含缓冲液,瘤胃液和AFB1的无底物空白瓶,以校正由于瘤胃液制备中的变化而导致的批次培养运行之间的差异。
5、样品分析及数据处理
发酵72h结束后用pH计(雷磁酸度计)测定发酵液的p H;待发酵液pH测定完后及取完1~2m L上清液样品后,管内发酵液测定饲料体外干物质消失率(IVDMD);取1.0mL的发酵液在4℃10000×g离心10min,取上清液加0.3mL的25%(w/v)偏磷酸混匀4℃静置30min,然后10000×g下离心10min,取上清液待分析,发酵液中氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度的测定采用靛酚比色法进行;用气相色谱仪测定样品挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量;72小时发酵结束后取发酵液1mL,与1mL甲醇等比例混合后过0.45μm滤膜,用高效液相色谱法测定AFB1含量;试验数据经EXCEL整理后用SAS(2007)统计软件进行方差统计分析和多重比较。
6、试验结果
表1:吸附剂添加浓度0.5g/L下对体外瘤胃发酵指标及AFB1(1μg/mL)吸附效果的影响
NC | C | T | SEM | P值 | |
IVDMD | 0.6198<sup>a</sup> | 0.5394<sup>b</sup> | 0.5456<sup>b</sup> | 0.0116 | 0.0054 |
pH | 6.608 | 6.702 | 6.676 | 0.0447 | 0.3485 |
AFB1消失率(ug/ug) | - | 0.847<sup>b</sup> | 0.873<sup>a</sup> | 0.014 | <0.0001 |
72h GP(mL/g DM) | 207.9<sup>a</sup> | 197.7<sup>b</sup> | 201.5<sup>ab</sup> | 1.274 | 0.0176 |
NH<sub>3</sub>-N(mM) | 13.92 | 12.65 | 12.67 | 1.6197 | 0.8209 |
TVFA(mM) | 71.15 | 59.88 | 63.92 | 9.5853 | 0.7298 |
注:肩标不同字母代表组间差异显著,肩标相同字母代表组间差异不显著。
使用模拟体外瘤胃发酵产气AGRS装置,模拟在1μg/mL AFB1的存在下,吸附剂剂量0.5g/L的吸附剂相比无添加吸附剂的对照组体外瘤胃发酵的影响。NC组不添加吸附剂及AFB1,C组添加1μg/mLAFB1但不添加吸附剂,T组添加0.5g/L吸附剂及1μg/mLAFB1。
根据试验结果可知,C组的72小时总产气量显著低于NC组(p﹤0.05),说明添加毒素抑制瘤胃发酵;NC组的干物质消失率IVDMD极显著高于C组及T组(p﹤0.01),说明添加毒素后,C、T两组瘤胃消化能力明显下降;C组的AFB1消失率极显著低于T组(p﹤0.01),说明添加0.5g/L吸附剂对体系内1μg/mL AFB1的吸附效果良好。
以上试验结果表明:剂量为0.5g/L的黄曲霉毒素吸附剂在AFB1浓度为1μg/mL时,对AFB1的吸附效果良好。
表2:吸附剂添加浓度5g/L下对体外瘤胃发酵指标及AFB1(1μg/mL)吸附效果的影响
NC | C | T | SEM | P值 | |
IVDMD | 0.6198<sub>a</sub> | 0.5394<sup>b</sup> | 0.579<sup>ab</sup> | 0.0157 | 0.0281 |
pH | 6.608 | 6.702 | 6.742 | 0.0353 | 0.0793 |
AFB1降解率(ug/ug) | - | 0.847<sup>b</sup> | 0.929<sup>a</sup> | 0.0122 | <0.0001 |
72h GP(mL/g DM) | 207.9<sup>b</sup> | 197.7<sup>b</sup> | 237.4<sup>a</sup> | 1.237 | 0.0022 |
NH3-N(mM) | 13.92 | 12.65 | 12.1 | 1.42 | 0.6683 |
TVFA(mM) | 71.15 | 59.88 | 67.59 | 10.901 | 0.7592 |
使用模拟体外瘤胃发酵产气AGRS装置,模拟在1μg/mL AFB1的存在下,吸附剂剂量5g/L的吸附剂相比无添加吸附剂的对照组体外瘤胃发酵的影响。NC组不添加吸附剂及AFB1,C组添加1μg/mLAFB1但不添加吸附剂,T组添加0.5g/L吸附剂及1μg/mLAFB1。
根据试验结果可知,组的72小时总产气量极显著高于NC组和C组(p﹤0.01),说明添加5g/L的吸附剂能够促进瘤胃发酵且发酵程度优于未添加吸附剂和毒素的体外瘤胃;NC组的干物质消失率IVDMD显著高于C组(p﹤0.05),说明添加毒素后,体外瘤胃消化能力明显下降;C组的AFB1消失率极显著低于T组(p﹤0.01),说明添加5g/L吸附剂对体系内1μg/mL AFB1的吸附效果良好。
以上试验结果表明:(1)剂量为5g/L的黄曲霉毒素吸附剂在AFB1浓度为1μg/mL时,对AFB1的吸附效果良好。(2)剂量为5g/L的黄曲霉毒素吸附剂能明显改善瘤胃发酵能力。
虽然,上文中已经用一般性说明、具体实施方式及试验,对本发明作了详尽的描述,但在本发明基础上,可以对之作一些修改或改进,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种能改善瘤胃发酵的霉菌毒素吸附剂,其特征在于,按重量份计,包括40~60份蒙脱石和40~60份硅藻土。
2.根据权利要求1所述的霉菌毒素吸附剂,其特征在于,按重量份计,包括45~55份蒙脱石和45~55份硅藻土。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的霉菌毒素吸附剂,其特征在于,所述蒙脱石的目数为50~200目,所述硅藻土的目数为50~200目。
4.根据权利要求1或3所述的霉菌毒素吸附剂,其特征在于,按重量份计,由50份蒙脱石和50份硅藻土组成。
5.权利要求1~4任一项所述霉菌毒素吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于,将蒙脱石和硅藻土过筛后,按比例混合,即可。
6.权利要求1~4任一项所述霉菌毒素吸附剂在反刍动物饲料中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于,所述反刍动物饲料为奶牛饲料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所述奶牛饲料为泌乳期的奶牛饲料。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述奶牛饲料中,所述霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加浓度为0.5~5g/L。
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