CN111266744B - Pre-cutting-based laser high-precision machining method for copper-steel laminated plate - Google Patents
Pre-cutting-based laser high-precision machining method for copper-steel laminated plate Download PDFInfo
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- CN111266744B CN111266744B CN202010174709.9A CN202010174709A CN111266744B CN 111266744 B CN111266744 B CN 111266744B CN 202010174709 A CN202010174709 A CN 202010174709A CN 111266744 B CN111266744 B CN 111266744B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/36—Removing material
- B23K26/38—Removing material by boring or cutting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/073—Shaping the laser spot
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of high-efficiency, high-precision and high-quality laser cutting processing of laminated plates, and relates to a pre-cut-based laser high-precision processing method of a copper-steel laminated plate. When the laminated plate with the high-reflectivity red copper coating is cut by using optical fiber laser, laser precutting is carried out by using oxygen as auxiliary gas through controlling the input of laser energy density and the cutting speed in the laser cutting process, so that the surface of the material is subjected to shallow melting, the surface appearance and the components of the coating copper on the surface of the material are changed, and the laser cutting work of the laminated plate is carried out on the basis of the superficial melting. The invention simplifies the process flow of laser cutting the laminated plate, ensures the processing precision and the surface property of the material, and meets the requirement of laser high-precision processing of the laminated plate workpiece.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of high-efficiency, high-precision and high-quality laser cutting processing of laminated plates, and relates to a pre-cutting-based copper-steel laminated plate laser high-precision processing method, which is an application of a laser pre-cutting method in a laser high-precision processing technology of copper-steel laminated plate seam array parts.
Background
Laser cutting is a process in which a material surface is irradiated with a high-power-density laser beam, and the material is removed in a molten or vaporized form. The modern laser cutting technology is a high and new technology combining a laser, a computer, a numerical control system and a precision machine tool, so that the laser cutting has high precision, high efficiency, low damage and easy control, and is the most applied technology of laser processing at present. The copper-steel laminated plate is prepared by cold rolling of the coated red copper and the carbon steel substrate, has the advantages of excellent heat conductivity, corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the copper material, higher strength and higher rigidity of the carbon steel and the like. The laminated material with the characteristics superior to those of two single metals is obtained, copper materials are saved, and the laminated material has extremely high application value in the fields of aerospace, military industry and precision instruments and meters. In the field of optical fiber laser cutting, the low laser absorptivity is the most important problem in copper material laser cutting, and the near infrared wavelength laser absorptivity is less than 10%.
The application of the beam Huaqi laser cutting technology in the processing of high-precision barriers is proposed in the document [ C ] Chinese mechanical engineering society, 2005:272 ], a pulsed laser is used for processing the high-precision barriers, and a precision grating sample is processed by adjusting pulse width, gas pressure, repetition frequency, trial different processing allowances and the like. The article provides requirements for the machining precision of the current precision grating piece, and researches the deformation and the machining quality, but the article cannot discuss a method for processing a seam array type part with continuous laser at high precision and measures for meeting the machining quality.
The document "Jonjac red copper surface pretreatment and laser welding process research [ J ] laser and optoelectronics progress 2016,53(03): 164-16" proposes a red copper surface pretreatment measure in welding applications, thereby changing the light-reflecting properties of the red copper surface. The purpose is two: firstly, the problem of low laser absorption rate of the red copper surface is solved, laser welding can be realized under the condition of not using a kilowatt laser, and a laser head is protected from being damaged by a large amount of reflected laser; secondly, the existing method for adding the coating on the surface of the material has the problems of difficult control of the uniformity of the coating, chemical pollution of the coating on the surface of the material and the like. Under the premise, the article provides a measure for modifying the surface of the material by using laser, wherein a nanosecond laser with the wavelength of 532nm is adopted to modify the surface of the material, so that the reflectivity of red copper to laser with the wavelength of 1064nm is reduced from 95% to 15.5%, and the utilization efficiency of the laser during welding is greatly improved.
The above methods still have problems: the range of pretreatment needed in research is large, and particularly when the processing path is complex, the area of the processing area needs to be larger than the area occupied by actual laser processing, so that not only is the resource waste caused, but also the surface of the processed material has pretreatment traces, and if the pretreatment traces are light, the appearance is heavy, and the performance of the processed part is affected; the pretreatment and subsequent processing adopted in the research are based on different lasers, so that the problems of time and resource cost increase caused by machine tool conversion, influence on processing precision during relocation and the like are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for pre-cutting a copper-steel laminated plate by laser, aiming at the problems of low laser absorptivity, damaged kerf peripheral property, low cutting efficiency and poor cutting quality in the processing of the copper-steel laminated plate, and the method is characterized in that when a laminated plate with a high-reflectivity red copper coating is cut by near-infrared wavelength optical fiber laser, the laser energy density input and the cutting speed in the laser cutting process are controlled, oxygen is used as auxiliary gas for pre-cutting, so that the material surface is subjected to shallow melting, the coating copper appearance and components on the material surface are changed, and the laser cutting work of the laminated plate is carried out on the basis of the pre-cutting. The invention simplifies the process flow of laser cutting of the laminated plate, ensures the processing precision and the surface property of the material, and meets the requirement of precision processing of workpieces.
The invention provides a method for pre-cutting a copper-steel laminated plate aiming at a near-infrared wavelength optical fiber laser cutting machine, and realizes laser precision machining of a copper-steel laminated plate workpiece on the basis of the method. Firstly, setting basic processing parameters of a laser, and setting the basic processing parameters as a processing path after a part two-dimensional graph is imported into visual numerical control software of a machine tool; and then, pre-cutting the surface of the material at a low power and high speed by using oxygen as auxiliary gas, controlling the input of energy density in the pre-cutting process to enable the surface of the material to be subjected to shallow melting, and setting oxygen pressure to ensure that the oxidation reaction has enough oxygen. The change of the pre-cutting surface appearance can reduce the vertical reflection of laser back to a laser head to break an optical shutter until the laser is damaged; the black oxide generated by the oxidation reaction can increase the absorptivity of laser, and the red copper at the edge of the shallow layer melting has light reflectivity, so that most absorption of laser energy occurs in the oxide generation area of the shallow layer melting, and the processing quality that the kerf width is smaller than the diameter of a light spot and the heat affected area is small is obtained.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a pre-cut-based laser high-precision processing method for a copper-steel laminated plate comprises the following specific steps:
step one, workpiece preparation: horizontally placing the copper-steel laminated plate 3 to be processed on a laser workbench, and adjusting the position of a plate on the workbench according to the processing requirements of a workpiece; the laser adopts a near infrared fiber laser;
step two, parameter setting: a single-layer air blowing nozzle 4 is arranged below the laser head 1, and a coaxial air blowing measure is adopted; the defocusing amount is set to be 0 by using an adjusting wrench, so that light spots are focused on the surface of the copper-steel laminated plate 3, the diameter of a nozzle 4 is 1.5-2mm, the distance from the bottom end of the nozzle 4 to the surface of the copper-steel laminated plate 3 is set to be 0.5-1mm, and the working mode of the nozzle 4 is follow-up; guiding a two-dimensional drawing of a workpiece to be machined into a fiber laser computer, opening the drawing by using visual numerical control software, and opening a laser light gate;
step three, precutting: setting the cutting power of the laser to 7.5-37.5W, the cutting speed to 6-10m/min, the auxiliary gas to oxygen, and controlling the power density to 105W/cm2The following; the scanning process is carried out in a single scanning mode, the gas pressure is set to be 0.8-1.2MPa, the auxiliary gas is firstly discharged, and then the laser is delayed; the laser head 1 cuts according to the pre-cutting path 2, and the laser head 1 automatically returns to the cutting starting point after the pre-cutting is finished;
step four, precision machining of the workpiece: after the precutting is finished, the cutting power of the laser is set to be 600-750W, the cutting speed is set to be 6-10m/min, the auxiliary gas is changed into nitrogen, and other parameter values are maintained unchanged; and starting processing, cutting the laser head 1 along a processing route, namely a precut path 2, by a numerical control system of the fiber laser according to a path provided by a visual graph, and repeating the precut path 2 by laser spots during cutting until the cutting is finished.
The upper and lower surfaces of the copper-steel laminated plate 3 are respectively provided with a coating layer 6 made of red copper, and the middle layer is a base layer 7 made of carbon steel.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention controls the input of laser energy density and the cutting speed, and pre-cuts under the action of oxygen as auxiliary gas. Therefore, the surface of the material is subjected to shallow melting, the appearance and components of the copper coating on the surface of the material are changed, the quantity of laser which is vertically reflected back to the laser head is reduced, the optical gate is protected from being disconnected, and the laser absorption rate can be improved to 80% -90% through the black copper oxide generated by precutting. And because the laser precutting energy input is small and fast, the width of the oxide cutting seam obtained by precutting is smaller than the diameter of a light spot by 100 microns within 90 +/-10 microns, the absorption of the laser energy mainly depends on a precut shallow melting area during inert gas assisted cutting, and unoxidized part of laser in the diameter of the light spot is reflected, so that the minimum width of the cutting seam can reach about 90 microns finally, the heat affected area at the periphery of the cutting seam is small, and the cutting seam is uniform. Analysis of existing processing data shows that under the same processing parameters, the width of the slit obtained by the pre-cutting method is reduced by about 40% compared with pure oxygen assisted cutting and is reduced by about 25% compared with carbon black coating. After the pure oxygen is used for assisting cutting, the heat affected zone is large, the copper layer at the edge of a cutting seam is oxidized and discolored, the coating layer can pollute the surface of a workpiece, and the pre-cutting method can avoid the problems on the premise of ensuring the processing efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a laser pre-cut process of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a copper-steel laminate structure;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of a laser precut surface active area.
In the figure: 1, a laser head; 2, pre-cutting path; 3 a copper-steel laminate; 4, a nozzle; 5, laser beam; 6 a base layer; 7, coating; the diameter of the laser spot A and the width of the shallow melting zone of the precut surface B.
Detailed Description
The following further describes a specific embodiment of the present invention by comparing different schemes of laser cutting a copper-steel laminated plate with the accompanying drawings and technical schemes.
The structure of the copper-steel laminated board 3 to be processed is shown in fig. 2, the thickness is 1mm, the upper and lower surfaces are the coating layers 6 made of red copper and 0.05mm, the middle layer is the base layer 7 made of carbon steel and 0.9 mm.
A schematic diagram of the laser pre-cut machining is shown in fig. 1.
Comparative example 1: non-precutting method for laser cutting of copper-steel laminate (oxygen-assisted cutting method)
(1) Preparing a workpiece: the processed copper-steel laminated plate 3 is horizontally arranged on a laser workbench, and the position of the plate on the workbench is reasonably adjusted according to the processing requirements of workpieces;
(2) a single-layer air blowing nozzle 4 is arranged below the laser head 1, and a coaxial air blowing measure is adopted; setting the defocusing amount to be 0 by using an adjusting wrench, so that a light spot is focused on the surface of a material, setting the diameter of a laser nozzle to be 2mm, setting the distance between the nozzle and the surface of a workpiece to be 0.5mm, and setting the working mode of the nozzle 4 to be follow-up; and (3) introducing a two-dimensional drawing of the workpiece into a fiber laser computer, opening the drawing by using visual numerical control software, setting the cutting frequency to be 5000Hz and the peak current to be 100%, and opening a laser light gate.
(3) Oxygen-assisted cutting method: setting the auxiliary gas as oxygen, setting the gas pressure to be 1MPa and the defocusing amount to be 0 to focus light spots on the surface of the plate, setting the power to be 750W and setting the cutting speed to be 6 m/min; and walking the frame after the parameter setting is finished, and ensuring that the processing range is on the surface of the material after the coating treatment.
(4) And clicking a machining starting button to finish machining the workpiece.
Observing the workpiece processed under the same processing parameters by using a super-depth-of-field three-dimensional microscope to find that: the surface of the material loses the physicochemical property of the original red copper after being processed by the coating method, and the cutting seam presents a saw-tooth shape, and the width of the cutting seam is about 120 +/-10 mu m; the heat affected zone around the cutting seam after the oxygen-assisted cutting method is large, and the width of the cutting seam is about 150 +/-10 mu m.
The invention provides a pre-cutting method for further enabling a machined workpiece to meet the requirements of precision and surface physical and chemical properties of parts.
Comparative example 2: non-precutting method for laser cutting of copper-steel laminate (surface coating treatment method)
(1) Preparing a workpiece: carrying out surface coating increasing treatment on the surface of the copper-steel laminated plate to be processed; the processed copper-steel laminated plate 3 is horizontally arranged on a laser workbench, and the position of the plate on the workbench is reasonably adjusted according to the processing requirements of workpieces;
(2) a single-layer air blowing nozzle 4 is arranged below the laser head 1, and a coaxial air blowing measure is adopted; setting the defocusing amount to be 0 by using an adjusting wrench, so that a light spot is focused on the surface of a material, setting the diameter of a laser nozzle to be 2mm, setting the distance between the nozzle and the surface of a workpiece to be 0.5mm, and setting the working mode of the nozzle 4 to be follow-up; and (3) introducing a two-dimensional drawing of the workpiece into a fiber laser computer, opening the drawing by using visual numerical control software, setting the cutting frequency to be 5000Hz and the peak current to be 100%, and opening a laser light gate.
(3) Setting the auxiliary gas as nitrogen, setting the defocusing amount as 0 to focus light spots on the surface of the plate, setting the power as 750W and the cutting speed as 6 m/min; and walking the frame after the parameter setting is finished, and ensuring that the processing range is on the surface of the material after the coating treatment. Experiments show that the absorption rate effect of different coating materials is different, and the laser absorption rate is improved by about 30% after the carbon black is coated in the experiments.
(4) And clicking a machining starting button to finish machining the workpiece.
Example (b): pre-cutting method for laser cutting of copper-steel laminated plate
(1) The copper-steel laminated plate 3 to be processed is horizontally arranged on a laser workbench, the position of the plate on the workbench is reasonably adjusted according to the processing requirements of the workpiece, and the edge of the plate is compacted to ensure that the plate is flat.
(2) A single-layer air blowing nozzle 4 is arranged below the laser head, and a coaxial air blowing measure is adopted; setting the defocusing amount to be 0 by using an adjusting wrench, focusing the light spot on the surface of the material, setting the diameter of a nozzle 4 to be 2mm, setting the distance between the nozzle and the surface of the workpiece to be 0.5mm, and setting the working mode of the nozzle to be follow-up; and (3) introducing a two-dimensional drawing of the workpiece into a fiber laser computer, opening the drawing by using visual numerical control software, setting the cutting frequency to be 5000Hz and the peak current to be 100%, and opening a laser light gate.
(3) Pre-cutting method: the power is set to be 7.5W, the speed is 10m/min, and the auxiliary gas is set to be oxygen, so that shallow melting of the surface of the pre-cut material is ensured, and surface appearance and oxide beneficial to processing of the laminated plate are generated. The scanning process is carried out in a single scanning mode, the gas pressure is set to be 1MPa, the auxiliary gas is firstly discharged, then the laser is discharged in a delayed mode for 200ms, and the fact that the surface of the material is in the gas environment before the laser reaches the surface of the material is guaranteed. The pre-cutting path 2 is a workpiece processing path, and the laser head automatically returns to the cutting starting point after the pre-cutting is finished.
(4) Cutting a workpiece: after the precutting is finished, the laser power is set to 750W, the speed is set to 6m/min, the auxiliary gas is changed into nitrogen, and other parameter values are maintained unchanged. And (3) clicking for processing, cutting the laser head 1 along a processing route, namely a precutting route, according to a path provided by a visual graph by a numerical control system, and repeating the precutting path by laser spots during cutting. The absorption of laser energy is influenced by using a product generated by superficial layer melting of the material surface in precutting and the light reflection rate of the red copper coating; the superficial layer melting width is smaller than the diameter of the light spot, the edge of the light spot is still reflective red copper, and the energy distribution characteristic of the Gaussian beam is combined, so that the energy density of the center of the light spot is high, and the light spot is greatly absorbed by black oxide; the red copper on the two sides reflects and dissipates the laser with low energy density, so that the width of the cutting seam and the heat affected zone are reduced. As shown in FIG. 3, after the pre-cut surface is analyzed by an ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional stereomicroscope, it can be known that a shallow melting zone with a depth of 6-8 μm, i.e., a laser pre-cut zone, appears on the surface coating. Wherein A is the diameter of a laser spot and the size is 100 mu m; b is the width of a shallow melting zone of the precut surface, the color is black due to the oxidation product of copper oxide, and the size is 80 +/-10 mu m; the width of the slit after cutting can reach about 90 mu m, the width is smaller than the diameter of a light spot by 100 mu m, and the edge of the slit is almost free of a heat affected zone.
Pre-cut versus coating and single oxygen cut: under the same cutting parameter setting, the width of a cutting seam obtained by cutting the copper-steel laminated plate by the pre-cutting method is narrower, is reduced by 45% compared with the width of a single oxygen cutting seam, and is reduced by 36% compared with the width of a coating method; the surface of the material cut by the pre-cutting method almost has no heat affected zone, the physicochemical property of the red copper coated layer on the surface is protected, and no slag is adhered to the bottom of the cutting; the pre-cutting and the cutting are completed by the same machine tool near-infrared wavelength optical fiber laser cutting machine, and compared with the blackening of a short pulse laser and the conversion of the machine tool, the using range of the machine tool is expanded, and the processing efficiency is improved. In an actual processing experiment, the method effectively solves the problems of grid breakage, surface thermal damage, low processing precision and efficiency and the like easily generated in the processing of the seam array type typical part, and enables the infrared fiber laser to cut the copper-steel laminated plate part at high precision.
Claims (2)
1. A pre-cut-based laser high-precision processing method for a copper-steel laminated plate is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step one, workpiece preparation: horizontally placing a copper-steel laminated plate (3) to be processed on a laser workbench, and adjusting the position of a plate on the workbench according to the processing requirements of a workpiece; the laser adopts a near infrared fiber laser;
step two, parameter setting: a single-layer blowing nozzle (4) is arranged below the laser head (1), and a coaxial blowing measure is adopted; the defocusing amount is set to be 0 by using an adjusting wrench, so that light spots are focused on the surface of the copper-steel laminated plate (3), the diameter of a nozzle (4) is 1.5-2mm, the distance between the bottom end of the nozzle (4) and the surface of the copper-steel laminated plate (3) is set to be 0.5-1mm, and the working mode of the nozzle (4) is follow-up; guiding a two-dimensional drawing of a workpiece to be machined into a fiber laser computer, opening the drawing by using visual numerical control software, and opening a laser light gate;
step three, precutting: setting the cutting power of the laser to 7.5-37.5W, the cutting speed to 6-10m/min, the auxiliary gas to oxygen, and controlling the power density to 105W/cm2The following; the scanning process is carried out in a single scanning mode, the gas pressure is set to be 0.8-1.2MPa, the auxiliary gas is firstly discharged, and then the laser is delayed; the laser head (1) cuts according to the pre-cutting path (2), and the laser head (1) automatically returns to the cutting starting point after the pre-cutting is finished;
step four, precision machining of the workpiece: after the precutting is finished, the cutting power of the laser is set to 600-750W, the cutting speed is set to 6-10m/min, the auxiliary gas is changed into nitrogen, and the power density is controlled to be 105W/cm2The gas pressure is set to 0.8-1.2 MPa; and starting machining, cutting the laser head (1) along the pre-cutting path (2), and repeating the pre-cutting path (2) by laser spots during cutting until the cutting is finished.
2. The laser high-precision processing method based on the precut copper-steel laminated plate is characterized in that the upper surface and the lower surface of the copper-steel laminated plate (3) are respectively provided with a coating layer (6) made of red copper and a base layer (7) made of carbon steel.
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2020
- 2020-03-13 CN CN202010174709.9A patent/CN111266744B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS54121249A (en) * | 1978-03-15 | 1979-09-20 | Hitachi Ltd | Laser welding |
| TW201109112A (en) * | 2009-09-01 | 2011-03-16 | Syn Mate Co Ltd | Laser cutting machine for metal machined components |
| CN102211255A (en) * | 2010-04-09 | 2011-10-12 | 深圳市大族激光科技股份有限公司 | Laser cutting method and equipment |
| CN105081568A (en) * | 2014-04-23 | 2015-11-25 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | Laser welding method |
| CN105983785A (en) * | 2015-01-30 | 2016-10-05 | 重庆沁煌机械制造有限公司 | Method for processing stainless steel composite steel plate |
| CN109396661A (en) * | 2018-11-09 | 2019-03-01 | 上海申和热磁电子有限公司 | One kind being used for CO2The processing method of laser aiming optical fiber processing aluminium oxide ceramics |
| CN110014237A (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-07-16 | 无锡洲翔激光设备有限公司 | The quick piercing process of thick stainless steel plate in one kind |
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