CN111296198A - High-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape and summer peanuts - Google Patents
High-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape and summer peanuts Download PDFInfo
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- CN111296198A CN111296198A CN202010286135.4A CN202010286135A CN111296198A CN 111296198 A CN111296198 A CN 111296198A CN 202010286135 A CN202010286135 A CN 202010286135A CN 111296198 A CN111296198 A CN 111296198A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts, which specifically comprises the following steps: (1) land preparation and fertilization: after the previous crops are harvested, applying farmyard manure, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer and borax as base fertilizers, and deeply ploughing, finely tilling and finely preparing; (2) planting winter rape: selecting the superstrong cold-resistant winter rape variety to carry out mechanical spray sowing or manual drill sowing or broadcast sowing; (3) management of winter rape: thinning and final singling, managing before winter, managing after green turning, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests and harvesting in time; (4) harvesting and soil preparation: applying organic fertilizer and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer, deeply ploughing and sunning soil, and manually ridging; (5) planting summer peanuts: selecting summer peanut varieties with short growth period, high quality and good resistance, and sowing two rows of summer peanut varieties on ridges; (6) summer peanut management: reasonable fertilization, pest control and timely harvest. The planting technology has the advantages of simple operation process, less labor investment, time and labor saving, cost saving, high quality and high efficiency, is suitable for the northern area of China, and is particularly suitable for popularization and application in the winter rape planting area or the summer peanut planting area in the central south of Hebei province.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts.
Background
The rape is an important oil crop, the oil content of the seeds accounts for 35-50% of the dry weight of the seeds, and the rape oil is good edible vegetable oil, contains rich fatty acid and multiple vitamins and is rich in nutrition; the cake after oil extraction contains about 40 percent of protein, has similar nutritive value to the soybean cake, and is good concentrated feed; the residual roots, stems and shells are returned to the field, and the soil fertility can be obviously improved.
At present, the rape production in China is divided into two large-production areas of winter rape and northern spring rape, wherein the planting area of the winter rape accounts for about 90 percent of the total area of the rape in China, and the method is mainly concentrated in various provinces of Yangtze river watershed. Wherein, the winter rape refers to the rape which needs to live through winter in the growing process, and is sowed in autumn or harvested in spring and summer of the next year when in autumn and winter. The yield and the oil content of the winter rape are higher than those of the spring rape and other spring-sowed oil crops, and the winter rape is used as a good winter and spring covering crop, and has great ecological significance for northern areas where the environment is fragile and sand storm occurs frequently. In addition, the shortage of edible vegetable oil in China, 60 percent of edible vegetable oil depends on import, and the idle land in winter reaches 3.5 hundred million mu in 5.5 hundred million mu of cultivated land in a northern arid-cold area. Therefore, the method has great significance for planting winter rape in the north, and can improve the vegetation coverage area of the northern farmlands in China.
Peanuts, also known as peanuts, dicotyledonous plants, have a network vein, and the seeds are coated with peanut pericarp. Historically, it has been called Changsheng fruit, Didou, Faghua ginseng, Laodisong, Chenshou fruit, Mucuna, Fig, Diguo, Tangren bean. Peanuts are good at nourishing and tonifying and are helpful for prolonging life, so they are also called "healthy fruits" by folk, and are known as "vegetable meat" and "meat in vegetable" as soybeans. The summer peanuts are planted before and after the beginning of summer, and the growth period is short and about 100-110 days.
Rotation means planting different crops or multiple combinations of crops alternately in seasons and years on the same field. The winter rape and the summer peanut are important parts of crops, and the scientific alternate planting of the winter rape and the summer peanut can effectively improve the land capability of the cultivated land and increase the organic matters and nutrients of the soil. However, the existing rotation mode is lack of scientific guidance, so that the yield of winter rape and summer peanuts is not high, the land and agriculture cannot be reasonably utilized, and the resource waste is caused.
Therefore, the problem that needs to be solved by those skilled in the art is how to combine the advantages of winter rape and summer peanut for rotation.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts, which is suitable for northern areas of China, and is particularly suitable for the central and south parts of Hebei province.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape and summer peanuts comprises the planting of winter rape and the planting of summer peanuts, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation and fertilization: after the previous crops are harvested, applying farmyard manure, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer and borax as base fertilizers, deeply ploughing, finely ploughing, deeply ploughing, leveling the ground, keeping the soil moisture, storing the rainwater, preventing drought and ensuring that the soil moisture is sufficient for seeding;
(2) planting winter rape: in the period from 10 days at 9 months to 15 days at 9 months, generally no later than 25 days at 9 months, selecting a super-strong cold-resistant winter rape variety for mechanical spray sowing or manual drill sowing or broadcast sowing, wherein the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, the row spacing is 20-40 cm, the sowing quantity is 0.3-0.5 kg/mu, the sowing quantity is properly increased in poor fertility or dry land, the density is 2.5-3.0 ten thousand plants/mu, the depth is consistent, and compacting is carried out after sowing;
(3) management of winter rape:
a. thinning and final singling;
b. managing before winter;
c. managing after green turning;
d. and (3) pest control: spraying pesticide to prevent and control underground pests and flea beetles after seedling emergence, combining the pest control and disease control in the green turning period, and preventing and controlling aphids and diseases in the silique period;
e. harvesting at proper time: in the late 5 months of the next year, manually harvesting, when 70% of the siliques in the whole field turn yellow and seeds in pods in the middle of the major inflorescence start to change color, cutting down and stacking, after 2-3 days, ripening, and threshing when the siliques peel is easy to crack; or, mechanical combined harvest, when more than 95 percent of the siliques turn yellow and the seeds turn into normal brown basically, and the upper siliques can be easily pinched off by hands, the combine harvester is used for completing the harvest at one time;
(4) harvesting and soil preparation: after the winter rape is harvested, applying an organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer, deeply ploughing and drying soil, and then manually ridging, wherein the ridge-furrow distance is 25-35 cm, the ridge width is 55-65 cm, and the ridge height is 10-12 cm;
(5) planting summer peanuts: selecting summer peanut varieties with short growth period, high quality and good resistance in the 6 th last ten days of the next year, sowing two rows of summer peanut varieties on ridges, wherein the sowing depth is 2-3 cm, the row spacing is 40-45 cm, the plant spacing is 10-15 cm, 1-2 seeds/hole are planted, and the density is 0.8-1.0 ten thousand plants/mu;
(6) summer peanut management:
a. and (3) reasonable fertilization: carrying out three times of topdressing respectively 30-40 days, 45-50 days and 60-70 days after the summer peanuts are sowed;
b. and (3) pest control: preventing and treating brown spot;
c. harvesting at proper time: when the upper leaves of the summer peanuts turn yellow, the base parts and the middle leaves fall off, more than 80 percent of the pod kernels are full, and the fruit kernel skins are light red, the summer peanuts are harvested.
Further, in the step (1), the amount of the organic fertilizer is 1500-2000 kg/mu; the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu; the dosage of the borax is 1-1.5 kg/mu.
The organic fertilizer has the advantages that the organic fertilizer contains various organic acids, peptides and rich nutrient elements including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, can provide comprehensive nutrition for winter rape, has long fertilizer efficiency, can increase and update soil organic matters, promotes microbial propagation, and improves the physicochemical property and the biological activity of soil; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer contains various nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron and the like required by the growth of the winter rape, has the advantages of high nutrient content, few side ingredients, good physical properties and the like, and plays an important role in balanced fertilization, improvement of the utilization rate of the fertilizer and promotion of high and stable yield of the winter rape.
Further, in the step (3), the specific operation of thinning and final singling is as follows: combining 2-3 main leaves of winter rape with intertillage for first thinning, and setting seedlings when 3-4 main leaves are adopted, wherein the plant spacing is determined according to the planting density and is 5-8 cm; if the insect pest is serious at this stage, the seedling setting should be delayed properly; if the seedling is lack, the replanting should be carried out.
Further, in the step (3), the specific operation of management before winter is as follows: after the winter rape enters the five-leaf stage, in order to promote the vegetative growth and root development of the winter rape before overwintering and facilitate the formation of strong and high-yield seedling vigor of the winter rape, the top dressing should be applied early, 3-4 kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is applied to each mu after the final singling, and the dosage of the land with poor fertility is properly increased by 30-40 percent; when the soil is frozen at night, the farm tools are raked and covered with soil, and the furrows and ridges are covered, so that the growing points of the rapes are covered underground, and water before winter is filled in a key way, so that the overwintering rate of the winter rapes is improved.
The quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer has the further beneficial effects that compared with a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is easy to dissolve in water and is a quick-acting nutrient, and winter rape can be directly absorbed and utilized, so that the fertilizer efficiency is high.
Further, in the step (3), the specific operation of managing after turning green is as follows: in the green returning period of the winter rape, 5kg of urea is additionally applied to each mu in combination with local rainfall, and little or no urea is applied to the plots with sufficient growth vigor and large density during green returning; in the bud coating period of the winter rape, 0.1-0.5 kg of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed per mu in combination with insect prevention; the winter rape lacks boron, which causes slow growth, but flowers are not solid, and the yield is reduced, so that 30g of 15 percent boron fertilizer is mixed with 40kg of water for each mu in seedling stage, bolting stage and initial flowering stage of the winter rape, and the mixture is respectively sprayed for 1 time, thereby playing the role of fruit protection and grain weight increase; and irrigating water according to soil moisture content in the bolting period and the flowering period of the winter rape to ensure the normal growth of the winter rape.
The fertilizer has the advantages that the fertilizer adopts urea, monopotassium phosphate and soluble boron fertilizer, has a plurality of excellent effects of remarkably increasing production and income, improving quantity and optimizing quality, resisting lodging, diseases and insect pests, preventing and treating premature senility and the like, and has the effect of overcoming insufficient nutrition caused by the reduction of the aging and absorption capacity of the root system in the later growth stage of crops.
Further, in the step (3), the specific operation of pest control is as follows: before winter and after spring, spraying 150-200 times of 40% peronophyton wettable powder or 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil twice at an interval of 7-10 days to prevent and treat downy mildew; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, cleaning the field-side virus source plants, controlling the damage of aphids, killing virus-transmitting aphids, taking the susceptible plants out of the field to destroy the susceptible plants, and preventing and treating virus diseases; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2500-fold liquid spray or 40% omethoate missible oil 1500-fold liquid spray or 50% aphid-avoiding wettable powder 2000-2500-fold liquid spray is used for preventing and treating aphids; in the seedling stage and the bolting stage of the winter rape, 2.5 percent of dichlord killing emulsion is sprayed by 1500-2000 times of liquid, or 2 percent of abamectin emulsifiable solution is sprayed by 1000-1500 times of liquid, or 80 percent of dichlorvos emulsifiable solution is sprayed by 1500-2000 times of liquid, so that cabbage caterpillars are prevented and treated; in the seedling stage of winter rape, 1000 times of liquid spray of 50% phoxim missible oil or 1000-1500 times of liquid spray of 48% lesqueradin missible oil or 2500 times of liquid spray of 20% tolfenbutate is used for preventing and treating flea beetles.
Further, in the step (4), the amount of the organic fertilizer is 1000-1200 kg/mu.
The organic fertilizer has the further beneficial effects that the organic fertilizer contains various organic acids, peptides and rich nutrient elements including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, can provide comprehensive nutrition for summer peanuts, has long fertilizer efficiency, can increase and renew soil organic matters, promotes the propagation of microorganisms, and improves the physical and chemical properties and the biological activity of soil.
Further, in the step (4), the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer is 10-12 kg/mu.
The nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer has the beneficial effects that the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer contains various nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron and the like required by the growth of summer peanuts, has the advantages of high nutrient content, few side components, good physical properties and the like, and plays an important role in balanced fertilization, improvement of the utilization rate of the fertilizer and promotion of high and stable yield of the summer peanuts.
Further, in the step (6), the additional fertilizer is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and the using amount is 20-25 kg/mu.
The topdressing fertilizer has the further beneficial effects that the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is adopted, the nitrogen-phosphorus ratio is low, the topdressing fertilizer is suitable for summer peanuts and the seedling growth stage thereof, a high-efficiency phosphorus source is provided for seedlings, strong seedling cultivation is facilitated, root growth is promoted, seedling revival is facilitated, and plant resistance is improved.
Further, in the step (6), the specific operation of pest control is as follows: and (3) spraying 1500-2000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 2000-2500 times of liquid of 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder to prevent and control the brown spot.
The invention adopts carbendazim or thiophanate methyl to prevent and treat the brown spot, is a high-efficiency low-toxicity systemic bactericide, has systemic treatment and protection effects, and can effectively prevent and treat various crop diseases including brown spot caused by fungi.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention discloses a high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts, which has the following beneficial effects:
1. in the land preparation and planting process of winter rape and summer peanut, the selection of the row spacing and the plant spacing enlarges the soil surface area, fully utilizes land resources, prevents the waste of the land resources, increases the light interception amount, better solves the poor ventilation and light transmission phenomenon caused by the overlarge field shade of the traditional flat planting, resists adverse and reduces disasters, and has obvious effects of increasing yield and increasing income;
2. in the field management process of winter rape and summer peanuts, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are reasonably used through reasonable fertilization, pest control, timely harvest and the like, so that the environmental pollution is prevented, the fertility of soil can be ensured, and the yield of the winter rape and the summer peanuts is greatly improved;
3. the winter rape is a perennial plant, and can be used for solving the idle state of the farming land in winter, shortening the idle time and the non-crop coverage time of the farming land and increasing the vegetation coverage rate and the coverage time of the farming land;
4. the planting technology has the advantages of simple operation process, less labor investment, time and labor saving, cost saving, high quality and high efficiency, is suitable for the northern area of China, and is particularly suitable for popularization and application in winter rape planting areas or summer peanut planting areas in the central south of Hebei province.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The winter rape-summer peanut high-yield high-efficiency planting technology comprises winter rape planting and summer peanut planting, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation and fertilization: after the previous crops are harvested, applying 1500kg of organic fertilizer, 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer and 1kg of borax as base fertilizers to each mu of crops, deeply ploughing, finely ploughing, making a plough layer deep, leveling the ground, keeping the upper part empty and the lower part solid, receiving rainwater, storing soil moisture and preventing drought, and ensuring that the soil moisture is sufficient for seeding;
(2) planting winter rape: in the period from 10 days in 9 months to 15 days in 9 months, generally no later than 25 days in 9 months, selecting the super-strong cold-resistant winter rape variety to carry out mechanical spray sowing, wherein the sowing depth is 2cm, the row spacing is 40cm, the sowing quantity is 0.3 kg/mu, the density is 2.5 ten thousand plants/mu, the depth is consistent, and compacting is carried out after sowing;
(3) management of winter rape:
a. thinning and final singling: combining 2-3 main leaves of winter rape with intertillage for first thinning, and setting seedlings at 3-4 leaves, wherein the plant spacing is determined according to the planting density and is 5 cm; if the insect pest is serious at this stage, the seedling setting should be delayed properly; replanting if seedling shortage occurs;
b. management before winter: after winter rape enters five-leaf stage, applying top dressing early, applying 3kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu after final singling, and properly increasing the use amount by 30 percent in a land with poor fertility; raking and earthing soil when the soil is frozen at night and disappears in daytime, and covering and leveling furrows and ridges;
c. managing after green turning: in the green returning period of the winter rape, 5kg of urea is additionally applied to each mu in combination with local rainfall, and little or no urea is applied to the plots with sufficient growth vigor and large density during green returning; in the bud coating period of the winter rape, 0.1kg of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed per mu in combination with insect prevention; 30g of 15 percent boric fertilizer and 40kg of water are respectively sprayed for 1 time in the seedling stage, the bolting stage and the initial flowering stage of the winter rape; irrigating water according to soil moisture content in the bolting period and the flowering period of the winter rape;
d. and (3) pest control: before winter and after spring, spraying 150 times of the 40% peronophyton wettable powder twice at an interval of 7 days to prevent and treat downy mildew; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, cleaning the field-side virus source plants, controlling the damage of aphids, killing virus-transmitting aphids, taking the susceptible plants out of the field to destroy the susceptible plants, and preventing and treating virus diseases; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, 2500 times of liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder is used for preventing and controlling aphids by spraying; in the seedling stage and the bolting stage of the winter rape, 1500 times of solution of 2.5 percent of killing emulsion is sprayed to prevent and control cabbage caterpillars; in the seedling stage of winter rape, 1000 times of solution of 50 percent phoxim missible oil is sprayed to prevent and control flea beetles;
e. harvesting at proper time: in the late 5 months of the next year, manual harvesting is carried out, when 70% of the siliques in the whole field turn yellow and seeds in the pods in the middle of the major inflorescence begin to change color, the siliques are cut down and stacked, and after 2 days of ripening, the siliques can be threshed when the peels are easy to crack;
(4) harvesting and soil preparation: after the winter rape is harvested, applying 1000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 10 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer, deeply ploughing and drying soil, and then manually ridging, wherein the ridge-furrow distance is 25cm, the ridge width is 55cm, and the ridge height is 10 cm;
(5) planting summer peanuts: in the first ten days of the next 6 months, summer peanut varieties with short growth period, high quality and good resistance are selected, two rows of summer peanut seeds are sown on ridges, the sowing depth is 2cm, the row spacing is 40cm, the plant spacing is 10cm, 1 seed/hole is formed, and the density is 0.8 ten thousand plants/mu;
(6) summer peanut management:
a. and (3) reasonable fertilization: respectively carrying out topdressing with 20 kg/mu of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate for three times at 30 days, 45 days and 60 days after the summer peanuts are sowed;
b. and (3) pest control: 1500 times of liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder is used for preventing and treating brown spot by spraying;
c. harvesting at proper time: when the upper leaves of the summer peanuts turn yellow, the base parts and the middle leaves fall off, more than 80 percent of the pod kernels are full, and the fruit kernel skins are light red, the summer peanuts are harvested.
Example 2
The winter rape-summer peanut high-yield high-efficiency planting technology comprises winter rape planting and summer peanut planting, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation and fertilization: after the previous crops are harvested, applying 1800kg of organic fertilizer, 22kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer and 1.2kg of borax as base fertilizers to each mu of crops, deeply ploughing, finely ploughing, making a plough layer deep, leveling the ground, keeping the upper part of the plough layer empty and the lower part of the plough layer full, receiving rainwater, storing soil moisture and preventing drought, and ensuring that the soil moisture is sufficient for seeding;
(2) planting winter rape: selecting a super-strong cold-resistant winter rape variety for artificial drilling in 9-10-9-15 days, generally no later than 9-25 days, wherein the seeding depth is 3cm, the row spacing is 20cm, the seeding quantity is 0.3 kg/mu, the density is 2.8 ten thousand plants/mu, the depth is consistent, and the seeds are compacted after being sowed;
(3) management of winter rape:
a. thinning and final singling: combining 2-3 main leaves of winter rape with intertillage for first thinning, and setting seedlings at 3-4 leaves, wherein the plant spacing is 6cm according to the planting density; if the insect pest is serious at this stage, the seedling setting should be delayed properly; replanting if seedling shortage occurs;
b. management before winter: after winter rape enters five-leaf stage, applying top dressing early, applying 3kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu after final singling, and properly increasing the use amount by 30 percent in a land with poor fertility; raking and earthing soil when the soil is frozen at night and disappears in daytime, and covering and leveling furrows and ridges;
c. managing after green turning: in the green returning period of the winter rape, 5kg of urea is additionally applied to each mu in combination with local rainfall, and little or no urea is applied to the plots with sufficient growth vigor and large density during green returning; in the bud coating period of the winter rape, 0.3kg of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed per mu in combination with insect prevention; 30g of 15 percent boric fertilizer and 40kg of water are respectively sprayed for 1 time in the seedling stage, the bolting stage and the initial flowering stage of the winter rape; irrigating water according to soil moisture content in the bolting period and the flowering period of the winter rape;
d. and (3) pest control: before winter and after spring, spraying 200 times of the 40% downy blight wettable powder twice at an interval of 8 days to prevent downy mildew; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, cleaning the field-side virus source plants, controlling the damage of aphids, killing virus-transmitting aphids, taking the susceptible plants out of the field to destroy the susceptible plants, and preventing and treating virus diseases; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, 1500 times of liquid of 40 percent omethoate missible oil is used for spraying to prevent and control aphids; in the seedling stage and the bolting stage of the winter rape, 1500 times of liquid of 2 percent avermectin missible oil is used for preventing and controlling cabbage caterpillars by spraying; in the seedling stage of winter rape, 1500 times of liquid of 48 percent lesi missible oil is used for preventing and controlling flea beetles;
e. harvesting at proper time: in the late 5 months of the next year, manual harvesting is carried out, when 70% of the siliques in the whole field turn yellow and seeds in the pods in the middle of the major inflorescence begin to change color, the siliques are cut down and stacked, and after 2 days of ripening, the siliques can be threshed when the peels are easy to crack;
(4) harvesting and soil preparation: after winter rape is harvested, 1100 kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 10 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer are applied, deep ploughing and soil drying are carried out, then artificial ridging is carried out, the ridge-furrow distance is 30cm, the ridge width is 60cm, and the ridge height is 10 cm;
(5) planting summer peanuts: in the 6 th last ten days of the next year, summer peanut varieties with short growth period, high quality and good resistance are selected, two rows of summer peanut seeds are sown on ridges, the sowing depth is 2cm, the row spacing is 42cm, the plant spacing is 12cm, 1 seed/hole is formed, and the density is 0.9 ten thousand plants/mu;
(6) summer peanut management:
a. and (3) reasonable fertilization: carrying out topdressing on 22 kg/mu of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate for three times respectively 35 days, 45 days and 65 days after the summer peanuts are sowed;
b. and (3) pest control: using 2000 times of liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder to spray to prevent and control brown spot;
c. harvesting at proper time: when the upper leaves of the summer peanuts turn yellow, the base parts and the middle leaves fall off, more than 80 percent of the pod kernels are full, and the fruit kernel skins are light red, the summer peanuts are harvested.
Example 3
The winter rape-summer peanut high-yield high-efficiency planting technology comprises winter rape planting and summer peanut planting, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation and fertilization: after the previous crops are harvested, 2000kg of organic fertilizer, 25kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer and 1.5kg of borax are applied to each mu of crops as base fertilizers, deep ploughing and fine tillage are carried out until the plough layer is deep, the ground is flat, the upper part is deficient and the lower part is full, rainwater is accommodated, soil moisture is stored and drought is prevented, and the soil moisture is ensured to be sufficient for seeding;
(2) planting winter rape: selecting a super-strong cold-resistant winter rape variety for broadcasting in 9-10-9-15 days, generally no later than 9-25 days, wherein the sowing depth is 4cm, the row spacing is 20cm, the sowing quantity is 0.5 kg/mu, the density is 3.0 ten thousand plants/mu, the depth is consistent, and the seeds are compacted after being sowed;
(3) management of winter rape:
a. thinning and final singling: combining 2-3 main leaves of winter rape with intertillage for first thinning, and setting seedlings at 3-4 leaves, wherein the plant spacing is determined according to the planting density and is 8 cm; if the insect pest is serious at this stage, the seedling setting should be delayed properly; replanting if seedling shortage occurs;
b. management before winter: after winter rape enters five-leaf stage, applying additional fertilizer early, applying 4kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu after final singling, and properly increasing the dosage by 40 percent in a land with poor fertility; raking and earthing soil when the soil is frozen at night and disappears in daytime, and covering and leveling furrows and ridges;
c. managing after green turning: in the green returning period of the winter rape, 5kg of urea is additionally applied to each mu in combination with local rainfall, and little or no urea is applied to the plots with sufficient growth vigor and large density during green returning; in the bud coating period of the winter rape, 0.5kg of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed per mu in combination with insect prevention; 30g of 15 percent boric fertilizer and 40kg of water are respectively sprayed for 1 time in the seedling stage, the bolting stage and the initial flowering stage of the winter rape; irrigating water according to soil moisture content in the bolting period and the flowering period of the winter rape;
d. and (3) pest control: spraying 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil liquid twice before winter and after spring at an interval of 8 days to prevent and treat downy mildew; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, cleaning the field-side virus source plants, controlling the damage of aphids, killing virus-transmitting aphids, taking the susceptible plants out of the field to destroy the susceptible plants, and preventing and treating virus diseases; in the whole growth period of the winter rape, 2500 times of liquid of 50 percent aphid-avoiding wettable powder is used for preventing and controlling aphids; in the seedling stage and the bolting stage of winter rape, 2000 times of solution of 80 percent dichlorvos missible oil is sprayed to prevent and control cabbage caterpillars; in the seedling stage of winter rape, spraying 2500 times of solution of 20% quick-kill dices to prevent and control flea beetles;
e. harvesting at proper time: in the late 5 months of the next year, performing mechanical combined harvesting, and completing harvesting by using a combined harvester once when more than 95% of the siliques turn yellow and the seeds turn into normal brown basically and the siliques on the upper part can be easily pinched off by hands;
(4) harvesting and soil preparation: after the winter rape is harvested, 1200 kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 12 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer are applied, deep ploughing and soil drying are carried out, then, artificial ridging is carried out, the ridge-furrow distance is 35cm, the ridge width is 65cm, and the ridge height is 12 cm;
(5) planting summer peanuts: in the 6 th last ten days of the next year, summer peanut varieties with short growth period, high quality and good resistance are selected, two rows of summer peanut seeds are sown on ridges, the sowing depth is 3cm, the row spacing is 45cm, the plant spacing is 15cm, 2 seeds/hole are sown, and the density is 1.0 ten thousand plants/mu;
(6) summer peanut management:
a. and (3) reasonable fertilization: carrying out three times of topdressing of 25 kg/mu of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate at 40 days, 50 days and 70 days after the summer peanut sowing respectively;
b. and (3) pest control: using 2000 times of liquid of 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder to spray and control brown spot;
c. harvesting at proper time: when the upper leaves of the summer peanuts turn yellow, the base parts and the middle leaves fall off, more than 80 percent of the pod kernels are full, and the fruit kernel skins are light red, the summer peanuts are harvested.
Performance testing
Selecting a land with flat land shape, fertile soil, consistent fertility and good irrigation and drainage, averagely dividing the land into three blocks, planting winter rapes and summer peanuts according to the planting technologies of the embodiments 1-3 respectively, and determining the soil emergence rate, the growth survival rate and the yield respectively, wherein the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 EXAMPLES 1 TO 3 winter rape and summer peanut test results
As can be seen from Table 1, the planting of winter rape and summer peanuts according to the planting techniques of embodiments 1-3 of the present invention is superior to the prior art in terms of emergence rate, growth survival rate, yield, etc. The planting technology has the advantages of simple operation process, less labor investment, time and labor saving, cost saving, high quality and high efficiency, is suitable for the northern area of China, and is particularly suitable for popularization and application in winter rape planting areas or summer peanut planting areas in the central south of Hebei province.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
1. A high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape and summer peanuts is characterized by comprising the following steps of planting winter rape and summer peanuts:
(1) land preparation and fertilization: after the previous crops are harvested, applying farmyard manure, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer and borax as base fertilizers, deeply ploughing, finely ploughing, deeply ploughing, leveling the ground, keeping the soil moisture, storing the rainwater, preventing drought and ensuring that the soil moisture is sufficient for seeding;
(2) planting winter rape: in the period from 10 days in 9 months to 15 days in 9 months, generally no later than 25 days in 9 months, selecting a super-strong cold-resistant winter rape variety for mechanical spray sowing or manual drill sowing or broadcast sowing, wherein the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, the row spacing is 20-40 cm, the sowing quantity is 0.3-0.5 kg/mu, the density is 2.5-3.0 ten thousand plants/mu, the depth is consistent, and the seeds are compacted after sowing;
(3) management of winter rape:
a. thinning and final singling;
b. managing before winter;
c. managing after green turning;
d. and (3) pest control: spraying pesticide to prevent and control underground pests and flea beetles after seedling emergence, combining the pest control and disease control in the green turning period, and preventing and controlling aphids and diseases in the silique period;
e. harvesting at proper time: in the late 5 months of the next year, manually harvesting, when 70% of the siliques in the whole field turn yellow and seeds in pods in the middle of the major inflorescence start to change color, cutting down and stacking, after 2-3 days, ripening, and threshing when the siliques peel is easy to crack; or, mechanical combined harvest, when more than 95 percent of the siliques turn yellow and the seeds turn into normal brown basically, and the upper siliques can be easily pinched off by hands, the combine harvester is used for completing the harvest at one time;
(4) harvesting and soil preparation: after the winter rape is harvested, applying an organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer, deeply ploughing and drying soil, and then manually ridging, wherein the ridge-furrow distance is 25-35 cm, the ridge width is 55-65 cm, and the ridge height is 10-12 cm;
(5) planting summer peanuts: selecting summer peanut varieties with short growth period, high quality and good resistance in the 6 th last ten days of the next year, sowing two rows of summer peanut varieties on ridges, wherein the sowing depth is 2-3 cm, the row spacing is 40-45 cm, the plant spacing is 10-15 cm, 1-2 seeds/hole are planted, and the density is 0.8-1.0 ten thousand plants/mu;
(6) summer peanut management:
a. and (3) reasonable fertilization: carrying out three times of topdressing respectively 30-40 days, 45-50 days and 60-70 days after the summer peanuts are sowed;
b. and (3) pest control: preventing and treating brown spot;
c. harvesting at proper time: when the upper leaves of the summer peanuts turn yellow, the base parts and the middle leaves fall off, more than 80 percent of the pod kernels are full, and the fruit kernel skins are light red, the summer peanuts are harvested.
2. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape and summer peanuts as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the amount of the organic fertilizer is 1500-2000 kg/mu; the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced compound fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu; the dosage of the borax is 1-1.5 kg/mu.
3. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the specific operation of thinning and final singling is as follows:
combining 2-3 main leaves of winter rape with intertillage for first thinning, and setting seedlings when 3-4 main leaves are adopted, wherein the plant spacing is determined according to the planting density and is 5-8 cm; if the insect pest is serious at this stage, the seedling setting should be delayed properly; if the seedling is lack, the replanting should be carried out.
4. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the specific operation of managing before winter is as follows:
after winter rape enters five-leaf stage, applying top dressing early, applying 3-4 kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu after final singling, and properly increasing the using amount by 30-40% in a land block with poor fertility; and raking and earthing when the soil is frozen at night and disappears in daytime, and covering and leveling furrows and ridges.
5. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the specific operation of management after green turning is as follows:
in the green returning period of the winter rape, 5kg of urea is additionally applied to each mu in combination with local rainfall, and little or no urea is applied to the plots with sufficient growth vigor and large density during green returning;
in the bud coating period of the winter rape, 0.1-0.5 kg of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed per mu in combination with insect prevention;
30g of 15 percent boric fertilizer and 40kg of water are respectively sprayed for 1 time in the seedling stage, the bolting stage and the initial flowering stage of the winter rape;
irrigating water according to soil moisture content in the bolting period and the flowering period of the winter rape.
6. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the specific operation of pest control is as follows:
before winter and after spring, spraying 150-200 times of 40% peronophyton wettable powder or 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil twice at an interval of 7-10 days to prevent and treat downy mildew;
in the whole growth period of the winter rape, cleaning the field-side virus source plants, controlling the damage of aphids, killing virus-transmitting aphids, taking the susceptible plants out of the field to destroy the susceptible plants, and preventing and treating virus diseases;
in the whole growth period of the winter rape, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2500-fold liquid spray or 40% omethoate missible oil 1500-fold liquid spray or 50% aphid-avoiding wettable powder 2000-2500-fold liquid spray is used for preventing and treating aphids;
in the seedling stage and the bolting stage of the winter rape, 2.5 percent of dichlord killing emulsion is sprayed by 1500-2000 times of liquid, or 2 percent of abamectin emulsifiable solution is sprayed by 1000-1500 times of liquid, or 80 percent of dichlorvos emulsifiable solution is sprayed by 1500-2000 times of liquid, so that cabbage caterpillars are prevented and treated;
in the seedling stage of winter rape, 1000 times of liquid spray of 50% phoxim missible oil or 1000-1500 times of liquid spray of 48% lesqueradin missible oil or 2500 times of liquid spray of 20% tolfenbutate is used for preventing and treating flea beetles.
7. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape and summer peanuts as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the amount of the organic fertilizer is 1000-1200 kg/mu.
8. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rapes and summer peanuts as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the nitrogen phosphorus potassium balance compound fertilizer is used in an amount of 10-12 kg/mu.
9. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rapes and summer peanuts as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the additional fertilizer is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and the using amount of the additional fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu.
10. The high-yield and high-efficiency planting technology for winter rape-summer peanuts according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the specific operation of pest control is as follows: and (3) spraying 1500-2000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 2000-2500 times of liquid of 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder to prevent and control the brown spot.
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