CN111166688A - Application of arteannuin in cosmetics as moisture-keeping, wrinkle-resisting and anti-aging component - Google Patents
Application of arteannuin in cosmetics as moisture-keeping, wrinkle-resisting and anti-aging component Download PDFInfo
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- BLUAFEHZUWYNDE-NNWCWBAJSA-N artemisinin Chemical compound C([C@](OO1)(C)O2)C[C@H]3[C@H](C)CC[C@@H]4[C@@]31[C@@H]2OC(=O)[C@@H]4C BLUAFEHZUWYNDE-NNWCWBAJSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229960004191 artemisinin Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 229930191701 arteannuin Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000003712 anti-aging effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 230000001153 anti-wrinkle effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000003020 moisturizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- SZAMSYKZCSDVBH-CLFAGFIQSA-N [(z)-octadec-9-enyl] (z)-docos-13-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC SZAMSYKZCSDVBH-CLFAGFIQSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CDQSJQSWAWPGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CCCC(O)O CDQSJQSWAWPGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N d-alpha-tocopherol Natural products OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000001117 oleyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- GHBFNMLVSPCDGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO GHBFNMLVSPCDGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N (-)-norepinephrine Chemical compound NC[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229960002748 norepinephrine Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 206010040954 Skin wrinkling Diseases 0.000 abstract description 37
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- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 3
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- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000007848 Alcoholism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IGEBZMMCKFUABB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Artemisitene Natural products O1C(OO2)(C)CCC3C(C)CCC4C32C1OC(=O)C4=C IGEBZMMCKFUABB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- IGEBZMMCKFUABB-KPHNHPKPSA-N artemisitene Chemical compound C([C@](OO1)(C)O2)C[C@H]3[C@H](C)CC[C@@H]4[C@@]31[C@@H]2OC(=O)C4=C IGEBZMMCKFUABB-KPHNHPKPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002170 ethers Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/49—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds
- A61K8/4973—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds with oxygen as the only hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/02—Preparations for care of the skin for chemically bleaching or whitening the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
Abstract
The invention relates to the field of cosmetic raw materials, in particular to a new application of artemisinine, namely an application of the artemisinine serving as a moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging component in cosmetics. The invention discloses a new application of artemisinine, namely the artemisinine can promote the growth of epidermal cells, accelerate cell metabolism, remove skin color spots and early wrinkles, make the skin smooth and elastic, promote the growth of the epidermal cells, accelerate the cell metabolism, remove the skin color spots and the early wrinkles, inhibit sebum secretion, promote cell regeneration, accelerate the skin metabolism and make the skin smooth and elastic. The arteannuin can balance the cell division and proliferation speed and the aging speed by promoting the proliferation of skin cells and the synthesis of collagen in the dermis, thereby achieving the purposes of resisting wrinkles and aging.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cosmetic raw materials, and particularly relates to application of arteannuin serving as a moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging component in cosmetics.
Background
Aging is a necessary rule in the biological life process, and skin aging, particularly facial aging, is one of the most obvious manifestations in the aging process, such as dry skin, elastic regression, loose and rough skin, wrinkle generation, stain formation and the like. However, due to the nature of beauty, people are always pursuing how to reduce wrinkles, remove wrinkles, reduce the occurrence of wrinkles and delay facial aging.
The wrinkles refer to small fine lines and wrinkles formed by the skin affected by external environment, which form free radicals, the free radicals destroy collagen and active substances in normal cell membrane tissues and oxidize cells. The reason why wrinkles are generated is mainly: natural aging, photoaging, smoking, alcoholism, poor diet, etc. Considering the reason of wrinkle formation and the characteristic types of the wrinkles, the wrinkle resistance and the aging resistance are realized by comprehensively matching active substances such as muscle contraction relieving and skin collagen supplementing in various aspects.
However, at present, anti-wrinkle anti-aging cosmetics are not well-arranged, and although anti-wrinkle products in the market are emerging continuously, advertisement sentences are attractive, but the effect is very popular. The vitamin A, the peptide and the polysaccharide are effective wrinkle-removing components (such as CN110294863A, CN110538086A and CN107019653A) which are approved by market, but the effective components are a series of molecular intervals, have no fixed molecules and are difficult to quantify and study the action mechanism and the effect.
Therefore, the development of a single cosmetic effective additive ingredient which has moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging effects, is safe and mild and has no irritation to human bodies is urgently needed in the field.
Artemisitene (artemisitenetene) is one of precursor components for artemisinin synthesis, and recently, the artemisinin has certain anti-tumor pharmacological activity, but the application of artemisinin in the field of cosmetics is not reported.
Disclosure of Invention
According to one aspect of the invention, a new application of artemisinine is provided, namely the application of the artemisinine as a moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging component in cosmetics, wherein the artemisinine has the following structural formula:
in some embodiments, the amount of artenene added is 0.5% to 30% by mass.
In some embodiments, the cosmetic is a gel, emulsion, ointment, cream, spray, serum, or mask. Therefore, the cosmetic containing the arteannuin active ingredient can be prepared into various formulations required by the market according to the using habits and requirements of different people and the corresponding preparation methods of various formulations.
According to another aspect of the invention, a moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging cosmetic is provided, wherein the active ingredient of the cosmetic comprises the artesunene or the active derivative thereof.
Specifically, the arteannuin active derivative can be an arteannuin derivative represented by the following structural formula:
wherein, R can be methyl, propyl and other ethers.
In some embodiments, the amount of artenene added is 0.5% to 30% by mass.
In some embodiments, the cosmetic is a gel, emulsion, ointment, cream, spray, serum, or mask.
In some embodiments, the cosmetic composition further comprises at least one of an oily ingredient, a surfactant, a thickener, a humectant, a stabilizer, a fragrance, a preservative, and a conditioning agent. Wherein the used oily components, surfactant, thickener, humectant, stabilizer, aromatic, antiseptic and regulator are conventional raw materials in the technical field.
In some embodiments, when the cosmetic is a essence, the cosmetic comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 2-3% of glycerol, 0.1-0.15% of citric acid, 1.5-2% of butanediol, 5-8% of cyclopentadimethylsilylene, 0.5-1% of oleyl erucate, 1-2% of polydimethylsiloxane, 203-5% of oleyl polyether, 0.1-0.2% of tocopherol, 0.3-1% of bentonite, 0.15-0.3% of acrylate, 1-4% of jojoba oil, 0.5-0.9% of glyceryl caprylate, 0.28-0.68% of sodium hydroxide, 1-5% of artelene and the balance of water, wherein the water is preferably deionized water.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a graph showing the comparison of the forehead wrinkle reduction effect before and after using the serum containing arteannuin prepared in example 1.
Detailed Description
The effects of moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging of the arteannuin provided by the invention when used as a raw material for preparing cosmetics are further described below by combining specific examples and related tests.
Example 1
The essence containing the arteannuin comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 2% of glycerin, 0.15% of citric acid, 1.5% of butanediol, 5% of cyclopentadimethylsilylene, 1% of oleyl erucate, 2% of polydimethylsiloxane, 205% of oleyl polyether, 0.2% of tocopherol, 0.5% of bentonite, 0.2% of acrylate, 1% of jojoba oil, 0.5% of glyceryl caprylate, 0.4% of sodium hydroxide, 2% of arteannuin and the balance of deionized water.
The essence is prepared by the following steps:
(1) adding glycerol, citric acid, butanediol and deionized water into a first container respectively, and uniformly mixing to obtain a first mixture;
(2) adding cyclopentadimethylsilylene, oleyl erucate, polydimethylsiloxane, oleyl polyether-20 and tocopherol into a second container respectively, and uniformly mixing to obtain a second mixture;
(3) adding the first mixture and the second mixture into a high-shear mixer for mixing to obtain a third mixture;
(4) adding bentonite, acrylic ester and jojoba oil into a third container, mixing, pouring into a high shear mixer, and mixing with the third mixture to obtain a fourth mixture;
(5) and pouring the fourth mixture, glyceryl caprylate, sodium hydroxide and artesune into a fourth container, and stirring until the mixture is uniformly mixed to obtain the essence.
Comparative example 1
Weighing corresponding components according to the proportion in the embodiment 1, wherein the artemisinine is removed from the components, and obtaining the artemisinine-free essence according to the preparation method of the essence in the embodiment 1.
Comparison of moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging effects
1. Evaluation method
Judging the effects of moisturizing, wrinkle resisting and aging resisting of the essence by a visual inspection judgment method; specifically, the wrinkles are directly observed and evaluated visually through a photo or a copy model, and a classification value is established.
Clinical scoring is a relatively subjective evaluation method, but the method is simple and easy to implement, direct observation and observation by using pictures or tissue images can be used for preliminarily grading wrinkles, has certain repeatability and needs skilled scoring personnel; further, the wrinkles were preliminarily sensory-graded on the basis of strict training of judges, and the wrinkle removal ratio was evaluated on the basis of a relatively smooth wrinkle-free basis with reference to sensory-graded comparison.
The panelists of the present invitation were researchers who studied cosmetics for ten years and dermatologists who worked in hospitals for ten years.
2. Evaluation criteria
The effect is excellent: compared with the wrinkle before use, the wrinkle is removed by more than 85 percent, and is obviously improved;
the effect is shown: compared with the prior art, the wrinkle is removed by 60-85 percent and obviously improved;
the method has the following advantages: compared with the wrinkle before use, the wrinkle is removed by 25-60%, but a few wrinkles exist and are improved;
and (4) invalidation: wrinkles resolved by less than 25% without improvement compared to before use.
3. Test object and method
The age interval of the testees is 30-50 years, 50 people in each group participate in the test voluntarily, and before and during the test, the patients have no skin diseases, infectious diseases, wounds and long-term medicine taking history.
The using method of the essence comprises the following steps: the essence is applied to face and neck, and the face is cleaned in the morning and evening 1 time each day.
4. Results of the experiment
The effect of the test subjects is shown in Table 1 at 4 weeks and 8 weeks of trial use.
Table 1 comparison of the effects of example 1 and comparative example 1
As shown in the comparison in table 1, after the essence is used for 4 weeks, the total effective rate (positive effect + significant effect + effective effect) of example 1 reaches 76%, while the total effective rate of comparative example 1 reaches 6%; after 8 weeks of using the essence, the total effective rate of example 1 is 88%, while that of comparative example 1 is only 8%, and the two effects are very different.
One of the subjects selected as the excellent results showed that the forehead wrinkles resolved before and after the use as shown in fig. 1, and it was found that the wrinkles resolved significantly before the use while the skin was smooth and substantially wrinkle-free after the use.
Fig. 1 shows that, in combination with table 1, after the anti-wrinkle cosmetic containing arteannuin is used, the skin elasticity can be effectively improved, and the skin is smooth, full, tight and fine, so that wrinkles are relieved, and the skin quality is improved.
Effect of artemisinine on proliferation of A375 and Hacat co-cultured cells
Detecting cell proliferation by MTT method, specifically:
a375 cells and Hacat cells in logarithmic growth phase were digested with 0.25% trypsin, centrifuged, resuspended in MEM, and counted. According to the following steps: 2 the two cell suspensions were mixed and the cell density was adjusted to 1.5X 104Each ml was inoculated in a 96 well plate at 200uL per well at 37 ℃ and 20% CO2And then the mixture is incubated for 24 h. Discard the culture solutionThe medicine is administrated according to experimental groups, each hole is 200uL, each group is provided with 6 multiple holes, and the incubation is continued for 72 h. 4h before the culture is finished, 20uL of MTT solution (prepared by PBS) of 5mg/mL is added into each hole, the culture is stopped after the incubation is continued for 4h, the culture solution is removed by a back-off method, 150uL of DMSO is added into each hole, the culture plate is placed in a microplate shaker to shake for 10min (37 ℃), and the crystals are fully dissolved.
The 490nm wavelength is selected, and the absorbance of each pore is measured on an enzyme linked immunosorbent instrument. The cell proliferation activity is expressed as A490 value and the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Effect of artemisinine on proliferation of A375 and Hacat co-cultured cells
The results in Table 2 show that the arteannuin has better cell proliferation promoting effect in a certain concentration range.
In conclusion, the cosmetic prepared by taking the arteannuin as a cosmetic raw material and one of the components has the functions of beautifying and resisting wrinkles, and can effectively improve the skin elasticity and make the skin smooth, plump, tight and fine, thereby relieving wrinkles and improving the skin; the anti-wrinkle cosmetic containing the arteannuin is insisted on use, can effectively promote skin cell proliferation, promote collagen synthesis of a dermis layer, repair aged skin in an all-around manner, support sunken fine wrinkles and enable the skin to be moist, fine and soft.
Although patent CN104825443A discloses the antioxidant effect of artemisinine, the disclosure is that artemisinine is used for resisting diseases related to oxidative stress, and for aging, the present free radical theory is considered as the main cause of aging, i.e. the free radical theory considers that aging is the passive oxidation of the body caused by accumulated damage, although this concept makes a very important contribution in defining oxidative damage, more and more researches are beginning to refute it, and the free radical theory is considered to have its limitations, because oxidative damage is only one of the many causes of aging of the body, it cannot explain the causal relationship between aging and inevitable damage.
The essence of skin aging is an imbalance between the proliferation rate of cell division and the aging rate, so that at the cellular level, anti-aging balances the proliferation and aging of cells from the viewpoint of promoting cell division and proliferation.
Therefore, the invention discloses a new application of artemisinine, namely the artemisinine can promote the growth of epidermal cells, accelerate cell metabolism, remove skin color spots and early wrinkles, make the skin smooth and elastic, promote the growth of the epidermal cells, accelerate the cell metabolism, remove the skin color spots and the early wrinkles, inhibit sebum secretion, promote cell regeneration, accelerate the skin metabolism and make the skin smooth and elastic. The arteannuin can balance the cell division and proliferation speed and the aging speed by promoting the proliferation of skin cells and the synthesis of collagen in the dermis, thereby achieving the purposes of resisting wrinkles and aging.
What has been described above are merely some embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept thereof, and these changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
2. the use as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of artenene added is 0.5-30% by mass.
3. Use according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cosmetic product is a gel, an emulsion, an ointment, a cream, a spray, a serum or a mask.
4. A moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging cosmetic characterized in that the active ingredient thereof contains the arterenol or the active derivative thereof according to claim 1.
5. The cosmetic according to claim 4, wherein the amount of the artenene added is 0.5-30% by mass.
6. The cosmetic according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the cosmetic is a gel, an emulsion, an ointment, a cream, a spray, a serum or a mask.
7. The cosmetic according to claim 6, wherein the composition further comprises at least one of an oily component, a surfactant, a thickener, a humectant, a stabilizer, a fragrance, a preservative, and a regulator.
8. The cosmetic according to claim 6, wherein the cosmetic is an essence and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 2 to 3 percent of glycerin, 0.1 to 0.15 percent of citric acid, 1.5 to 2 percent of butanediol, 5 to 8 percent of cyclopentadimethylsilylene, 0.5 to 1 percent of oleyl erucate, 1 to 2 percent of polydimethylsiloxane, 203 to 5 percent of oleyl polyether, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of tocopherol, 0.3 to 1 percent of bentonite, 0.15 to 0.3 percent of acrylate, 1 to 4 percent of jojoba oil, 0.5 to 0.9 percent of glyceryl caprylate, 0.28 to 0.68 percent of sodium hydroxide, 1 to 5 percent of arteannuin and the balance of water.
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CN202010076866.6A CN111166688A (en) | 2020-01-23 | 2020-01-23 | Application of arteannuin in cosmetics as moisture-keeping, wrinkle-resisting and anti-aging component |
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CN202010076866.6A CN111166688A (en) | 2020-01-23 | 2020-01-23 | Application of arteannuin in cosmetics as moisture-keeping, wrinkle-resisting and anti-aging component |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113773910A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-12-10 | 梵申兰科技(上海)有限公司 | Artemisia annua essential oil and white tea essential oil for promoting skin cell regeneration and their composition |
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US20070269537A1 (en) * | 2003-02-10 | 2007-11-22 | Bioderm Research | Skin Condition Improvement Including Acne, Rosacea, and Topical Wounds by Artemisia Annua Extract via Iron Siderophore Trojan Horse Delivery System |
US20120189567A1 (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2012-07-26 | Bioderm Research | Artemisinin Derivatives with Natural Amino Acids, Peptides, and Amino Sugars for Skin Imperfections and Infection in Mammals |
CN104825443A (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2015-08-12 | 广东省中医院 | Antioxidant application of artemisitene |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20070269537A1 (en) * | 2003-02-10 | 2007-11-22 | Bioderm Research | Skin Condition Improvement Including Acne, Rosacea, and Topical Wounds by Artemisia Annua Extract via Iron Siderophore Trojan Horse Delivery System |
US20120189567A1 (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2012-07-26 | Bioderm Research | Artemisinin Derivatives with Natural Amino Acids, Peptides, and Amino Sugars for Skin Imperfections and Infection in Mammals |
CN104825443A (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2015-08-12 | 广东省中医院 | Antioxidant application of artemisitene |
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CN113773910A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-12-10 | 梵申兰科技(上海)有限公司 | Artemisia annua essential oil and white tea essential oil for promoting skin cell regeneration and their composition |
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