CN111100662B - 一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 - Google Patents
一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111100662B CN111100662B CN201811264431.3A CN201811264431A CN111100662B CN 111100662 B CN111100662 B CN 111100662B CN 201811264431 A CN201811264431 A CN 201811264431A CN 111100662 B CN111100662 B CN 111100662B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,包括:将废旧塑料粉碎后与油混合后进行输送,在微波场下连续地与微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料接触,所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料在微波下持续产生电弧,快速并持续产生高温,从而连续地使废旧塑料和油一起裂解;本发明的方法利用微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温,使废旧塑料连续裂解成化工原料,过程高效,可工业化,产物组成附加值高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及废旧塑料资源利用技术领域,具体是涉及一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法。
背景技术
超过90%的化工原料来自于石油、页岩气和煤等化石能源。化石能源不可再生使用中会产生CO2使开发环境友好的可再生能源成为当前能源领域的热点之一。为了经济和社会的更可持续发展,迫切需要用可再生的生物质能源来代替化石能源。其中,植物油因其价格低廉、可大规模种植等特点成为研究的热点。2012至2013年,世界共生产棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油等主要的植物油4.62亿吨。近年来热解技术的迅速发展使其成为生物质利用技术中较为高效和成熟的技术之一。
20世纪50年代以来,人类已生产83亿吨塑料,其中63亿吨已成为废弃物。这63亿吨废旧塑料中,9%被回收,12%被焚烧,其余79%(近55亿吨)被埋在垃圾填埋场中或在自然环境中积累。人类还在不断加快塑料的生产速度,目前塑料产量每年已达到4亿吨,预计到2050年,全球将有120亿吨废旧塑料。每年有超过800万吨塑料进入海洋,如不加以限制,到2050年,海洋里的塑料垃圾将比鱼类还多。近年来,国际顶级刊物相继发表了塑料微粒对海洋、河流中的生物和饮用水的污染,引起了全社会对塑料污染的关注。2018年,联合国环境署首次聚焦一次性塑料污染问题,发布世界环境日的主题为“塑战速决”,呼吁全世界向塑料污染“宣战”。就解决塑料污染问题,科研工作者已经做出了许多不懈的努力。从1970年开始,就有大量研究致力于制备在自然环境中可降解的塑料,但是可降解塑料只在生物医药、农业地膜和垃圾袋等方面有重要应用,并且,在需要回收再利用的场合,可降解塑料的存在会严重影响回收塑料制品的性能;同时,可降解塑料在非理想的自然环境中依然需要较长时间才能降解,无法有效解决白色污染问题。目前,机械回收是唯一被广泛采用的处理废旧塑料的技术方案,主要步骤依次是去除有机残渣、洗涤、粉碎、熔融再加工,在熔融再加工的过程中通常需要共混新料来维持性能。不同塑料对加工过程的响应不同,使得机械回收的技术方案适用的塑料种类很少,目前实际采用该技术进行回收再生的只有聚对苯二甲酸二醇酯(PET)和聚乙烯(PE),分别占每年塑料产量的9%和37%。温度敏感塑料、复合材料、和升温不熔融流动的塑料(如热固性塑料)都无法通过该方法来处理。将废塑料通过化学转化或热转化制成小分子烃(气体、液态油或固体蜡)的化学回收法被认为是可以超越机械回收的技术方案,所得产物可以用作燃料或化工原料。目前该技术方案并没有被广泛应用,主要是由于成本太高。一方面化学回收过程大多需要昂贵的催化剂,并且催化剂的选择性要求原料需是纯的聚合物,这需要对废旧塑料进行耗时耗力的分类;另一方面化学回收过程需要较大能耗。
不采用催化剂的微波热裂解技术,能量效率高,能够同时处理不同种类和受到一定污染的废旧塑料使之裂解成化工原料,有望成为解决塑料污染问题的关键。微波是指波长介于红外线和特高频(UHF)无线电波之间的电磁波,具有非常强的穿透能力,其波长在lm到1mm之间,所对应的频率为300GHz~300MHz。微波发生器的磁控管接受电源功率而产生微波,通过波导输送到微波加热器,需要加热的物料在微波场的作用下被加热。微波的加热方式与普通的热传递有较大不同,高频电场以每秒几亿级的速度周期性改变外加电场和方向,使物料中的极性分子随电场作高频振动,分子间摩擦挤压作用使物料迅速发热,从而使物料内部和表面温度同时迅速升高。已有较多的专利公开了利用微波的这一特性进行热裂解的技术,如专利CN102585860A、专利CN103252226A、专利CN106520176A等,但都是用碳化硅等普通微波敏感材料在微波场中生热并传到给热裂解物料,从而达到热裂解目的,这种方式的工作温度不高,效率和产物组成不理想。
同时,废旧塑料在常温下是固体,进行微波热裂解通常只能采取间歇式操作,难以连续生产,大大影响生产效率。
因此,如何开发一种高效的能使微波高温裂解废旧塑料制备化工原料的过程实现连续操作的工艺依然是一个难题,开发该工艺具有巨大的应用前景。
发明内容
为解决现有技术的问题,本发明提供了一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法。本发明利用微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温,使废旧塑料裂解成化工原料,而且能实现连续工业化。本发明的方法过程高效,产物组成附加值高。
本发明的目的是提供一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法。
本发明的方法包括:
将废旧塑料粉碎后与油混合后进行输送,在惰性气氛下或真空,在微波场下连续地与微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料接触,所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料在微波下持续产生电弧,快速并持续产生高温,从而连续地使废旧塑料和油一起裂解。
所述油为烃类油、植物油中的一种或混合。
惰性气氛为现有技术中通常用的惰性气体气氛,比如氮气、氦气、氖气、氩气、氪气或氙气,优选氮气。
废旧塑料的粒径为0.001~10mm优选0.01~8mm,更优选0.05~5mm。
废旧塑料占废旧塑料和油的质量百分比为10%~90%,优选20%~80%,更优选30%~75%。
废旧塑料与多孔复合材料重量比为1:99~99:1,优选1:50~50:1,更优选1:30~30:1。
所述微波场的微波功率为200W~100KW;优选为300W~80KW,更优选500W~60KW;微波时间为0.5~150min;优选1~120min,更优选2~100min。微波产生电弧,可以迅速达到700~3000℃,优选800~2500℃,更优选800~2000℃,使得废旧塑料和油裂解。
由于固体废旧塑料很难在裂解过程中进行连续输送,因而只能进行间歇式操作,加入油的主要目的是将油和塑料粉末配成可以用泵输送的浆料使过程可以连续进行。以上所述的泵送速度能保障废旧塑料和油的混合物在微波场下停留的时间即可。
所述多孔复合材料包括:无机多孔骨架和负载于无机多孔骨架上的碳材料。所述负载是指通过一定的结合力使碳材料固定于无机多孔骨架的表面或结构中。
所述碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.001%~99%,优选0.01%~90%,更优选0.1%~80%;
所述无机多孔骨架是具有多孔结构的无机材料;无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.01-1000μm,优选0.05-500μm,更优选为0.2-250μm;孔隙率为1%-99.99%;优选为10%-99.9%,更优选为30%-99%。单个孔隙的孔径来自于SEM照片中经过孔隙中心的直线与孔隙轮廓的交点间距中最短的值。
所述碳材料为石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、石墨、炭黑、碳纤维、碳点、碳纳米线、由可碳化的有机物碳化得到的产物或由可碳化有机物的混合物碳化后的产物中的至少一种,优选为石墨烯、碳纳米管、由可碳化的有机物碳化得到的产物和由可碳化有机物的混合物碳化后的产物中的至少一种。
所述可碳化有机物的混合物为可碳化有机物与非金属及非金属化合物的无机物、非金属化合物的其他有机物的混合物。
所述的碳化是指:在一定的温度、气氛条件下处理有机物,有机物中的氢、氧、氮、硫等全部或大部挥发掉,从而得到一种含碳量很高的合成材料。
所述的可碳化的有机物优选有机高分子化合物,有机高分子化合物包括合成高分子化合物和天然有机高分子化合物;合成高分子化合物优选为橡胶或塑料;所述塑料包括热固性塑料和热塑性塑料。
所述天然有机高分子化合物优选为淀粉、粘胶纤维、木质素和纤维素中的至少一种。
所述合成高分子化合物优选选自环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物、聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、丁苯橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶中的至少一种。
所述的可碳化有机物的混合物优选为煤、天然沥青、石油沥青或煤焦沥青中的至少一种。
所述无机多孔骨架的无机材料为碳、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、磷酸盐、锗酸盐、钛酸盐、氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅化物和卤化物中的一种或多种组合;其中所述氧化物优选氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化铈和氧化钛中的至少一种;所述氮化物优选氮化硅、氮化硼、氮化锆、氮化铪和氮化钽中的至少一种;所述碳化物优选碳化硅、碳化锆、碳化铪和碳化钽中的至少一种;所述硼化物优选硼化锆、硼化铪和硼化钽中的至少一种。
所述无机多孔骨架的无机材料更优选为碳、硅酸盐、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锆、碳化硅、氮化硼、钛酸钾中的至少一种。
所述无机多孔骨架优选为以下具体骨架中的至少一种:聚合物海绵碳化后得到的碳骨架、无机纤维构成的多孔骨架、无机海绵骨架、无机颗粒堆积构成的骨架、陶瓷前驱体海绵焙烧后得到的陶瓷海绵骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架;优选三聚氰胺海绵碳化后的骨架、酚醛树脂海绵碳化后的骨架、硅酸铝纤维的多孔骨架(如硅酸铝岩棉)、莫来石纤维的多孔骨架、氧化铝纤维的多孔骨架(如氧化铝纤维板)、氧化锆纤维的多孔骨架、氧化镁纤维的多孔骨架、氮化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硅纤维的多孔骨架、钛酸钾纤维的多孔骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架。
所述无机多孔骨架的多孔结构可以来自骨架材料本身的孔结构,例如海绵状结构形式;也可以来自纤维材料堆积而成的孔结构,例如纤维棉、纤维毡和纤维板等结构形式;也可以来自颗粒材料堆积而成的孔结构,例如沙堆结构形式;还可以来自以上多种形式的组合。优选来自纤维材料堆积而成的孔结构。特别说明的是,以上所述的无机纤维构成的多孔骨架,其中的多孔是由纤维材料堆积的骨架中构成的孔结构,并不是指纤维本身具有多孔。
本发明所述的多孔复合材料,能够在微波中产生高温电弧,比如在900w微波场中能够产生使多孔复合材料升温至1000℃以上的电弧,并且材料本身耐高温,最高可耐3000℃的高温。本发明的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料是一种新型、高效的微波加热材料。
本发明的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,可以包括所述多孔复合材料的制备。具体地,所述多孔复合材料的制备方法优选包括以下步骤:
a、制备负载用碳材料或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散液;
b、将无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体浸入步骤a的溶液或分散液中,使无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体的孔隙充满该溶液或分散液;碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体占无机多孔骨架材料或无机多孔骨架材料前驱体与碳材料和/或碳材料前躯体的总质量的0.001%~99.999%,优选0.01%~99.99%,更优选0.1%~99.9%;
c、取出步骤b得到的多孔材料,加热,烘干,碳材料或碳材料前驱体析出或固化,负载于无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体上;加热烘干温度50~250℃,优选60~200℃,更优选80~180℃;
如果以上原料采用的是碳材料和无机多孔骨架,则经过步骤c后即得到所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料;如果所述的原料采用碳材料前驱体或者无机多孔骨架前驱体中的至少一种,则需要继续以下步骤d:
d、惰性气体气氛下加热步骤c得到的多孔材料,无机多孔骨架前驱体转化为无机多孔骨架,和/或碳材料前驱体还原或碳化,得到所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料;加热温度400~1800℃,优选600~1500℃,更优选800~1200℃。
其中,优选:
所述的无机多孔骨架前驱体是可转化为无机多孔骨架的多孔材料;选自陶瓷前驱体、可碳化的有机物的多孔材料或可碳化有机物的混合物的多孔材料中的至少一种。
所述碳材料前驱体是氧化石墨烯、改性碳纳米管、改性碳纳米纤维、改性石墨、改性炭黑、改性碳纤维和可碳化的有机物或可碳化有机物的混合物中的至少一种。改性碳纳米管、改性碳纳米纤维、改性石墨、改性炭黑、改性碳纤维是指为了提高这些碳材料在水或有机溶剂中的分散性,得到稳定的分散液,进行预处理的碳材料,比如采用分散剂、表面活性剂进行预处理,或是接枝亲水基团进行预处理等;这些预处理手段均采用现有技术中的改善分散性的预处理手段。进行上述预处理的碳材料如石墨烯水分散液、石墨烯乙醇分散液、石墨烯水性浆料、石墨烯油性浆料、氧化石墨烯水分散液、氧化石墨烯乙醇分散液、氧化石墨烯N-甲基吡咯烷酮分散液、碳纳米管水分散液、羧基化碳纳米管水分散液、碳纳米管乙醇分散液、碳纳米管二甲基甲酰胺分散液、碳纳米管N-甲基吡咯烷酮浆料等,也均可以通过市售而得。
步骤a碳材料或其前驱体溶液或分散液的溶剂可选自苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三氯苯、三氯甲烷、环己烷、己酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二硫化碳、甲酮、丙酮、环己酮、四氢呋喃、二甲基甲酰胺、水或醇类中的一种或组合;
其中,所述醇类优选自丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、1,4–丁二醇、异丙醇、乙醇中的至少一种;
本发明制备方法中所述的负载用碳材料前驱体优选负载前可以溶解或分散于对人体和环境友好的溶剂中的前驱体,使制备过程“绿色”。所述的对人体和环境友好的溶剂选自乙醇、水和两者混合物中的至少一种。即步骤a中的溶剂更优选为包含水和/或乙醇的溶剂;进一步优选水和/或乙醇。
步骤a的溶液或分散液实现碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体在溶剂中充分溶解或是充分分散即可,通常其浓度可为0.001~1g/mL,优选为0.002~0.8g/mL,再优选为0.003g~0.5g/mL。
更具体地:
本发明制备方法中所述的负载于无机多孔骨架的碳材料为石墨烯时,步骤a中优选用氧化石墨烯水溶液。
本发明制备方法中所述的负载于无机多孔骨架的碳材料为碳纳米管时,步骤a中优选用碳纳米管分散液。
本发明制备方法中所述的负载用碳材料前驱体选用热固性塑料时,步骤a中需要根据所选热固性塑料的现有技术中常用固化配方配制成合适的固化体系;该固化体系中,可以加入任选的一种或多种选自以下的添加剂:固化促进剂、染料、颜料、着色剂、抗氧化剂、稳定剂、增塑剂、润滑剂、流动改性剂或助剂、阻燃剂、防滴剂、抗结块剂、助粘剂、导电剂、多价金属离子、冲击改性剂、脱模助剂、成核剂等;所用添加剂用量均为常规用量,或根据实际情况的要求进行调整。在负载用碳材料前驱体选用热固性塑料时,后续的步骤c中加热后作为碳材料前驱体的热固性树脂固化,负载于无机多孔骨架。
本发明制备方法中所述的负载用碳材料前驱体选用热固性塑料时,步骤a中选取现有技术中相应的良溶剂将上述热固性塑料及其固化体系溶解,得到负载用碳材料前驱体溶液。
本发明制备方法中所述的负载用碳材料前驱体选用热塑性塑料时,负载用碳材料前驱体的溶液中可以加入如抗氧化剂、助抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、臭氧稳定剂、加工助剂、增塑剂、软化剂、防粘连剂、发泡剂、染料、颜料、蜡、增量剂、有机酸、阻燃剂、和偶联剂等塑料加工过程中现有技术的常用助剂。所用助剂用量均为常规用量,或根据实际情况的要求进行调整。
本发明制备方法的步骤b中可以通过挤压数次或完全不挤压使无机多孔骨架的孔隙充满负载用碳材料或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散液。
本发明制备方法的步骤c中取出步骤b得到的多孔材料后可以采取或者不采取措施去除步骤b得到的多孔材料中的多余的负载用碳材料或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散液,上述措施包括但不限于挤压和离心操作中的一种或两种。
本发明制备方法的步骤c和d中所述加热可以优选为微波加热,微波加热不仅效率高而且受热均匀,具体地:
步骤c微波的功率为1W~100KW,优选为500W~10KW,微波时间为2~200min,优选为20~200min。
步骤d的微波功率改为100W~100KW,优选700W~20KW;微波时间为0.5~200min,优选为1~100min。
本发明制备方法步骤d中所述加热需要在惰性气体气氛下进行,选自现有技术中常用的惰性气体气氛,优选氮气。
本发明制备方法中所采用的设备均为常用设备。
如上所述,上述多孔复合材料的制备方法将无机多孔骨架和碳材料相结合,制备得到机械性能优异,在微波场中能够产生电弧从而迅速产生高温的多孔复合材料,比如在900w微波场中能够产生使多孔复合材料升温至1000℃以上的电弧,材料本身耐高温,工艺流程简单易行,易于实现规模化制备。。
本发明所述的废旧塑料指在民用、工业等用途中,使用过且最终淘汰或替换下来的塑料及其混合物,所述的塑料包括但不限于聚烯烃、聚酯、聚酰胺、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物、聚碳酸酯、聚乳酸、聚氨酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛、聚苯醚和聚苯硫醚中的至少一种,优选聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物、聚碳酸酯、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚甲醛中的至少一种,再优选聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯和聚酰胺中的至少一种。
本发明所述的油包括但不限于液体石油烃及其混合物和/或植物油及其混合物。所述植物油包括但不限于棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油、亚麻油和蓖麻油中的至少一种,优选棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油中的至少一种。
本发明的方法中的微波场可采用现有技术中的各种微波设备,比如家用微波炉、工业化微波设备(如微波热裂解反应器)等。
本发明的方法中放置或承载废旧塑料和油及多孔复合材料的装置可选择用现有技术中微波可以穿透且耐1200℃以上高温的各种容器或管道,如石英坩埚、石英反应器、石英管、氧化铝坩埚、氧化铝反应器、氧化铝管等。
本发明的方法,废旧塑料和油裂解后气化,将裂解后得到的气体收集可做后续处理,比如气体分离后作为燃料或是作为化学工业原料进行后续反应和生产;裂解后的残渣做废弃物处理。
所述的气体收集为现有技术中通常的方法,优选在惰性气氛下进行。例如,如采用家用式微波炉作为微波场,其气体收集方式:在氮气保护的手套箱中将承载废旧塑料和多孔复合材料的石英坩埚装入真空袋中后密封,微波下反应后隔着真空袋拧开坩埚,用针筒扎进真空袋取样;采用工业式的有进气口和出气口的微波炉(如微波热裂解反应器等),其气体收集方式:反应过程用氮气吹扫,出气口用集气袋取样收集。
本发明的方法利用微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料在微波中产生电弧,从而迅速产生高温,使废旧塑料和油裂解成化工原料,过程高效,产物组成附加值高。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,进一步说明本发明;但本发明不受这些实施例的限制。
实施例中的实验数据使用以下仪器及测定方法测定:
1、实施例所得多孔复合材料中负载的碳材料质量百分含量的测定:
1)原料中采用无机多孔骨架材料的情况下,先测定原料无机多孔骨架材料重量,在实验结束后测定所得多孔复合材料重量,两者重量差即为负载碳材料重量,从而测定负载碳材料在多孔复合材料的质量百分含量;
2)原料中采用无机多孔骨架前驱体的情况下,取两份重量一致的无机多孔骨架前驱体,其中一个做实施例,另一个做空白样只实施制备方法的步骤c和步骤d;在实验结束后,称取实施例所得多孔复合材料的重量,并称取空白样最后的重量,两者重量差即为负载碳材料重量,从而测定负载碳材料在多孔复合材料的质量百分含量。
2、实施例16对分解出的气体进行色谱分析采用美国Agilent公司生产的Agilent6890N气相色谱。
本发明实施例的原料均来自市售。
多孔复合材料的制备:
实施例1
(1)量取500ml氧化石墨烯水分散液(JCGO-95-1-2.6-W,10mg/ml,南京吉仓纳米科技有限公司)于烧杯;
(2)取2g材质为酚醛树脂的多孔骨架(酚醛泡沫,平均孔径300μm,孔隙率99%,常熟绿洲花卉泡沫有限公司)泡入氧化石墨烯水分散液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热1小时,烘干并预还原;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入家用微波炉(700w)高火微波处理2min,预还原的氧化石墨烯还原成石墨烯,酚醛树脂骨架碳化成碳骨架(平均孔径200μm,孔隙率99%),得到微波中产生电弧的石墨烯负载碳多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,石墨烯占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
实施例2
(1)量取500ml碳纳米管分散液(XFWDM,100mg/ml,南京先丰纳米材料科技有限公司)于烧杯;
(2)取2g材质为酚醛树脂的多孔骨架(酚醛泡沫,平均孔径200μm,孔隙率99%,常熟绿洲花卉泡沫有限公司)泡入碳纳米管分散液,使碳纳米管分散液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于80℃烘箱加热5小时,烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下800℃碳化1h,得到微波中产生电弧的碳纳米管负载碳多孔骨架的多孔复合材料(碳骨架的平均孔径140μm,孔隙率99%),碳纳米管占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为30%。
实施例3
(1)量取500ml碳纳米管分散液(XFWDM,100mg/ml,南京先丰纳米材料科技有限公司)于烧杯;
(2)取5g材质为硅酸盐的纤维棉状多孔骨架(平均孔径150μm,孔隙率90%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司)泡入碳纳米管分散液,挤压数次,使分散液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于150℃烘箱加热2小时,烘干,得到微波中产生电弧的碳纳米管负载硅酸盐纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳纳米管占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
实施例4
(1)称取30g粉末酚醛树脂(2123,新乡市伯马风帆实业有限公司)和3.6g六亚甲基四胺固化剂于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取5g材质为硅酸盐的纤维棉状多孔骨架(平均孔径150μm,孔隙率90%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司)泡入配置好的溶液,挤压数次,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热2小时,溶液烘干,酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下1000℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载硅酸盐纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为5%。
实施例5
(1)称取50g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为氧化铝的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率85%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热2小时,溶液烘干,酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下900℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载氧化铝纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为6%。
实施例6
(1)称取30g水溶性淀粉(药用级,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)于烧杯,倒入500ml去离子水,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为氧化铝的纤维毡状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率85%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),功率10KW微波处理2min,多孔材料烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下1200℃碳化1h,水溶性淀粉碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的淀粉碳化产物负载氧化铝纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.1%。
实施例7
(1)称取50g水溶性淀粉(药用级,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)于烧杯,倒入500ml去离子水,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为氧化铝的纤维棉状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率85%,山东鲁阳节能材料股份有限公司)泡入配置好的溶液,挤压数次,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),功率500W微波处理2h,多孔材料烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下1000℃碳化1h,淀粉碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的淀粉碳化产物负载氧化铝纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.2%。
实施例8
(1)称取2kg液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)于烧杯,倒入4L乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取2g材质为酚醛树脂的多孔骨架(酚醛泡沫,平均孔径500μm,孔隙率99%,常熟绿洲花卉泡沫有限公司)配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于150℃烘箱加热2小时,烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),功率20KW氮气气氛下微波处理100min,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载碳多孔骨架的多孔复合材料(碳骨架的平均孔径350μm,孔隙率99%),负载于无机碳骨架上的碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为80%。
实施例9
(1)称取0.3g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)于烧杯,倒入100ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取300g活性氧化铝(平均孔径0.05μm,孔隙率30%,山东凯欧化工科技有限公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入活性氧化铝的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于150℃烘箱加热2小时,烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下1000℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载活性氧化铝(多孔骨架)的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.05%。
实施例10
(1)称取30g粉末酚醛树脂(2123,新乡市伯马风帆实业有限公司)和3.6g六亚甲基四胺固化剂于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为氧化镁的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热2小时,溶液烘干,酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下1000℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载氧化镁纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为3%。
实施例11
(1)称取100g水溶性淀粉(药用级,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)于烧杯,倒入500ml去离子水,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为氧化锆的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径150μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放入微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),功率3KW微波处理20min,多孔材料烘干;
(4)将烘干的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下900℃碳化2h,淀粉碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的淀粉碳化产物负载氧化锆纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.5%。
实施例12
(1)称取50g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为氮化硼的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热2小时,溶液烘干,酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下900℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载氮化硼纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为5%。
实施例13
(1)称取100g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为碳化硅的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热2小时,溶液烘干,酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下800℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载碳化硅纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
实施例14
(1)称取100g液体酚醛树脂(2152,济宁佰一化工)于烧杯,倒入500ml乙醇,用磁转子搅拌1小时至溶解;
(2)取8g材质为钛酸钾的纤维板状多孔骨架(平均孔径100μm,孔隙率80%,济南火龙热陶瓷有限责任公司)泡入配置好的溶液,使溶液充分进入多孔骨架的孔道;
(3)取出浸泡好的多孔材料,放于不锈钢托盘中,置于180℃烘箱加热2小时,溶液烘干,酚醛树脂固化;
(4)将烘干固化的多孔材料放入管式炉,在氮气气氛下800℃碳化1h,酚醛树脂碳化,得到微波中产生电弧的酚醛树脂碳化产物负载钛酸钾纤维多孔骨架的多孔复合材料,碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为10%。
微波裂解废旧塑料连续操作:
实施例15
将50g高密度聚乙烯(HDPE,3300F,茂名石化)低温粉碎,在三口烧瓶中与100g棕榈油(市售)进行充分搅拌。将30g实施例1得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料置于石英反应器,用500ml/min氮气吹扫10min后将流量调至100ml/min,以1000W功率启动微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),采用蠕动泵(兰格BT100-2J精密蠕动泵)以约2g/min的速度通过石英细管将上述物料持续添加到石英反应器内的多孔复合材料表面,物料被不断的裂解成气体,用集气袋在出气口收集气体。收集的气体进行色谱分析,分析结果列于表1。
将30g聚丙烯(PP,F280,上海石化)低温粉碎,在三口烧瓶中与30g大豆油(市售)进行搅拌。将50g实施例6得到的微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料置于石英反应器,用500ml/min氮气吹扫10min后将流量调至100ml/min,以1500W功率启动微波热裂解反应器(XOLJ-2000N,南京先欧仪器制造有限公司),采用蠕动泵(兰格BT100-2J精密蠕动泵)以约2g/min的速度通过石英细管将上述物料持续添加到石英反应器内的多孔复合材料表面,物料被不断的裂解成气体,用集气袋在出气口收集气体。收集的气体进行色谱分析,分析结果同样列于表1。
表1
Claims (37)
1.一种微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于所述方法包括:
将废旧塑料粉碎后与油混合后进行输送,在惰性气氛下或真空,在微波场下连续地与微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料接触,所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料在微波下持续产生电弧,快速并持续产生高温,从而连续地使废旧塑料和油一起裂解;
所述油为烃类油、植物油中的一种或混合;
废旧塑料的粒径为0.001~10mm;
废旧塑料占废旧塑料和油的质量百分比为10%~90%;
废旧塑料与多孔复合材料重量比为1:99~99:1;
所述微波场的微波功率为200W~100KW;微波时间为0.5~150min;
所述多孔复合材料包括:无机多孔骨架和负载于无机多孔骨架上的碳材料; 所述碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.001%~99%;
所述无机多孔骨架是具有多孔结构的无机材料;无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.01-1000微米;孔隙率为1%-99.99% ;所述的无机材料为碳、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、磷酸盐、锗酸盐、钛酸盐、氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅化物和卤化物中的一种或组合;
所述碳材料为石墨烯、碳纳米管、石墨、炭黑、碳纤维、碳点、碳纳米线、由可碳化的有机物碳化得到的产物或由可碳化有机物的混合物碳化后的产物中的至少一种。
2.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述废旧塑料的粒径为0.01~8mm;和/或,
所述废旧塑料占废旧塑料和油的质量百分比为20%~80%; 和/或,
所述废旧塑料与多孔复合材料重量比为1:50~50:1;和/或,
所述碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.01%~90%;和/或,
所述碳材料为石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、由可碳化的有机物碳化得到的产物和由可碳化有机物的混合物碳化后的产物中的至少一种。
3.如权利要求2所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述废旧塑料的粒径为0.05~5mm;和/或,
所述废旧塑料占废旧塑料和油的质量百分比为30%~75%;和/或,
所述废旧塑料与多孔复合材料重量比为1:30~30:1;和/或,
所述碳材料占多孔复合材料总质量的百分数为0.1%~80%。
4.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述的无机材料为碳、硅酸盐、钛酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、硼化物中的至少一种。
5.如权利要求4所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述氧化物为氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化铈和氧化钛中的至少一种;和/或,
所述氮化物为氮化硅、氮化硼、氮化锆、氮化铪和氮化钽中的至少一种;和/或,
所述碳化物为碳化硅、碳化锆、碳化铪和碳化钽中的至少一种;和/或,
所述硼化物为硼化锆、硼化铪和硼化钽中的至少一种。
6.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.05-500μm,孔隙率为10%-99.9%。
7.如权利要求6所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述无机多孔骨架的平均孔径为0.2-250μm;和/或,
所述无机多孔骨架的孔隙率为30%-99%。
8.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述无机多孔骨架为以下中的至少一种:聚合物海绵碳化后得到的碳骨架、无机纤维构成的多孔骨架、无机海绵骨架、无机颗粒堆积构成的骨架、陶瓷前驱体海绵焙烧后得到的陶瓷海绵骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架。
9.如权利要求8所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述无机多孔骨架为以下中的至少一种:三聚氰胺海绵碳化后的骨架、酚醛树脂海绵碳化后的骨架、硅酸铝纤维的多孔骨架、莫来石纤维的多孔骨架、氧化铝纤维的多孔骨架、氧化锆纤维的多孔骨架、氧化镁纤维的多孔骨架、氮化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硼纤维的多孔骨架、碳化硅纤维的多孔骨架、钛酸钾纤维的多孔骨架、陶瓷前驱体纤维焙烧后得到的陶瓷纤维骨架。
10.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述可碳化有机物的混合物为可碳化有机物与非金属及非金属化合物的无机物、非金属化合物的其他有机物的混合物。
11.如权利要求10所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述的可碳化有机物的混合物为煤、天然沥青、石油沥青或煤焦沥青中的至少一种。
12.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述的可碳化的有机物为有机高分子化合物,有机高分子化合物包括合成高分子化合物和天然有机高分子化合物。
13.如权利要求12所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述合成高分子化合物为橡胶或塑料;所述塑料包括热固性塑料和热塑性塑料;和/或,
所述天然有机高分子化合物为淀粉、粘胶纤维、木质素和纤维素中的至少一种。
14.如权利要求13所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述合成高分子化合物选自环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物、聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、丁苯橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶中的至少一种。
15.如权利要求1所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于按包括以下步骤的方法制备所述多孔复合材料:
a、制备负载用碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体溶液或分散液;
b、将无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体浸入步骤a的溶液或分散液中,使无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体的孔隙充满该溶液或分散液;碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体占无机多孔骨架材料或无机多孔骨架材料前驱体与碳材料和/或碳材料前躯体的总质量的0.001%~99.999%;
c、取出步骤b得到的多孔材料,加热, 烘干,碳材料或碳材料前驱体析出或固化,负载于无机多孔骨架或无机多孔骨架前驱体上;加热烘干温度50~250℃;
如果以上原料采用的是碳材料和无机多孔骨架,则经过步骤c后即得到所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料;如果所述的原料采用碳材料前驱体或者无机多孔骨架前驱体中的至少一种,则需要继续以下步骤d:
d、惰性气体气氛下加热步骤c得到的多孔材料,无机多孔骨架前驱体转化为无机多孔骨架,和/或碳材料前驱体还原或碳化,得到所述微波中产生电弧的多孔复合材料;加热温度400~1800℃。
16.如权利要求15所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述步骤b中碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体占无机多孔骨架材料或无机多孔骨架材料前驱体与碳材料和/或碳材料前躯体的总质量的0.01%~99.99%;和/或,
所述步骤c的加热烘干温度为60~200℃;和/或,
所述步骤d的加热温度为600~1500℃。
17.如权利要求16所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述步骤b中碳材料和/或碳材料前驱体占无机多孔骨架材料或无机多孔骨架材料前驱体与碳材料和/或碳材料前躯体的总质量的0.1%~99.9%;和/或,
所述步骤c的加热烘干温度为80~180℃;和/或,
所述步骤d的加热温度为800~1200℃。
18.如权利要求15所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述的无机多孔骨架前驱体是可转化为无机多孔骨架的多孔材料;选自陶瓷前驱体、可碳化的有机物的多孔材料或可碳化有机物的混合物的多孔材料中的至少一种。
19.如权利要求15所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述碳材料前驱体是氧化石墨烯、改性碳纳米管、改性石墨、改性炭黑、改性碳纤维和可碳化的有机物或可碳化有机物的混合物中的至少一种。
20.如权利要求19所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述改性碳纤维选自改性碳纳米纤维。
21.如权利要求15所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
步骤a碳材料或其前驱体溶液或分散液的溶剂选自苯、甲苯、二甲苯 、三氯苯、三氯甲烷、环己烷、己酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二硫化碳、甲酮、丙酮、环己酮、四氢呋喃、二甲基甲酰胺、水或醇类中的一种或组合。
22.如权利要求21所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述醇类选自丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、1,4–丁二醇、异丙醇、乙醇中的至少一种。
23.如权利要求21所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述步骤a碳材料或其前驱体溶液或分散液的溶剂选自包含水和/或乙醇的溶剂。
24.如权利要求23所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述步骤a碳材料或其前驱体溶液或分散液的溶剂选自水和/或乙醇。
25. 如权利要求15所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
步骤a的溶液或分散液的浓度为0.001~1g/mL。
26.如权利要求25所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
步骤a的溶液或分散液的浓度为0.002~0.8g/mL。
27.如权利要求26所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
步骤a的溶液或分散液的浓度为0.003g~0.5g/mL。
28.如权利要求15所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述步骤c和步骤d中所述加热为微波加热;
步骤c微波的功率为1W~100KW,微波时间为2~200min;
步骤d的微波功率为100W~100KW;微波时间为0.5~200min。
29. 如权利要求28所述微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法 ,其特征在于:
所述步骤c的微波功率为500W~10KW;和/或,
所述步骤c的微波时间为20~200min;和/或,
所述步骤d的微波功率为700W~20KW;和/或,
所述步骤d的微波时间为1~100min。
30.如权利要求1~29之一所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述的塑料为聚烯烃、聚酯、聚酰胺、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物、聚碳酸酯、聚乳酸、聚氨酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛、聚苯醚和聚苯硫醚中的至少一种。
31.如权利要求30所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述的塑料为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物、聚碳酸酯、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚甲醛中的至少一种。
32.如权利要求31所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述的塑料为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯和聚酰胺中的至少一种。
33.如权利要求30所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述油为液体石油烃及其混合物和/或植物油及其混合物。
34.如权利要求33所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述油为棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油、亚麻油和蓖麻油中的至少一种。
35.如权利要求34所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述油为棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油和大豆油中的至少一种。
36.如权利要求1所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述微波场的微波功率为300W~80KW,微波时间1~120min。
37.如权利要求36所述的微波高温裂解废旧塑料连续操作方法,其特征在于:
所述微波场的微波功率为500W~60KW;和/或,所述微波场的微波时间为2~100min。
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WO2020088172A1 (zh) | 2020-05-07 |
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