CN111167226A - Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system - Google Patents

Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111167226A
CN111167226A CN202010202179.4A CN202010202179A CN111167226A CN 111167226 A CN111167226 A CN 111167226A CN 202010202179 A CN202010202179 A CN 202010202179A CN 111167226 A CN111167226 A CN 111167226A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
welding
cutting
smoke
storage tank
gas
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Pending
Application number
CN202010202179.4A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
杨帆
阎金城
刘进军
孙小成
张岩
翟广星
李恒超
高晓阳
张振玺
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Henan Up Technology Co ltd
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Henan Up Technology Co ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Henan Up Technology Co ltd filed Critical Henan Up Technology Co ltd
Priority to CN202010202179.4A priority Critical patent/CN111167226A/en
Publication of CN111167226A publication Critical patent/CN111167226A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/42Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof
    • B01D46/44Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof controlling filtration
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08CLEANING
    • B08BCLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B15/00Preventing escape of dirt or fumes from the area where they are produced; Collecting or removing dirt or fumes from that area
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08CLEANING
    • B08BCLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B15/00Preventing escape of dirt or fumes from the area where they are produced; Collecting or removing dirt or fumes from that area
    • B08B15/04Preventing escape of dirt or fumes from the area where they are produced; Collecting or removing dirt or fumes from that area from a small area, e.g. a tool
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K37/00Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses an automatic welding and cutting smoke dust purification system which comprises a smoke suction port assembly, a filter, a gas storage tank, a working pump and a programmable controller, wherein the smoke suction port assembly, the filter, the gas storage tank and the working pump are sequentially communicated through a gas suction pipe; the smoking port assembly comprises a gas pipe and a smoking port, and the smoking port is rotatably arranged on the handle of the welding and cutting gun through a connecting piece; the air suction pipe is provided with an electric air valve, the air storage tank is provided with a pressure sensor, the pressure sensor transmits a pressure signal of the air storage tank to the programmable controller, and the programmable controller controls the working pump to work, so that the air storage tank is in a negative pressure state, and smoke generated by welding and cutting can be ensured to smoothly enter the air storage tank. The invention has the advantages of ingenious structure, high smoke removal and purification efficiency, energy consumption reduction, smoke purification and treatment cost reduction, convenient operation and carrying, creates a new technical system device and a new technical approach which are beneficial to popularization and can be used for welding and cutting smoke purification and treatment, has huge market application prospect, and can obtain remarkable social benefit and economic benefit.

Description

Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system
Technical Field
The invention relates to a smoke dust purification system, in particular to an automatic welding and cutting smoke dust purification system.
Background
The welding, cutting, shaping and cutting block of metal materials are basic processes for processing and maintaining metal products, and are widely applied. However, the smoke generated in the welding and cutting process not only pollutes the air, but also harms the health of people, so the smoke is listed in the main range of air pollution control of industrial production by the nation. At present, three general large, medium and small welding and cutting smoke dust purification devices are analyzed from the aspects of reducing smoke dust purification treatment cost, improving applicability and universality, and have the following common and individual defect problems: the energy consumption is big, the smoke and dust is administered with high costs, and application range is restricted, carries inconveniently, is the biggest resistance that promotes at present to weld and cut the smoke and dust and administer, specifically as follows:
(1) the different degree energy consumption that the smoking mouth of clarifier and the distance of welding and cutting the fuming point caused is extravagant: it is known that the larger the smoke diffusion range, the lower the smoke concentration, the larger the total amount of smoke-air required and the higher the energy consumption. The distance between the smoke suction port of the existing large smoke dust purification equipment and a welding and cutting smoke point is dozens of meters and dozens of meters far away, so the required smoke suction power is from dozens of kilowatts to dozens of kilowatts, even hundreds of kilowatts, and the energy consumption is large; in the existing medium-sized purification equipment used in a centralized area of welding and cutting points in a purification workshop, the height difference between a smoke suction port and the welding and cutting smoke points is generally about 3 meters, the power of the equipment is between several kilowatts and more than ten kilowatts, and the energy consumption is still very large; the existing small-sized purifying equipment used for a certain welding and cutting point position is limited by a smoke suction port, a smoke suction pipeline structure and a welding and cutting operation space, the height of the smoke suction port from the welding and cutting smoke point is generally set to be more than 1m, and the power of the small-sized purifying equipment still needs 1-2 kilowatts.
(2) The energy consumption that causes with clarification plant control desynchrony is extravagant in the welding: the existing welding and cutting equipment and the purifying equipment are respectively and independently controlled, for example, the large and medium-sized purifying equipment is almost started on duty and shut down off duty no matter whether welding and cutting exist in a purifying area, the number of welding and cutting points is large or small, and the concentration of smoke dust is high or low; although the small-sized purifying equipment can be started before the start of welding and cutting work, the welding and cutting are frequently stopped at different time intervals in the whole welding and cutting process due to welding and cutting auxiliary materials, replacement of welding pieces, movement of welding and cutting point positions, quality inspection and other processes, and the energy consumption waste caused by invalid idling of the purifying equipment in the welding and cutting time period is caused because the purifying equipment cannot be synchronously closed and started with the welding and cutting equipment in real time.
(3) And inconvenient carrying, and limited welding and cutting application environment: the existing small-sized smoke dust purification equipment still has larger size, larger smoke suction port, thicker suction pipeline, extremely limited suction pipe length and inconvenient movement, and can not meet the smoke dust treatment requirements of outdoor, underground, high-altitude, large-scale weldment, special posture and other welding and cutting environments.
(4) And harming human health: the nearest distance between a smoke suction port and a smoke generating point of the existing large and medium-sized smoke dust purification equipment is about 3 meters, workers are completely positioned below the smoke suction port, and are inevitably positioned in a smoke dust diffusion range, and the bodies of the workers are harmed by polluted air; although the small-sized purifying equipment smoke suction port is close to the welding point, the smoke diffusion range is relatively small, but workers still can be damaged to different degrees.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system which is high in smoke absorption efficiency, low in energy consumption, convenient to operate and convenient to carry.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the automatic welding and cutting smoke dust purification system comprises a smoke suction port assembly, a filter, a gas storage tank and a working pump which are sequentially communicated through a gas suction pipe, and further comprises a programmable controller;
the smoke suction port assembly comprises a gas pipe communicated with the gas suction pipe and a smoke suction port communicated with a gas inlet of the gas pipe, and the smoke suction port is rotatably arranged on a handle of the welding and cutting gun through a connecting piece;
an electric air valve controlled by the programmable controller is arranged on the air suction pipe; the gas storage tank is provided with a pressure sensor for detecting the internal pressure of the gas storage tank;
the pressure sensor transmits a pressure signal of the gas storage tank to the programmable controller, and the programmable controller controls the working pump to pump gas in the gas storage tank to enable the working pump to be in a negative pressure state, so that smoke dust generated by welding and cutting can enter the gas storage tank after being purified by the smoke suction port assembly, the gas suction pipe and the filter.
The welding and cutting torch handle is provided with a front connecting sleeve and a rear connecting sleeve at intervals, the smoke suction port is rotatably arranged on the front connecting sleeve through the connecting piece, and the gas pipe is arranged on the rear connecting sleeve in a penetrating mode.
The connecting piece is of a universal ball structure.
And a welding and cutting information acquisition unit is arranged on the welding and cutting gun handle or the welding machine power output line and used for transmitting real-time working signals of the welding and cutting gun to the programmable controller, and the programmable controller controls the electric air valve and the filter to be opened and closed according to the signals.
The welding and cutting information acquisition unit is a manual control switch arranged on the handle of the welding and cutting gun, or a light sensor arranged on the handle of the welding and cutting gun, or a current sensor arranged on a power output line of the welding machine.
The working pump is a vacuum pump and works according to an air suction working principle and a structure mode; the working pump can also be a pneumatic pump and works according to the air suction working principle and the structure mode.
The invention has the advantages of high smoke removal and purification efficiency, obvious reduction of energy consumption, further reduction of smoke dust purification and treatment cost, convenient operation and carrying, avoidance of harm to operators, creation of a new system device and a new approach which are beneficial to popularization and are beneficial to welding and cutting smoke dust treatment, great market application prospect and remarkable social benefit and economic benefit. The concrete points are as follows:
1) the smoke suction port is arranged on the handle of the welding and cutting gun, the angle of the smoke suction port is adjustable, the direction between the smoke suction port and the welding and cutting smoke point is convenient to adjust, and the distance between the smoke suction port and the smoke point is controlled to be about 20 cm; the smoke suction port moves synchronously along with the handle of the welding and cutting gun, so that high-concentration smoke can be sucked to the maximum extent, energy consumption waste and improvement of treatment cost caused by increase of total amount of sucked polluted air due to smoke diffusion are avoided, energy consumption is reduced, energy conservation and emission reduction are facilitated, and body injury of welding and cutting smoke to operating personnel can be avoided.
2) In the welding and cutting operation process, the real-time working signal of the welding and cutting equipment is acquired by the welding and cutting information acquisition unit, and the programmable controller controls the opening and closing of the filter and the electric air valve according to the signal, so that the synchronous automatic control of the welding and cutting equipment and the smoke dust purification equipment is realized, and the energy consumption waste and equipment abrasion caused by the invalid idle rotation of the filter are effectively avoided; in the welding and cutting process, the negative pressure stored in the gas storage tank provides power for welding and cutting smoke dust, so that the smoke dust smoothly enters the gas storage tank through the filter, and the frequent starting of the vacuum pump caused by frequent and intermittent welding and cutting is effectively avoided.
3) The invention reduces the energy consumption of the filter, the energy consumption can be reduced to about 0.2 kilowatt (the energy consumption is only about 10 percent of the existing small-sized purifying equipment), the volume of the filter is greatly reduced, the filter can be portable and synchronously moved with the existing welding and cutting equipment, the carrying is convenient, the filter and the welding and cutting equipment can be integrally combined, designed and produced, and the invention is suitable for the smoke purification treatment of all welding and cutting fields, such as outdoors, underground and the like, and has wide application range.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the circuit of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in detail with reference to the drawings, which are implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and detailed embodiments and specific operation procedures are provided, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1-2, the automatic cleaning system for welding and cutting smoke dust of the present invention comprises a smoke suction port assembly, a filter 2 (for filtering smoke dust), a gas storage tank 3 (for storing purified gas), a vacuum pump 4, and a programmable controller 5 (i.e. PLC) which are sequentially communicated through a gas suction pipe 1 (the gas suction pipe 1 is made of a high temperature resistant, wear resistant, and stretch resistant hose);
the smoking port assembly comprises a gas pipe 6.1 communicated with the gas suction pipe 1 and a smoking port 6.2 communicated with the gas inlet of the gas pipe 6.1, and the smoking port 6.2 is of a funnel-shaped structure; the gas pipe 6.1 is a hard pipe made of hard material, the gas outlet end of the hard pipe is provided with a locking type interface, and the gas suction pipe 1 is connected with the gas pipe 6.1 into a whole through the locking type interface;
the welding and cutting gun handle 7 is provided with a front connecting sleeve 8.1 and a rear connecting sleeve 8.2, the smoke suction port 6.2 is rotatably arranged on the front connecting sleeve 8.1 through a universal ball structure 6.3 (of course, the smoke suction port 6.2 can also be directly arranged on the welding and cutting gun handle through the universal ball structure 6.3), and the gas pipe 6.1 is arranged on the rear connecting sleeve 8.2 in a penetrating way, so that the smoke suction port component can synchronously move along with the welding and cutting gun handle 7, the smoke suction port 6.2 is connected with the front connecting sleeve 8.1 through the universal ball structure 6.3 (of course, the gas pipe can be fixed on the welding and cutting gun handle 7 by adopting other structures, and the gas pipe and the welding and cutting gun handle can be processed into an integrated structure); the angle of the smoke suction port 6.2 is adjustable, so that the smoke suction port can not only meet the requirements of sucking smoke dust in different directions, but also ensure that the distance between the welding and cutting smoke point and the smoke suction port 6.2 is minimized, thereby absorbing high-concentration smoke dust to the maximum extent, reducing the total amount of smoke suction air, improving the smoke dust purification effect, reducing the energy consumption, saving the smoke dust treatment cost and saving the energy; meanwhile, the damage of welding and cutting smoke dust to the body of an operator can be avoided;
an electric air valve 9 controlled by a PLC is arranged on the air suction pipe 1 positioned at the air inlet of the purifying filter 2 (of course, the electric air valve 9 can also be arranged on the air suction pipe 1 positioned at the air outlet of the filter 2), a welding and cutting information acquisition unit is arranged on a welding and cutting gun handle 7, the welding and cutting information acquisition unit transmits working signals of welding and cutting equipment to the PLC (the welding and cutting information acquisition unit is connected with the PLC through a wire or can be connected with the PLC through wireless communication), and the on-off of the air suction pipe 1 is controlled by controlling the on-off of the electric air valve 9 and the filter 2; the negative pressure stored in the gas storage tank 3 avoids the frequent start of the vacuum pump caused by frequent interruption of welding and cutting.
A pressure sensor 10 for detecting the internal pressure of the gas storage tank 3 is arranged on the gas storage tank 3, the pressure sensor 10 transmits a pressure signal to the PLC, the PLC controls the vacuum pump 4 to pump gas in the gas storage tank 3 so as to ensure the vacuum degree in the gas storage tank 3, and smoke dust at the smoke suction port 6.2 smoothly enters the gas storage tank 3 through the gas suction pipe 1 and the filter 2; when the vacuum degree in the gas storage tank 3 is smaller than the preset lower limit value, the PLC controls the vacuum pump 4 to extract gas in the gas storage tank 3 so as to ensure the vacuum degree of the gas storage tank 3, when the vacuum degree reaches the preset upper limit value, the PLC controls the vacuum pump 4 to stop acting, and the negative pressure in the gas storage tank 3 is utilized to meet the rapid absorption of smoke dust.
During actual installation, the welding and cutting information acquisition unit is a manual control switch 11 arranged on a welding and cutting gun handle 7, the manual control switch 11 transmits a working signal of a welding machine to the PLC, and the PLC controls the opening and closing of the electric air valve 9 and the filter 2, so that synchronous control of welding and cutting and smoke purification operation is realized; certainly, the welding and cutting information acquisition unit can also be a light-sensitive sensor arranged on the handle 7 of the welding and cutting gun, when the welding and cutting equipment works and stops working, the light-sensitive sensor synchronously transmits detected light signals generated by welding and cutting to the PLC, and the PLC sends opening or closing instructions to the electric air valve 9 and the filter 2 so as to realize the synchronous control of the welding and cutting operation and the smoke and dust purification operation; the welding and cutting information acquisition unit can also be a current sensor arranged on an output power line of the welding machine, the current sensor synchronously transmits a detected current signal to the PLC, and the PLC sends an opening or closing instruction to the electric air valve 9 and the filter 2 so as to realize synchronous control of welding and cutting and smoke purification.
The specific working principle and process of the invention are as follows:
when the welding and cutting are carried out and aligned to a welding and cutting point, an operator immediately presses a manual control switch 11 on a handle 7 of a welding and cutting gun, welding and cutting equipment works, meanwhile, a PLC sends an opening instruction to an electric air valve 9 and a filter 2 to enable a smoke suction port component, an air suction pipe 1, the filter 2 and an air storage tank 3 to be in a passage, and smoke dust generated by welding and cutting operation is enabled to quickly enter the air storage tank 3 through the smoke suction port 6.2, the air suction pipe 1 and the filter 2 in sequence by negative pressure in the air storage tank 3; during continuous purification, when the pressure value in the gas storage tank 3 continuously drops and the pressure value drops to a preset lower limit value, the PLC sends a working instruction to the vacuum pump 4 to extract gas in the gas storage tank 3 and ensure the vacuum degree of the gas storage tank 3 so as to meet the working requirement that smoke dust automatically enters the gas storage tank 3; when the vacuum degree of the air storage tank 3 reaches a preset upper limit value, the vacuum pump 4 stops acting;
when the welding and cutting are stopped each time, the manual control switch 11 on the welding and cutting gun handle 7 is pressed down, the welding and cutting equipment stops working, meanwhile, a signal that the welding and cutting equipment stops working is transmitted to the PLC, and the PLC immediately sends a closing instruction to the electric air valve 9 and the purification filter 2 at the same time, so that the synchronous automatic control of the welding and cutting equipment and the purification system of the invention is realized, and the energy consumption waste and the equipment abrasion caused by the invalid idling of the filter 2 are effectively avoided.

Claims (6)

1. The utility model provides a weld and cut smoke and dust automatic purification system which characterized in that: comprises a smoke suction port component, a filter, an air storage tank and a working pump which are sequentially communicated through an air suction pipe, and also comprises a programmable controller;
the smoke suction port assembly comprises a gas pipe communicated with the gas suction pipe and a smoke suction port communicated with a gas inlet of the gas pipe, and the smoke suction port is rotatably arranged on a handle of the welding and cutting gun through a connecting piece;
an electric air valve controlled by the programmable controller is arranged on the air suction pipe; the gas storage tank is provided with a pressure sensor for detecting the internal pressure of the gas storage tank;
the pressure sensor transmits a pressure signal of the gas storage tank to the programmable controller, and the programmable controller controls the working pump to pump gas in the gas storage tank to enable the working pump to be in a negative pressure state, so that smoke dust generated by welding and cutting can enter the gas storage tank after being purified by the smoke suction port assembly, the gas suction pipe and the filter.
2. The automatic welding and cutting smoke purification system according to claim 1, wherein: the welding and cutting torch handle is provided with a front connecting sleeve and a rear connecting sleeve at intervals, the smoke suction port is rotatably arranged on the front connecting sleeve through the connecting piece, and the gas pipe is arranged on the rear connecting sleeve in a penetrating mode.
3. The automatic welding and cutting smoke purification system according to claim 2, wherein: the connecting piece is of a universal ball structure.
4. The automatic welding and cutting smoke purification system according to claim 1, wherein: and a welding and cutting information acquisition unit is arranged on the welding and cutting gun handle or the welding machine power output line and used for transmitting real-time signals of the working and stopping of the welding and cutting gun to the programmable controller, and the programmable controller controls the real-time opening and closing of the electric air valve according to the signals.
5. The automatic weld-cut smoke purification system according to claim 4, wherein: the welding and cutting information acquisition unit is a manual control switch arranged on the handle of the welding and cutting gun, or a light sensor arranged on the handle of the welding and cutting gun, or a current sensor arranged on a power output line of the welding machine.
6. The automatic welding and cutting smoke purification system according to claim 1, wherein: the working pump is a vacuum pump or a pneumatic pump.
CN202010202179.4A 2020-03-20 2020-03-20 Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system Pending CN111167226A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010202179.4A CN111167226A (en) 2020-03-20 2020-03-20 Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010202179.4A CN111167226A (en) 2020-03-20 2020-03-20 Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN111167226A true CN111167226A (en) 2020-05-19

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CN202010202179.4A Pending CN111167226A (en) 2020-03-20 2020-03-20 Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system

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Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2611489A1 (en) * 1987-02-26 1988-09-09 Trailor Sa Fume suction mask for welder
CN2255320Y (en) * 1995-04-14 1997-06-04 吴雳鸣 Fume-collecting purifier for welding gun
CN204723944U (en) * 2015-06-16 2015-10-28 河南海力特机电制造有限公司 A kind of Moveable high-pressure water mists weld fumes purifier
CN105414141A (en) * 2015-12-14 2016-03-23 资阳石油钢管有限公司 Spiral-welded steel pipe ion cutting smoke treatment system and method
CN106735787A (en) * 2017-02-14 2017-05-31 中船第九设计研究院工程有限公司 A kind of environmentally friendly integral type craft MAG welding guns
CN206567706U (en) * 2017-01-20 2017-10-20 北京同创汽车部件有限公司 A kind of smoke abatement bonding machine
CN109226997A (en) * 2017-07-11 2019-01-18 上海山陆伍企业发展有限公司 welding system
CN209157434U (en) * 2018-08-09 2019-07-26 滁州市澜图精密制造有限公司 A kind of Multifunctional welding torch for high-frequency box processing
CN209363918U (en) * 2018-12-26 2019-09-10 山东梁山通亚汽车制造有限公司 A kind of welding gun adjust automatically dust exhaust apparatus
CN211836791U (en) * 2020-03-20 2020-11-03 河南上善科技有限公司 Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2611489A1 (en) * 1987-02-26 1988-09-09 Trailor Sa Fume suction mask for welder
CN2255320Y (en) * 1995-04-14 1997-06-04 吴雳鸣 Fume-collecting purifier for welding gun
CN204723944U (en) * 2015-06-16 2015-10-28 河南海力特机电制造有限公司 A kind of Moveable high-pressure water mists weld fumes purifier
CN105414141A (en) * 2015-12-14 2016-03-23 资阳石油钢管有限公司 Spiral-welded steel pipe ion cutting smoke treatment system and method
CN206567706U (en) * 2017-01-20 2017-10-20 北京同创汽车部件有限公司 A kind of smoke abatement bonding machine
CN106735787A (en) * 2017-02-14 2017-05-31 中船第九设计研究院工程有限公司 A kind of environmentally friendly integral type craft MAG welding guns
CN109226997A (en) * 2017-07-11 2019-01-18 上海山陆伍企业发展有限公司 welding system
CN209157434U (en) * 2018-08-09 2019-07-26 滁州市澜图精密制造有限公司 A kind of Multifunctional welding torch for high-frequency box processing
CN209363918U (en) * 2018-12-26 2019-09-10 山东梁山通亚汽车制造有限公司 A kind of welding gun adjust automatically dust exhaust apparatus
CN211836791U (en) * 2020-03-20 2020-11-03 河南上善科技有限公司 Automatic welding and cutting smoke purifying system

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
单景德: "《真空吸取器设计及应用技术》", 31 January 2000, 国防工业出版社, pages: 161 *

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