CN111151864B - Welding material and process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy - Google Patents
Welding material and process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy Download PDFInfo
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- CN111151864B CN111151864B CN202010046867.6A CN202010046867A CN111151864B CN 111151864 B CN111151864 B CN 111151864B CN 202010046867 A CN202010046867 A CN 202010046867A CN 111151864 B CN111151864 B CN 111151864B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/02—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of a press ; Diffusion bonding
- B23K20/023—Thermo-compression bonding
- B23K20/026—Thermo-compression bonding with diffusion of soldering material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
Abstract
The invention discloses a welding material and a process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, wherein the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are welded by adopting diffusion welding, and the welding material alloy used as a diffusion welding intermediate layer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 10-30 parts of nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd): 0.5-1.0, vanadium (V): 1-10, titanium (Ti): 1-5, and the balance copper (Cu). The adopted welding process is diffusion welding, and the welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is used as an intermediate layer of the diffusion welding. By adopting the welding material and the welding process, the welding temperature is lower, the mechanical property of the tungsten-based powder alloy is prevented from being seriously damaged due to the growth of crystal grains caused by the recrystallization of tungsten, and the excellent high-temperature property of the tungsten-based powder alloy/low-expansion high-temperature alloy joint can be obtained at the lower welding temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a welding material and a welding process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, which are applied to diffusion connection between dissimilar metals of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy and belong to the technical field of welding and connection.
Background
The tungsten-based powder alloy is a composite material which is sintered by taking tungsten as a hard phase, nickel, copper or nickel, iron and the like as a bonding phase and adopting a powder metallurgy precision forming process, has the properties of high heat conductivity, high strength, high density, high melting point, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, impact toughness and the like, and is often used for manufacturing high-temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant structural parts by utilizing the high-temperature property. The shape and size of the tungsten-based powder alloy manufactured by sintering through a powder metallurgy precision forming process are limited to a certain extent, a high-temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant structural part with a complex manufacturing structure is difficult to form at one time, subsequent processing is needed, the high-temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant structural part is completed through multiple processes, parts which are difficult to process are often formed by later-stage welding, and particularly the tungsten-based powder alloy and other metals are welded together, so that excellent performances such as high density, high thermal conductivity, low expansion coefficient and the like can be fully exerted. The tungsten-based powder alloy has good ductility, and can be subjected to machining such as rolling, swaging, forging, turning, milling, planing, threading, tapping and the like, but the welding of the tungsten-based powder alloy and other metals has certain difficulty due to the special physical and chemical properties of the tungsten-based powder alloy. The tungsten-based powder alloy has extremely high thermal conductivity, is easy to cause non-fusion phenomenon during fusion welding, and requires high-efficiency welding technology and process with high energy density, large welding heat input and high welding speed. The high-energy fusion welding is adopted to weld under the condition of low cooling speed, the weld metal is solidified and grown into single-phase thick columnar crystals, the weld metal has extremely low shaping at room temperature, and meanwhile, a wide welding heat affected zone is also caused. The recrystallization temperature of tungsten is low, the crystal grains in the superheat zone grow sharply, the heat-affected zone forms a coarse recrystallization structure, tungsten in a recrystallized state at normal temperature, gas impurities exceeding the solubility in tungsten segregate or precipitate on the grain boundaries, and the tungsten is brittle due to the aggregation of the impurities along the grain boundaries. The tungsten-based powder alloy has small linear expansion coefficient, can generate residual stress in the joint, and reduces the mechanical property, thermal shock resistance and fatigue resistance of the joint. The tungsten-based powder alloy and other metals are welded by adopting the metal with the expansion coefficient similar to that of the tungsten-based powder alloy, and the isomorphic transformation can not occur in the manufacturing and working processes of the component, so that the sudden change of the expansion coefficient is avoided, and the matching relationship between the tungsten-based powder alloy and the metals is damaged. Welding of tungsten-based powder alloys with other metals is rarely carried out by soldering. Tungsten, silver and copper do not form alloy, the effect of brazing tungsten-based powder alloy by using silver-based brazing filler metal and copper-based brazing filler metal is not ideal, the strength of a brazing seam is influenced, and test results show that the shearing strength of a brazed joint is lower than 200MPa, and particularly the high-temperature strength of the brazing seam is greatly limited. The nickel-based brazing filler metal brazing joint has good high-temperature performance, but the melting temperature range is usually 1100-1200 ℃, and the brazing temperature is 1200-1300 ℃. The tungsten recrystallization temperature is about 1100 +/-50 ℃, the grain growth speed is high, and the brazing temperature exceeds the temperature, so that the material becomes brittle obviously. Therefore, the brazing temperature is not higher than 1000 ℃ when the working temperature of the brazing piece allows, if the brazing temperature is higher than 1000 ℃, a rapid brazing method is adopted, so that the tungsten-based powder alloy has short retention time above 1000 ℃, otherwise, the mechanical property of the tungsten-based powder alloy is seriously damaged. At present, no system report on welding tungsten-based powder alloy by adopting nickel-based brazing filler metal is found. The tungsten-based powder alloy and the reliable welding of the tungsten-based powder alloy and other metals are realized, the high temperature resistance of a welding joint is improved, the excellent performances of the tungsten-based powder alloy with high thermal conductivity, high strength and low expansion coefficient are fully exerted, and the tungsten-based powder alloy is the irremovable responsibility and the long-term and arduous task of scientific research workers.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a welding material and a welding process for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy, and the reliable connection of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is realized. The welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is formed by sintering through a powder metallurgy process, and has good compatibility with the tungsten-based powder alloy; the invention relates to a process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, which adopts a diffusion welding process. The welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is used as an intermediate layer for diffusion welding, and the diffusion welding is used for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, so that the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy can be reliably connected.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by: a welding material for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy adopts a diffusion welding technology, the welding material used for diffusion welding of a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy intermediate layer is a multi-copper-nickel-palladium-vanadium-titanium intermediate layer formed by adding trace palladium (Pd), vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti) into copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) which are used as basic alloy components, and the welding material used as the intermediate layer comprises the following welding material alloy components in percentage by mass (wt/%): 10-30 parts of nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd): 0.5-1.0, vanadium (V): 1-10, titanium (Ti): 1-5, and the balance copper (Cu).
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme, which is described in the following with reference to the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 shows the microstructure of the diffusion welded joint of tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, wherein the joint has a flat interface, forms better metallurgical bonding and has no welding defects.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by: a welding material and a process for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy comprise the following process steps:
firstly, determining a welding material for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy, wherein the welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy intermediate layer is a multi-element copper-nickel-palladium-vanadium-titanium intermediate layer formed by adding trace elements such as palladium (Pd), vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti) and taking copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) as basic alloy components, and the welding material alloy components as the intermediate layer are calculated according to the mass percentage (wt/%): 10-30 parts of nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd): 0.5-1.0, vanadium (V): 1-10, titanium (Ti): 1-5, and the balance copper (Cu). According to the welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, the metal purity of Cu, Ni, Pd, V and Ti which are used is 99.99% of powder particles, and the size of the powder particles is 20-40 mu m.
And secondly, uniformly mixing the welding material according to the designed component proportion by using a planetary mixer for 30-60 min.
And thirdly, performing ball milling treatment on the uniformly mixed metal powder by using a high-energy ball mill, ensuring that the metal powder is fully homogenized and refined, and achieving partial mechanical alloying in the repeated rolling and cold welding processes, wherein the ball-material ratio of the high-energy ball mill is 5-20, the rotating speed is 200-500r/min, and the ball milling time is 10-15 h.
In a fourth step, the mixed metal powder is pressed into a foil of about 0.1mm thickness using a powder metallurgy bench press.
And fifthly, sintering the pressed foil, and using the metal powder particles as a welding material for diffusion welding of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy interlayer through a series of physical and chemical processes such as diffusion, recrystallization, metallurgy and dissolution. Wherein the sintering temperature is 800-.
Sixthly, pretreating the surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy. The surface pretreatment is intended to remove oil stains and oxides from the surface of the material. The surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are subjected to surface treatment by a mechanical method, and then are put into an acetone solution for ultrasonic cleaning.
And seventhly, assembling. And placing the foil-shaped middle layer with the thickness of 0.1mm at the joint to be welded of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, and then assembling by using a clamp.
And eighthly, diffusion welding. The assembled tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy are put into vacuum for diffusion welding, and the vacuum degree is 2 multiplied by 10-3Pa, 950 and 1050 ℃ for welding, and the heat preservation time is 40-60 min.
The invention relates to a process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, which adopts a diffusion welding process, is instantaneous liquid-phase diffusion welding, and is characterized in that when the connection process starts, low-melting-point metal in a middle layer is melted to form a liquid phase, and capillary gaps are filled on the surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy by wetting the liquid metal to form a compact welding interface; and then, in the heat preservation process, the components of the liquid phase alloy are changed to the high melting point side by means of mutual diffusion and dissolution between the solid phase and the liquid phase, isothermal solidification and solid phase component homogenization finally occur, the structure of a bonding area is close to that of the parent metal, and the solidification cast structure is not left.
The welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy takes Cu and Ni as basic alloy components, the plasticity of Cu and Ni is good, the residual thermal stress of a joint can be effectively relieved, the Cu and the Ni can be completely dissolved mutually, the joint welded by the middle layer can be more homogenized, and the Cu and the Ni in the middle layer formed under the conditions that the welding temperature is 950-. The experimental research result shows that the middle layer is added with trace Pd, the wetting performance of the middle layer on the surface of the tungsten-based powder alloy is better, but the cracking phenomenon appears in the interface reaction area of the middle layer and the tungsten-based powder alloy when the content of the added Pd in the middle layer is too much. The linear expansion coefficient of vanadium is between that of tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, and a proper amount of V element is added, so that the residual stress of the joint can be relieved, and the thickness of a diffusion layer can be increased. Ti is commonly used as an active element, has strong interaction force with most metals, can be mutually dissolved with W to form a compound, activates the diffusion of atoms and is beneficial to the reaction.
According to the welding material and the welding process for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are selected for welding, because the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is a novel alloy developed on the basis of the invar alloy and the super-invar alloy, and has high tensile strength, low thermal expansion coefficient, good cold and hot fatigue performance and high-temperature hydrogen embrittlement resistance. The expansion coefficients of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are similar, and the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy can reduce residual stress generated in the joint and improve thermal shock resistance and fatigue resistance of the joint when welded together.
According to the welding material and the process for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, performance test research is carried out on the added alloy elements on the basis of comprehensively considering the cost, physical, chemical and mechanical properties according to the interaction mechanism of various added elements, the welding material used for diffusion welding the intermediate layer of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is a multi-copper-nickel-palladium-vanadium-titanium intermediate layer formed by taking copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) as basic alloy components and adding trace palladium (Pd), vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti), and the welding material used for the intermediate layer comprises the following alloy components in percentage by mass: 10-30 parts of nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd): 0.5-1.0, vanadium (V): 1-10, titanium (Ti): 1-5, and the balance copper (Cu).
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the welding temperature is lower and is 950-1050 ℃, so that the mechanical property of the tungsten-based powder alloy is prevented from being seriously damaged due to the growth of crystal grains caused by the recrystallization of tungsten; excellent high-temperature performance of the tungsten-based powder alloy/low-expansion high-temperature alloy joint can be obtained at lower welding temperature.
Drawings
FIG. 1 microstructure of diffusion welded joint of tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion superalloy
Detailed Description
The process of the present invention is further illustrated in detail by the examples given below.
The welding material and the process for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy adopt a diffusion welding process, and the welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is used as an intermediate layer of the diffusion welding. The welding material and the process for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy have the following components in percentage by mass (wt/%) as the welding material alloy of the middle layer: 10-30 parts of nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd): 0.5-1.0, vanadium (V): 1-10, titanium (Ti): 1-5, and the balance copper (Cu).
The invention relates to a welding material and a process for connecting tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy, which comprises the following process steps:
firstly, determining a welding material for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy, wherein the welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy intermediate layer is a multi-element copper-nickel-palladium-vanadium-titanium intermediate layer formed by adding trace elements such as palladium (Pd), vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti) and taking copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) as basic alloy components, and the welding material alloy components as the intermediate layer are calculated according to the mass percentage (wt/%): 10-30 parts of nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd): 0.5-1.0, vanadium (V): 1-10, titanium (Ti): 1-5, and the balance copper (Cu). The welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is prepared from Cu, Ni, Pd, V and Ti, wherein the purity of the Cu, Ni, Pd, V and Ti is 99.99% of powdered metal, and the size of the powdered metal particles is 20-40 mu m.
And secondly, uniformly mixing the welding material according to the designed component proportion by using a planetary mixer for 30-60 min.
And thirdly, performing ball milling treatment on the uniformly mixed metal powder by using a high-energy ball mill, ensuring that the metal powder is fully homogenized and refined, and achieving partial mechanical alloying in the repeated rolling and cold welding processes, wherein the ball-material ratio of the high-energy ball mill is 5-20, the rotating speed is 200-500r/min, and the ball milling time is 10-15 h.
In a fourth step, the mixed metal powder is compressed into a sheet of about 0.1mm thickness using a powder metallurgy bench press.
And fifthly, sintering the pressed thin sheet, and using the metal powder particles as a welding material for diffusion welding of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy interlayer through a series of physical and chemical processes such as diffusion, recrystallization, metallurgy and dissolution. Wherein the sintering temperature is 800-.
Sixthly, pretreating the surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy. The surface pretreatment is intended to remove oil stains and oxides from the surface of the material. The surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are subjected to surface treatment by a mechanical method, and then are put into an acetone solution for ultrasonic cleaning.
And seventhly, assembling. And placing the thin middle layer with the thickness of 0.1mm at the joint to be welded of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, and then assembling by using a clamp.
And eighthly, diffusion welding. The assembled tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy are put into vacuum for diffusion welding, and the vacuum degree is 2 multiplied by 10-3Pa, the welding temperature is 950-.
The welding material and the process for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are obtained by adopting the components, the process parameters and the process steps of the welding material in all the following embodiments; the tungsten-based powder alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass (Wt/%): w: 97, Ni: 2.1, Fe: 0.9. the shear strength of the joint is determined by referring to the national standard GB/T11363 & 2008 braze joint strength test method and GB/T4338 & 2006 Metal material high temperature tensile test method. Examples are given in table 1 below.
The welding material and the process for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy achieve the technical indexes of diffusion welding of a tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy joint according to the components, the process parameters and the process steps of the welding material:
(1) the room temperature shear strength of the tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy joint is as follows: 171-212 MPa;
(2) the shear strength of the tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy joint is tested at 200 ℃: 130-; the shear strength was tested at 400 ℃ at 110-147 MPa.
TABLE 1 Multi-element copper nickel palladium vanadium titanium interlayer composition and diffusion weld joint performance
Claims (3)
1. A welding material for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy is characterized in that the adopted connection process is a diffusion welding process, the welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is used as an intermediate layer for diffusion welding, and the welding material used as the intermediate layer for diffusion welding comprises the following alloy components in percentage by mass: 10-30 parts of nickel, palladium: 0.5-1.0, vanadium: 1-10, titanium: 1-5, and the balance of copper.
2. The welding material for joining a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low expansion high temperature alloy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the welding material as the diffusion welding intermediate layer is sintered by a powder metallurgy process, and the thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.1 mm.
3. A welding process for connecting a tungsten-based powder alloy and a low-expansion high-temperature alloy is characterized by comprising the following process steps of:
firstly, determining a welding material for connecting the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, wherein the welding material for connecting the middle layer of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy is a multi-copper-nickel-palladium-vanadium-titanium middle layer formed by adding trace palladium, vanadium and titanium elements by taking copper and nickel as basic alloy components, and the welding material as the middle layer comprises the following alloy components in percentage by mass: 10-30 parts of nickel, palladium: 0.5-1.0, vanadium: 1-10, titanium: 1-5, the balance being copper; the purity of Cu, Ni, Pd, V and Ti is 99.99% powder particles, and the size of the powder particles is 20-40 μm;
secondly, uniformly mixing the welding material according to the designed component proportion by using a planetary mixer for 30-60 min;
thirdly, ball milling the uniformly mixed metal powder by using a high-energy ball mill, ensuring that the metal powder is fully homogenized and refined, and achieving partial mechanical alloying in the repeated rolling and cold welding processes, wherein the ball-material ratio of the high-energy ball mill is 5-20, the rotating speed is 200-500r/min, and the ball milling time is 10-15 h;
a fourth step of pressing the mixed metal powder into a foil of about 0.1mm thickness using a powder metallurgy bench press;
fifthly, sintering the pressed foil, and using the foil as a welding material for diffusion welding of the intermediate layer between the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy through a series of physical and chemical processes of diffusion, recrystallization, metallurgy and dissolution among metal powder particles, wherein the sintering temperature is 800-1000 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 80-150 min;
sixthly, pretreating the surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, wherein the surface pretreatment aims at removing oil stains and oxides on the surfaces of the materials, and the surfaces of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy are subjected to surface treatment by a mechanical method and then are put into an acetone solution for ultrasonic cleaning;
seventhly, assembling, namely placing the foil-shaped middle layer with the thickness of 0.1mm at a joint to be welded of the tungsten-based powder alloy and the low-expansion high-temperature alloy, and then assembling by using a clamp;
eighthly, diffusion welding, namely putting the assembled tungsten-based powder alloy and low-expansion high-temperature alloy into vacuum for diffusion welding, wherein the vacuum degree is 2 multiplied by 10-3Pa, the welding temperature is 950-.
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| EP0060083A1 (en) * | 1981-03-05 | 1982-09-15 | Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Titanium clad steel plate |
| JP2012179645A (en) * | 2011-03-02 | 2012-09-20 | Nippon Steel Corp | Alloy for liquid-phase diffusion bonding |
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