CN111205831B - 一种分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法和应用,包括丙二醇‑CoSO4溶液和Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒;在所述纳米流体中,所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的质量浓度范围为0.0051‑0.0508g/L;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒包括Ag纳米颗粒和SiO2壳层,所述Ag纳米颗粒外部包裹SiO2壳层。本发明通过CoSO4和Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的协同作用强化分频液对短波段光的吸收,使纳米流体分频液的光学性能与光伏电池光谱响应曲线更匹配;以丙二醇取代水作为基液可提高纳米流体分频液的光学匹配性、稳定性、光热转化能力和系统的出口输出温度,从而提高PV/T系统的综合利用效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能分频液材料的技术领域,特别涉及一种分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
有效利用太阳能是解决能源和环境危机的有效措施。大量的研究致力于开发一种高效的太阳能利用系统。在这些研究中,能够同时供应电能和热能的光伏光热(PV/T)系统引起了很多关注。然而,在传统的PV/T系统中,热能总是由连接到光伏电池背面的冷却单元收集,这致使所收集的热能的温度受到光伏电池温度的限制。近年来,采用太阳能光谱分频技术的PV/T系统被认为是一种比传统PV/T系统更有效地利用太阳能的方法。光谱分频的概念最早由Jackson等人提出,其原理是通过光谱分频器将有利于光电转换的太阳辐射波段分配给光电单元,而其余分配给光热单元进行光热转换,由于光电单元和光热单元是分开的,因此它们可以独立运行。因此,这种分频型PV/T系统不仅打破了传统PV/T系统的温度限制,而且对太阳能光谱实现了更合适的能量分配。
太阳能光谱分频的方法有很多种,其中比较常见的是多层薄膜干涉分频。多层薄膜干涉分频器具有较好的光学性能且理论上可以通过改变其层数和厚度从而获得理想的反射/透过曲线,但多层薄膜干涉分频器的设计和制作成本较高,因此有人提出把液体分频技术应用于PV/T系统以提高系统效率。液体分频技术将不能被光伏电池有效利用的太阳辐射预先吸收,并由光热单元转化为热能,能被光伏电池有效利用的太阳辐射则透过到光伏电池上进行光电转换。液体分频技术具有容易调控、成本低、无由二次换热引起的热损失等优点。其中,纳米流体分频液相较于普通流体分频液具有更优的温升特性,且在普通流体中添加微量纳米颗粒即可灵活调节基液的辐射特性,实现对太阳辐射的选择性吸收,因此以纳米流体为分频液的PV/T系统在太阳能利用领域引起了不小的关注。
但是,目前还没有成功制备出和光伏电池理想匹配的、可长期稳定工作的纳米流体分频液,致使以纳米流体为分频液的PV/T系统的综合效率比理论值要低得多。此外,纳米流体分频型PV/T系统目前大多采用水基纳米流体分频液。以水基纳米流体为PV/T系统分频液存在的问题包括:一方面受水的沸点限制,除非加压,系统的输出温度不超过100℃,无法满足一些商业和制造业如食品和饮料消毒、塑料制造等的热需求,而加压使其输出温度超过100℃则需要额外的结构成本;另一方面,水在975nm处有强吸收峰,与PV/T系统常用硅电池的高效率响应波段重合,所以用水基纳米流体分频会减少硅电池的电输出。此外,在纳米颗粒方面,Au和Ag等金属颗粒因其特有的等离激元效应而受到太阳能利用领域的广泛关注。与Au纳米颗粒相比,Ag纳米颗粒不但在短波范围有更高的吸收,而且价格低廉,易于购买,是用于太阳能电热联用系统分频液的理想材料。但Ag纳米颗粒性质活泼,在流体中容易团聚,导致Ag纳米流体易出现“沉淀”现象,这也是现有的纳米流体普遍存在的问题。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的不足,本发明提供了一种分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法和应用,通过CoSO4和Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的协同作用强化分频液对短波段光的吸收,使纳米流体分频液的光学性能与光伏电池光谱响应曲线更匹配;以丙二醇取代水作为基液可提高纳米流体分频液的光学匹配性、稳定性、光热转化能力和系统的出口输出温度,从而提高PV/T系统的综合利用效率;选择用SiO2包覆Ag纳米颗粒,因为SiO2具有稳定的性质和良好的光学透明性,因此包覆SiO2壳层可以在提高Ag纳米流体稳定性的同时保留其光学特性。
本发明是通过以下技术手段实现上述技术目的的。
一种分频液的纳米流体,包括丙二醇-CoSO4溶液和Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒;在所述纳米流体中,所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的质量浓度范围为0.0051-0.0508g/L;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒包括Ag纳米颗粒和SiO2壳层,所述Ag纳米颗粒外部包裹SiO2壳层。
进一步,所述Ag纳米颗粒的直径范围为30-53nm,所述Ag纳米颗粒的平均直径为41nm;所述SiO2壳层厚度为14-35nm;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的平均直径为55-76nm。
进一步,所述丙二醇-CoSO4溶液中CoSO4的浓度为40g/L。
一种分频液的纳米流体的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
制备Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒;
将Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒分散到丙二醇-CoSO4溶液中,得到丙二醇-基Ag@SiO2纳米流体;在所述丙二醇-基Ag@SiO2纳米流体中,所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的质量浓度范围为0.0051-0.0508g/L。
进一步,制备Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒包括如下步骤:
制备Ag纳米流体:制备无水葡萄糖、柠檬酸三钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和去离子水的混合溶液A;将混合溶液A搅拌加热后,加入银氨溶液,制得Ag纳米流体,所述Ag纳米流体中含有Ag纳米颗粒;
制备Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒:将Ag纳米流体与无水乙醇混合后,得到混合溶液B;通过二甲胺将混合溶液B的pH值调节为弱碱性;在弱碱性的混合溶液B中加入正硅酸乙酯,制得Ag@SiO2纳米流体,通过离心洗涤,得到Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒。
进一步,所述混合溶液A中,柠檬酸三钠、无水葡萄糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和去离子水的质量比为3:50:500:50000。
进一步,所述Ag纳米流体中Ag纳米颗粒的浓度为254ppm;所述无水乙醇与Ag纳米流体的体积比为4。
进一步,所述正硅酸乙酯的浓度为0.3586mM-3.5864mM。
进一步,将所述的分频液的纳米流体用于太阳能电热联用系统中的光谱分频液。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1.本发明所述的分频液的纳米流体,采用丙二醇-CoSO4混合基,CoSO4与Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的协同作用将Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的主要吸收波段由325-550nm拓宽到325-670nm,强化了分频液对短波光的吸收。
2.本发明所述的分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法,采用丙二醇-CoSO4混合基,与水基相比增强吸收了200-675nm波段范围内的太阳辐射,同时在聚光硅电池的理想光谱分频波段内保持高透过率;随着Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加,纳米流体在380-555nm波段内的吸收随之增强,但对675-940nm波段的近红外始终保持较高透过率,接近聚光硅电池的理想光谱分频曲线。
3.本发明所述的分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法,采用丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液,与水-CoSO4混合基液相比具有更好的稳定性,丙二醇的比热容比水低,对太阳辐射的吸收能力比水强,因此具有更好的温升性能和更高的最终温度,提高了分频液的光热转化能力和系统的出口温度
4.本发明所述的分频液的纳米流体及其制备方法,利用水与丙二醇沸点差异,使用蒸发法直接将水-CoSO4混合基液转换为丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液,为更多醇基流体的制备提供了思路。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例3的Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的扫描电镜图。
图2a为水与丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液的光谱透过率对比图。
图2b为丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体与丙二醇基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光谱透过率对比图。
图3为不同Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度的丙二醇-基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光谱透过率对比图。
图4为水-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体和丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的静置沉降对比图。
图5为水基Ag@SiO2纳米流体和丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光热转化率对比图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图以及具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但本发明的保护范围并不限于此。
本发明所述的分频液的纳米流体,包括丙二醇-CoSO4溶液和Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒;在所述纳米流体中,所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的质量浓度范围为0.0051-0.0508g/L;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒包括Ag纳米颗粒和SiO2壳层,所述Ag纳米颗粒外部包裹SiO2壳层。所述Ag纳米颗粒的直径范围为30-53nm,所述Ag纳米颗粒的平均直径为41nm;所述SiO2壳层厚度为14-35nm;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的平均直径为55-76nm。所述丙二醇-CoSO4溶液中CoSO4的浓度为40g/L。
所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒平均直径为55-76nm,较小的粒径相同质量下有较大的体积,更利于导热;Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒在分频液的纳米流体中的质量浓度配比范围为0.0051-0.0508g/L;Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒浓度越高,在分频液的纳米流体的光热转换能力越强,但Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒浓度越高成本越高,且分频效果下降,因此选择此浓度范围最佳。
本发明所述的分频液的纳米流体采用丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液,Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒和CoSO4在光学性能上均具有协同效应,因此将两者混合拓宽了纳米流体的吸收范围,增强其在紫外和可见波段的吸收能力。采用丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液,随着Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加,纳米流体在380-555nm波段内的吸收随之增强,但对675-940nm波段的近红外始终保持较高透过率,接近聚光硅电池的理想光谱分频曲线。采用丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液,丙二醇的比热容比水低,对太阳辐射的吸收能力比水强,因此具有更好的温升性能和更高的最终温度。
实施例1:
S1:利用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备Ag纳米流体
称取0.02g硝酸银溶于2ml去离子水中,滴加稀释的氨水先生成黄色沉淀再溶解至澄清,制得银氨溶液;称取0.1g无水葡萄糖、0.006g柠檬酸三钠和1g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)溶于50ml去离子水中,玻璃棒搅拌使之完全溶解形成混合溶液A;将混合溶液A置于控温磁力加热搅拌器上,低速搅拌加热至85℃,滴加银氨溶液,溶液由无色变为黄色,表示有Ag纳米颗粒生成,保持85℃加热30min,结束加热后将Ag纳米流体定容至50ml。Ag纳米颗粒的粒径范围为30-53nm,平均直径为41nm,在Ag纳米流体中的浓度为254ppm。
将25ml冷却后的Ag纳米流体与100ml无水乙醇混合,即无水乙醇与Ag纳米流体的体积比为4,得到混合溶液B;将混合溶液B搅拌1min后滴加0.5ml二甲胺和0.1ml正硅酸乙酯(TEOS),TEOS的浓度为3.5864mM,常温下搅拌2h得到Ag@SiO2纳米流体。用无水乙醇离心洗涤两次,得到Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的平均直径为76nm,其中SiO2壳厚为35nm的Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒。
S3:制备丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒
将10ml CoSO4水溶液(240g/L)与60ml丙二醇混合,95℃恒温水浴搅拌蒸发30min获得丙二醇-硫酸钴溶液;将Ag@SiO2纳米流体分散到丙二醇-硫酸钴溶液中,获得Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度为0.0051-0.0508g/L的丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体。
实施例2:
S1与实施例1中的S1相同,即Ag纳米颗粒的粒径范围为30-53nm,平均直径为41nm,在Ag纳米流体中的浓度为254ppm。
将25ml冷却后的Ag纳米流体与100ml无水乙醇混合,即无水乙醇与Ag纳米流体的体积比为4,得到混合溶液B;将混合溶液B搅拌1min后滴加0.5ml二甲胺和0.01mlTEOS,TEOS的浓度为0.35864mM,常温下搅拌12h得到Ag@SiO2纳米流体。用无水乙醇离心洗涤两次,得到Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的平均直径为55nm,其中SiO2壳厚为14nm的Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒。
S3与实施例1中S3相同,即将10ml CoSO4水溶液(240g/L)与60ml丙二醇混合,95℃恒温水浴搅拌蒸发30min获得丙二醇-硫酸钴溶液;将Ag@SiO2纳米流体分散到丙二醇-硫酸钴溶液中,获得Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度为0.0051-0.0508g/L的丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体。
实施例3:
S1与实施例1中的S1相同,即Ag纳米颗粒的粒径范围为30-53nm,平均直径为41nm,在Ag纳米流体中的浓度为254ppm。
将25ml冷却后的Ag纳米流体与100ml无水乙醇混合,即无水乙醇与Ag纳米流体的体积比为4,得到混合溶液B;将混合溶液B搅拌1min后滴加0.5ml二甲胺和0.01mlTEOS,TEOS的浓度为1.8679mM,常温下搅拌10h得到Ag@SiO2纳米流体。用无水乙醇离心洗涤两次,得到平均直径为71nm,SiO2壳厚为30nm的Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒。如图1为实施例3的Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的扫描电镜图,图中深色圆核为Ag纳米颗粒,深色圆核外浅色包裹层为SiO2壳层,浅色圆颗粒为游离的SiO2颗粒;Ag纳米颗粒的粒径范围为30-53nm,平均直径为41nm;SiO2壳层厚度为30nm。
S3与实施例1中S3相同,即将10ml CoSO4水溶液(240g/L)与60ml丙二醇混合,95℃恒温水浴搅拌蒸发30min获得丙二醇-硫酸钴溶液;将Ag@SiO2纳米流体分散到丙二醇-硫酸钴溶液中,获得Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度为0.0051-0.0508g/L的丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体。
对比水与丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液的光谱透过率:如图2a所示,与水基相比,丙二醇-CoSO4混合基液增强吸收了近红外1000-1195nm波段范围内的太阳辐射。对比同为0.0051g/L质量浓度的丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体与丙二醇基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光谱透过率:如图2b所示,Ag@SiO2纳米流体与硫酸钴混合后,其在紫外和可见范围内的吸收波段由325-555nm拓宽到325-670nm,且在675-940nm波段的近红外始终保持较高透过率,接近聚光硅电池的理想光谱分频曲线。
对比不同Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度的丙二醇-基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光谱透过率:根据实施例3的方法制备了Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度为0.0051、0.0127、0.0254、0.0508g/L的丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体,测量这些浓度的光谱透过率,如图3所示,随着Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加,纳米流体在380-555nm波段内的吸收随之增强,但对675-940nm波段的近红外始终保持较高透过率,接近聚光硅电池的理想光谱分频曲线。
对比水-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体和丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的静置沉降情况,将Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度为0.0051g/L的水-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体和丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体同时的静置,如图4所示,水-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体在静置五天后就出现沉淀物,而丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体静置五天后的变化依然很小,表明了丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体相比水-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体具有更好的稳定性。
对比水基Ag@SiO2纳米流体和丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光热转化率:实施例3的制备方法,获得Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒质量浓度为0.0051g/L的丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体与相同浓度的水基Ag@SiO2纳米流体,在照射时间为3h,辐照强度为1000W/m2的情况下,如图5所示,丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光热转换效率也明显高于水基Ag@SiO2纳米流体。这是由于丙二醇的比热容比水低,对太阳辐射的吸收能力比水强,且CoSO4在丙二醇基液中增强吸收了近红外1000-1195nm波段范围内的太阳辐射,因此丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体的光热转换性能优于水基Ag@SiO2纳米流体。
将所述的分频液的纳米流体用于太阳能电热联用系统中的光谱分频液,强化了分频液对短波光的吸收。
所述实施例为本发明的优选的实施方式,但本发明并不限于上述实施方式,在不背离本发明的实质内容的情况下,本领域技术人员能够做出的任何显而易见的改进、替换或变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种分频液的纳米流体的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
制备Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒,包括如下步骤:
制备Ag纳米流体:制备无水葡萄糖、柠檬酸三钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和去离子水的混合溶液A;将混合溶液A搅拌加热后,加入银氨溶液,制得Ag纳米流体,所述Ag纳米流体中含有Ag纳米颗粒,所述Ag纳米流体中Ag纳米颗粒的浓度为254ppm;
制备Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒:将Ag纳米流体与无水乙醇混合后,得到混合溶液B;所述无水乙醇与Ag纳米流体的体积比为4;通过二甲胺将混合溶液B的pH值调节为弱碱性;在弱碱性的混合溶液B中加入正硅酸乙酯,制得Ag@SiO2纳米流体,通过离心洗涤,得到Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒;
将Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒分散到丙二醇-CoSO4溶液中,得到丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体;在所述丙二醇-CoSO4混合基Ag@SiO2纳米流体中,所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的质量浓度范围为0.0051-0.0508g/L;所述Ag纳米颗粒的直径范围为30-53nm,所述Ag纳米颗粒的平均直径为41nm;所述SiO2壳层厚度为14-35nm;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的平均直径为55-76nm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的分频液的纳米流体的制备方法,其特征在于,所述混合溶液A中,柠檬酸三钠、无水葡萄糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和去离子水的质量比为3:50:500:50000。
3.根据权利要求1所述的分频液的纳米流体的制备方法,其特征在于,所述正硅酸乙酯的浓度为0.3586mM-3.5864mM。
4.一种根据权利要求1所述的分频液的纳米流体的制备方法生产的纳米流体,其特征在于,包括丙二醇-CoSO4溶液和Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒;在所述纳米流体中,所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒的质量浓度范围为0.0051-0.0508g/L;所述Ag@SiO2纳米颗粒包括Ag纳米颗粒和SiO2壳层,所述Ag纳米颗粒外部包裹SiO2壳层。
5.根据权利要求4所述的分频液的纳米流体的制备方法生产的纳米流体,其特征在于,所述丙二醇-CoSO4溶液中CoSO4的浓度为40g/L。
6.将权利要求4-5任一项所述的分频液的纳米流体用于太阳能电热联用系统中的光谱分频液。
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