CN111096207A - Low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of sugarcane planting, and particularly discloses a low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method, which comprises the following steps: step S1: land preparation, step S2: seed stem preparation, step S3: ridging and fertilizing, namely, using a tractor with 120-140 horsepower to pull a sugarcane ridging and fertilizing machine in a low-lying area to perform ridging, fertilizing and earthing, and step S4: sowing and covering the film, and step S5: field management, step S6: and (4) harvesting by a combined machine. The sugarcane planting method not only adopts mechanical soil preparation, planting, management and harvesting in the whole process, but also increases the steps of ridging and fertilizing when planting in the low-lying planting field, changes the mode of sowing, optimizes the fertilizing amount and irrigation amount in field management, ensures the survival rate of seedlings when planting the sugarcane in the low-lying planting field, avoids the seedlings from being soaked by accumulated water, improves the germination rate of the sugarcane, saves the cost by more than 5 percent, and improves the overall yield by 3 to 5 percent.

Description

Low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of sugarcane planting, and particularly relates to a low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method.

Background

Sugar cane is a temperate and tropical crop, a raw material for sucrose production, and ethanol can be extracted as an energy substitute. The sugarcane contains abundant sugar and water, also contains various vitamins, fat, protein, organic acid, calcium, iron and other substances which are very beneficial to the metabolism of a human body, and is mainly used for preparing sugar.

The common planting mode of the sugarcane adopts a seed stem planting mode. Seed stem: the whole sugar cane is cut into a plurality of cane segments, wherein each segment contains 1 to 2 cane nodes, and such a small segment of cane segment is the seed stem. In the planting process of sugarcane seeds, firstly, a transverse-row precision planter is used for ditching soil, then sugarcane seed stems are scattered in a field ditch at certain intervals, finally, soil is backfilled and covered to enable the height of the field ditch to be basically level to that of the soil, and finally, intertillage and large ridging are carried out at the initial stage of sugarcane jointing to form sugarcane ridges with the height of 5-10 cm.

However, for some low-lying planted fields, rainwater can cause excessive water accumulation in rainy days, if only a common seeder is adopted for ditching and seeding, the soil covering height of planting rows and the intertillage large cultivation height are too low, so that the soaking of the accumulated water on sugarcane seedlings cannot be avoided, the loss of fertilizer and the rot of the seedlings can be caused, and the yield and the income of the sugarcane in the low-lying planted fields are influenced.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method, which overcomes the defects in the existing planting method, provides enough growth space and planting ridge height for sugarcane planting in low-lying land, avoids soaking sugarcane seedlings by accumulated water in rainy seasons, has good fertilizer retention capacity, reduces the situation that the sugarcane seedlings are soaked in water and rotten, and improves yield and income.

In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method, which comprises the following steps:

step S1: land preparation, specifically including:

a1: stubble cleaning, namely dragging a heavy harrow with a tilling width of 2.5-4.5 m by using a tractor with a horsepower of not less than 165 to cut weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface into pieces, wherein the cutting length is 8-12 cm, the breaking rate is not less than 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 15-18 cm;

a2: leveling the sugarcane field by using a grader with the tilling width of 3.6-5.4 m and the land levelness is leveled by using a tractor with 165 horsepower or more, wherein the land levelness is leveled according to the gradient and the terrain, the land levelness after operation is less than or equal to 3cm, and the qualified rate of the levelness is more than or equal to 80 percent;

step S2: seed stem preparation, namely cutting the sugarcane stems of the healthy seedlings into healthy double-bud sugarcane seeds with the length of 20-25 cm by using a seed cutting machine, and then coating the healthy double-bud sugarcane seeds;

step S3: ridging and fertilizing, namely, using a tractor with 120-140 horsepower to pull a sugarcane ridging and fertilizing machine in a low-lying land to perform ridging, fertilizing and earthing;

b1: ridging, wherein the ridging height is 25-30 cm, and the ridge width is 40-50 cm;

b2: fertilizing, namely applying 20-25 kg of nitro phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 18: 22: 5) per mu;

b3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 3 cm-5 cm;

step S4: sowing, namely, using a tractor with no less than 120 horsepower to draw the transverse-row precision planter to finish sowing on the sugarcane field with the ditches already opened at one time;

c1: sowing in transverse rows, wherein 2340-2720 buds are sown in a seed sowing amount per mu, the spacing between two rows of sugarcane seeds is 35-38 cm, and the sugarcane seeds are sown in staggered transverse rows in a triangular shape; planting depth is 30-35 cm;

c2: spraying a pesticide to plant the ditch, and spraying the herbicide on the market according to the dosage of a specification;

c3: covering a film, covering a sowing width by using a colorless transparent mulching film with the width of 70-80 cm, covering soil around the film densely without leaking, uncovering the film when most of sugarcane seedlings pass out of the film and the temperature is stable above 20 ℃, and intertillage nursing;

step S5: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects:

d1: cultivating small hills, namely performing intertillage operation at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, fertilizing 10-13 cm away from a sugarcane root, and hilling 10-15 cm high; applying 15-20 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 18: 22: 5) or 20-25 kg of bagasse extract liquid fertilizer (N: P: K = 140: 60: 120) to each mu;

d2: carrying out intertillage and large hilling, wherein the operation depth is 20-30 cm at the initial stage of sugarcane jointing, and the distance between the operation depth and the sugarcane stump is 14-16 cm, so that the fertilizer is deeply applied and the roots are less damaged; applying 50-75 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 20: 8: 15) or 40-50 kg of sugarcane juice liquid fertilizer (N: P: K = 140: 40: 160) to each mu of land, wherein the height of the ridge after ridging is 30-35 cm, the base of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, and the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and the hollow part of the sugarcane cluster are avoided; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent;

d3: weeding among rows, namely suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine by using a 120-140 horsepower tractor to smash mechanical weeding and loosen soil when weeds in a sugarcane field grow to 8-12 cm in the growth period of the sugarcane;

d4: applying stem-attacking fertilizer, namely additionally applying stem-attacking fertilizer once in the later growth stage of the sugarcane, applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 20: 8: 15) per mu, and adding 100-125 g/mu of insect-resist agent;

d5: water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out to ensure the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period; the method of sealing the ditch to store water and covering the ground with sugarcane leaves is adopted to prevent drought in the sugarcane area without irrigation conditions;

d6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, wherein 50% carbendazim or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 65% zineb wettable powder is selected at the initial stage of disease, and is sprayed for 1 time in 7 days and 2-3 times continuously; or mixing 400-600 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder with 1500 times of 25% milbemine suspension, and spraying for 3 times every 15 days; or spraying 1500-2000 times of 32.5% amikacin suspension for 1-2 times;

step S6: harvesting by a combined machine:

e1: the combine harvester is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation;

e2: harvesting early-maturing varieties and then harvesting middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties; harvesting autumn planted sugarcane and perennial sugarcane, cutting and harvesting winter planted sugarcane and spring planted sugarcane, and harvesting sugarcane land with perennial root after 1 month in the middle ten days;

e3: before harvesting, cleaning sundries and barriers damaging machines, filling deep grooves of light and dark pits, and leveling soil bags; a turning and turning space of more than 6m is reserved at the crop end, if the space is insufficient, the crop end sugarcane is firstly harvested to reserve the turning and turning space, and furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk;

e4: the harvester and the field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, and the sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, the method further includes step S7: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:

f1: leveling, namely, using a tractor with power not less than 120 horsepower to pull a leveling machine, enabling the leveling machine to be buried by 3-5 cm, leveling high-level buds, and promoting the growth of the low-level buds;

f2: the method comprises the steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, wherein the ridge breaking and loosening roots are carried out in sunny weather with warm air, a tractor with no less than 140 horsepower and a navigation control system is adopted to pull a furrow opener, the navigation control system is used for operating on a preset line, the ridge breaking operation tilling depth is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%;

f3: fertilizing, applying pesticide, earthing up and covering the film, wherein the fertilizing, the pesticide applying and the earthing up and covering the film are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and the pesticide applying amount are the same as those of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, the sugarcane variety selected in step S2 is any one of cinnamic sugar No. 29, cinnamic sugar No. 44, cinnamic sugar No. 49, cinnamic sugar No. 55, and cinnamic sugar 08-1589.

Preferably, in the above technical scheme, in the step S2, the cut sugarcane seeds are put into a coating agent to be soaked for 25-30 minutes, then are fished out to be dried, and are taken out for planting after being vacuum-packed; the seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in proportion: 2.5-2.8 parts of a coating agent, 0.8-0.9 part of 45% carbendazim, 1-1.2 parts of 40% prochloraz, 1-1.2 parts of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 1-1.2 parts of 50% thiamethoxam, 0.8-1.0 part of an lodging-resistant growth promoter and the balance of water.

Preferably, in the above technical scheme, in the step C2, soil is covered shallowly in rainy season, and is not compacted after soil covering, and after soil covering in other periods, the sugarcane ridging and fertilizing machine in low-lying land is matched with a cylindrical compacting roller with a suitable ridge width to compact.

Preferably, in the technical scheme, in the step B2, the herbicide is mixed with 40-75 kg/mu of water to prepare herbicide mixed solution by adding 40-50 mL/mu of 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate into 150-200 g/mu of 40% atrazine suspending agent or 40-50 g/mu of 90% atrazine soluble powder, and the mixed solution is uniformly sprayed on the planting furrows.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, in the step C5, if the relative water content of the soil is below 70%, water is sufficiently sprayed before spraying the herbicide, so that the relative water content of the soil is above 70%, and then the film is covered.

Preferably, in the above technical scheme, in the step S4, the low-lying sugarcane ridge-forming fertilizer applicator includes a ridge former, a fertilizer applicator and a frame; the ridge former comprises two collecting plates, one sides of the two collecting plates are fixed with the bottom of the frame, the other sides of the collecting plates extend to the lower part of the frame, the soil inlet is formed between one ends of the two collecting plates, the other ends of the two collecting plates are close to each other to form the soil discharge port, movable plates are arranged on two sides of the soil discharge port, and the ends, close to the soil discharge port, of the two opposite movable plates can be close to or separated from each other; the fertilizer applicator is arranged on the rack and comprises an automatic discharging device and a storage box; the automatic discharging device is provided with a discharging cylinder, a feeding hole is formed in the side face of the discharging cylinder, one end of the discharging cylinder is closed, the other end of the discharging cylinder is communicated with one end of a discharging pipe, and a discharging hole is formed in the other end of the discharging pipe; the worm is arranged in the discharge cylinder, one end of the worm penetrates through one end of the discharge cylinder to extend outwards and is arranged on the first shaft seat in a rotatable mode, and the other end of the worm penetrates through the pipe wall of the discharge pipe to extend outwards and is arranged on the second shaft seat in a rotatable mode; the output end of the gear box is connected with one end of the worm, the input end of the gear box is connected with the output end of a hydraulic pump, and the gear box, the hydraulic pump, the first shaft seat and the second shaft seat are all fixed on the rack; the feeding hole is communicated with the storage box, and the discharging hole is positioned between the soil inlet and the soil discharging hole.

Preferably, in the above technical solution, a first notch is opened at the other end of the collecting plate, a second notch is opened at one end of the movable plate close to the soil discharge opening, and the shape of the second notch is consistent with that of the first notch; the collecting plate is provided with a plurality of screw holes at intervals, the screw holes are arranged in a row in a direction parallel to the side edge of the collecting plate, and the movable plate is fixed with the collecting plate through screws which can be matched with the screw holes.

Preferably, in the above technical scheme, a traction seat is arranged on the frame, and the traction seat is located at the soil inlet; the bottom of the material storage box shrinks downwards to form a blanking port, and the blanking port is in butt joint with the feeding hole; the top of the storage box is provided with a box opening, and the box opening is provided with a box cover matched with the box opening.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

in the ridging, fertilizing and earthing step, the sugarcane is planted in the ridges, and the nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is mixed in the soil while the ridges are formed, so that the fertilizer loss rate is reduced, and the fertilizer consumption is saved; the sugarcane seeds are prevented from rotting due to water accumulation soaking, the irrigation water consumption is saved, the cost is reduced, and the income is increased; the sugarcane yield is more than 7 tons/mu, the fertilizing amount is reduced by 6-8 kg/mu, and the irrigation water consumption is saved by 1-2 tons/mu; meanwhile, compared with the method that common machinery is adopted to plant the sugarcane in the low-lying area, the survival rate of sugarcane seedlings is improved by 60% -65%, meanwhile, the production cost is saved by more than 5%, the damage of accumulated water in the low-lying area to the yield of the sugarcane is avoided, meanwhile, the moisture is guaranteed after ridging, the germination rate of the sugarcane is improved, and the yield of the sugarcane is improved by 3% -5%.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the sugarcane ridging applicator of the present invention in a low lying area.

Fig. 2 is a structural view of the ridger.

Fig. 3 is a structural view of the fertilizer applicator and the frame.

Fig. 4 is a structural view of a storage case in the fertilizer applicator.

FIG. 5 is a structural view of an automatic discharging device in the fertilizer applicator.

Description of the main reference numerals:

1-ridger, 2-movable plate, 3-fertilizer applicator, 4-frame, 5-collecting plate, 6-traction seat, 11-soil inlet, 12-soil outlet, 21-second gap, 31-material inlet, 32-material storage box, 33-material outlet, 34-material outlet, 35-material outlet pipe, 36-worm, 37-first shaft seat, 38-second shaft seat, 39-gear box, 310-hydraulic pump, 311-box cover, 321-material outlet, 322-box opening, 51-first gap, 52-screw hole, 53-screw, 61-traction hole.

Detailed Description

The following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.

Example 1

As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the low-lying sugarcane ridging fertilizer applicator in this embodiment includes: the ridging device comprises a ridger 1, a movable plate 2, a fertilizer applicator 3, a frame 4, a soil collecting plate 5, a traction seat 6, a soil inlet 11, a soil discharge port 12, a second notch 21, a feed port 31, a storage box 32, a discharge port 33, a discharge cylinder 34, a discharge pipe 35, a worm 36, a first shaft seat 37, a second shaft seat 38, a gear box 39, a hydraulic pump 310, a box cover 311, a discharge port 312, a box port 322, a first notch 51, a screw hole 52, a screw 53 and a traction hole 61. The ridge former 1 consists of two collecting plates 5 and a movable plate 2 on the collecting plates 5, and the plate surfaces are all arc-shaped when being observed from the end surfaces of the plates, so that the movable plate 2 can be attached to the side surfaces of the collecting plates 5 and horizontally slide towards the direction of the soil discharge opening 12; one side edge of the two collecting plates 5 is welded and fixed with the bottom of the frame 4, the other side edge of the collecting plates 5 extends vertically to the lower part of the frame 4, a soil inlet 11 is formed between one ends of the two collecting plates 5, the width of the soil inlet 11 is wider than that of the frame 4, and the other ends of the two collecting plates 5 are close to each other to form a soil discharge port 12; the two collecting plates 5 are respectively provided with a first notch 51 at the position close to the soil discharge opening 12, the opening direction of the first notch 51 faces obliquely downward, and the outline of the opening is circular arc; a row of screw holes 52 parallel to the side edge of the collecting plate 5 are arranged above the first notch 51, and equal intervals are arranged among the screw holes 52; through holes with equal intervals with the screw holes 52 are arranged on the movable plate 2, and the movable plate 2 is fixed on the outer side surface of the collecting plate 5 by utilizing screws 53 matched with the screw holes 52 to penetrate through the through holes and the screw holes 52 for tightening; the movable plate 2 is provided with a second notch 21 which has the same shape as the first notch 51 and the length smaller than the first notch 51, when the movable plate 2 is mounted on the collecting plate 5, the second notch 21 and the first notch 51 can be overlapped with each other, and by changing the mounting hole positions of the movable plates 2, the ends of the two movable plates 2 where the second notches 21 are located can be close to or far away from each other, so that the width of the soil discharge opening 12 is changed, and the ridge width of ridging is also changed correspondingly.

The fertilizer applicator 3 mainly comprises a storage box 32 and an automatic discharging device; the storage box 32 is fixed above the frame 4, a box opening 322 is formed in the top of the storage box 32, a box cover 311 matched with the box opening 322 is arranged on the box opening 322, and the bottom of the storage box 32 gradually shrinks downwards to form a blanking opening 321; the automatic discharging device comprises a discharging cylinder 34 which is horizontally arranged below a material storage box 32, a feeding hole 31 is formed in the side face of the discharging cylinder 34, the feeding hole 31 is in butt joint with a blanking hole 321, one end of the discharging cylinder 34 is a closed end, the other end of the discharging cylinder is communicated with one end of a discharging pipe 35, a discharging hole 33 is formed in the other end of the discharging pipe 35, and the other end of the discharging pipe 35 is bent downwards, so that the discharging hole 33 is located between a soil inlet 11 and a soil outlet 12; a worm 36 is arranged in the discharge cylinder 34, one end of the worm 36 penetrates through the closed end of the discharge cylinder 34 to extend outwards and is fixed on a first shaft seat 37 through a rotating bearing, the other end of the worm 36 penetrates through the pipe wall of the discharge pipe 35 to extend outwards and is fixed on a second shaft seat 38 through a rotating bearing, and the first shaft seat 37 and the second shaft seat 38 are both fixed on the frame 4; the output end of the gear box 39 is connected with one end of the worm 36 which penetrates out of the closed end of the discharge cylinder 34, the input end of the gear box 39 is connected with the output end of the hydraulic pump 310, and the gear box 39 and the hydraulic pump 310 are both fixed on the frame 4.

The frame 4 is located the one end of ridger 1's soil inlet 11 top, and the welding has three traction seat 6, and the finished product font of three traction seat 6 distributes on this terminal surface to traction hole 61 in the traction seat 6 extends to the outside of soil inlet 11.

Next, the operation method and the operation principle of the low-lying sugarcane ridge-forming fertilizer applicator in this embodiment will be described in detail to make those skilled in the art more understand the present invention:

1. the operation method comprises the following steps: when in use, the traction seat 6 is connected to the rear part of the tractor through the traction hole 61, and the hydraulic input port and the hydraulic output port on the hydraulic pump 310 are connected with the hydraulic station on the tractor; determining the ridge width according to the variety of the sugarcane seedlings, adjusting the distance between the movable plates 2, tightening and fixing the screws 53, filling fertilizer into the storage box 32, and modifying the box cover 311; finally, the tractor can be started to work.

2. The working principle is as follows: when the ridge former 1 passes through the turned soil, soil enters the soil inlet 11, the two collecting plates 5 collect the soil together, and the soil is shaped at the soil discharge port 12 and then discharged, so that a neat ridge is formed; the width of the ridge can be adjusted according to the movable plates 2 at the two sides of the soil discharge opening 12, when the ridge width needs to be wider, the two movable plates 2 are moved and fixed to one side of the soil inlet 11, and when the ridge width needs to be narrower, the two movable plates 2 are moved and fixed to one side of the soil discharge opening 12; the fertilizer applicator 3 can not only stir the fertilizer and play a role of preventing the fertilizer at the bottom of the storage box 32 from hardening through the rotation of the worm 36 in the automatic discharging device, but also uniformly push the fertilizer to the discharge hole 33 for discharging, and the discharging speed can be changed through adjusting the rotating speed of the worm 36; the fertilizer applicator 3 spreads fertilizer between the soil inlet 11 and the soil discharge port 12 of the ridger 1, so that the collecting plate 5 can fully mix the fertilizer with the soil when collecting the soil, and then ridge, so that the fertilizer can be uniformly mixed in the ridge.

To sum up, this lowland sugarcane ridging fertilizer distributor gathers together soil and reshapes into the ridge through the ridger, can change the ridge width of ridge through adjusting the fly leaf again, utilizes the fertilizer applicator to spill fertilizer uniformly in soil and form the ridge with soil homogeneous mixing and together simultaneously, has liberated the manpower, has promoted the efficiency of ridging and fertilization to can carry out the nimble adjustment of ridge width according to the seedling type of difference, machine overall structure is simple light and handy, and input cost and maintenance cost are low.

Example 2

The method is characterized in that a low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method is adopted in a 2000-mu Guangxi sugar sugarcane double high base, the planting variety is osmanthus sugar No. 49, and the planting method comprises the following steps:

step S1: selecting sandy loam with the thickness of a ploughable soil layer of more than 60cm, the pH of 5.0-7.0 and the width of a sugarcane field machine-ploughed pavement of more than or equal to 4m for land preparation, and specifically comprising the following steps:

a1: and (3) stubble cleaning, namely towing a heavy harrow with a tilling width of 2.5m by using a 165 horsepower tractor, chopping weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface, wherein the chopping length is 8-12 cm, the crushing rate is more than or equal to 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 15 cm.

A2: and (3) leveling the sugarcane field by using a grader with a plowing width of 3.6 pulled by a 165 horsepower tractor on the flat ground, leveling according to the gradient and the terrain, wherein the land block flatness is less than or equal to 3cm after operation, and the flatness qualification rate is more than or equal to 80%.

Step S2: preparing seed stems, namely cutting the canes of the healthy seedlings into healthy double-bud-section canes which are cut into 20-25 cm, putting the cut canes into a coating agent, soaking the canes for 25-30 minutes, and fishing out and drying the canes; the seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in proportion: 2.5-2.8 parts of a coating agent, 0.8-0.9 part of 45% carbendazim, 1-1.2 parts of 40% prochloraz, 1-1.2 parts of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 1-1.2 parts of 50% thiamethoxam, 0.8-1.0 part of an lodging-resistant growth promoter and the balance of water.

Step S3: ridging, fertilizing and earthing, namely, a 140 horsepower tractor is adopted to pull a sugarcane ridging and fertilizing machine in a low-lying land to perform ridging, fertilizing and earthing;

b1: ridging, wherein the ridging height is 25-30 cm, and the ridge width is 40-50 cm;

b2: fertilizing, namely applying 20-25 kg of nitro phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 16: 22: 5) per mu;

b3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 5-8 cm, and the bud ratio is less than or equal to 3%; after covering soil, the sugarcane ridging and fertilizing machine in the low-lying land is matched with a cylindrical press roller with the width matched with the ridge to be compacted.

Step S4: mechanical planting, a tractor with 120 horsepower is used for drawing a horizontal precision planter, and horizontal planting and pesticide spraying processes are completed at one time on the sugarcane field with the ready-made furrows:

c1: sowing in transverse rows, wherein the sowing amount is 2540-2694 buds per mu, the spacing between two rows of sugarcane seeds is 35-38 cm, and the sugarcane seeds are sowed in staggered transverse rows in a shape of Chinese character 'pin'; the planting depth is 30-35 cm.

C2: spraying a planting ditch, measuring the relative water content of the soil, if the relative water content of the soil is below 70%, spraying enough water before spraying the herbicide, and if the relative water content of the soil is above 70%, directly spraying the herbicide; the herbicide is prepared by adding 40% atrazine suspending agent 150-200 g/mu into 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate 40 mL/mu and adding water 50-75 kg/mu into the herbicide to prepare herbicide mixed solution, and the herbicide mixed solution is uniformly sprayed on planting furrows.

C3: covering a film, covering a sowing width by using a colorless transparent mulching film with the width of 70-80 cm, covering soil around the film densely without leaking, uncovering the film when most of sugarcane seedlings pass out of the film and the temperature is stable above 20 ℃, and intertillage nursing;

step S5: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects:

d1: intertilling small hilling, performing intertilling operation at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, fertilizing 10-13 cm away from sugarcane stumps, and hilling 10-15 cm high to enable the furrow soil to be basically level to the ground; and applying 10-15 kg of nitro phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 18: 22: 5) per mu.

D2: intertillage and hilling are carried out at the early stage of sugarcane jointing, the operation depth is 20 cm-30 cm, and the distance from the sugarcane stump is 15cm, so that the fertilizer is deeply applied and the roots are less damaged; applying 50kg of sugarcane juice liquid fertilizer (N: P: K = 140: 40: 160) to each mu of land, wherein the ridge height after ridging is 8-10 cm, and the base of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, so that the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and hollow depression in the middle of the sugarcane cluster are avoided; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent.

D3: weeding among rows, in 6 months, when weeds grow to 8-12 cm in a sugarcane field in the growth period of sugarcane, a 120-horsepower tractor is used for suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine to smash, mechanically weed and loosen soil.

D4: and (3) applying stem-attacking fertilizers, namely additionally applying stem-attacking fertilizers once at the bottom of 8 months, applying 20-25 kg of nitro phosphorus potassium compound fertilizers (N: P: K = 20: 8: 15) per mu, and adding 100 g of insect-resist agents per mu.

D5: and (4) water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out, so that the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period is ensured.

D6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; the method is used for preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, and 50% carbendazim 00-1000 times liquid is sprayed for 1 time in 7 days and for 2 times continuously in the initial stage of the disease.

Step S6: harvesting by a combined machine:

e1: the combined harvester adopts a diel CH530 harvester and is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation; the height of the stubble left on the sugarcane is less than or equal to 2 cm.

E2: and selecting the connected plots with the same planting period, consistent maturity, equivalent yield level and similar variety characteristics (such as defoliation, lodging resistance and sugarcane stem tissue crispness) for centralized operation.

E3: before harvesting, cleaning sundries and barriers damaging machines, filling deep grooves of light and dark pits, and leveling soil bags; the turning and turning space of more than 6m is reserved at the crop field, if the space is insufficient, the crop field sugarcane is firstly harvested to reserve the turning and turning space, and furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk.

E4: harvesting is carried out under the condition of no rain, a harvester and a field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows, and the harvested sugarcane enters a factory in time and is not squeezed for more than 24 hours.

Step S7: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:

f1: leveling stubble, namely leveling high-position buds by using a tractor with more than 120 horsepower and a stubble leveling machine, wherein the tractor is buried 3-5 cm into soil, and the growth of the low-position buds is promoted.

F2: the method comprises the steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, breaking the ridges and loosening the roots in sunny days with warm air, adopting a 140 horsepower tractor with a furrow loosening device, utilizing a satellite navigation control system to operate on a preset line, wherein the plowing depth of the ridge breaking operation is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%.

F3: fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering, wherein the fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering for earthing up are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and pesticide applying amount is the same as that of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.

TABLE 1 comparison of a low-lying, wide-row spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method of example 2 with a low-lying, common mechanized sugarcane planting method (mu)

Contrast item	Low-lying common mechanized sugarcane planting method	Low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method	Comparison of effects
				Land utilization rate	16.7%	16.7%	Same as
Distance of field operation	222 m	222 m	Same as
				Mode of sowing	Using double-bud or single-bud seed stems per mu	Using double-bud or single-bud seed stems per mu	Same as
Using amount of seed	2540 buds per mu	2540 buds per mu	Same as
				Cost of seed	475 yuan per mu	475 yuan per mu	Same as
Efficiency of mechanical planting	7 mu/hour	8 mu/hour	1 mu in more
				Cost of soil preparation and planting	320 yuan per mu	250 yuan per mu	Saving 70 yuan per mu
Cost of field management	130 yuan per mu	80 yuan per mu	Saving 50 yuan per mu
				Cost of harvest	525 yuan per mu	525 yuan per mu	Same as
Target yield	Average yield per mu of 7 tons	Average yield per mu of 7 tons	Same as
				Targeted income (calculated as the price of 500 yuan/ton per season of the season pressed in 2017/18 years)	5 years average income 3500 yuan per mu	5 years average income 3500 yuan per mu	Same as
Actual yield	Average yield per mu of 4.2 tons	Average yield per mu of 6.86 tons	The improvement is 63 percent
				Actual income (calculated as the plant price of 500 yuan/ton in the season of 2017/18 years)	Average income per mu of 2100 yuan in 5 years	5 years average income 3430 yuan per mu	Increase by 50%
Investment cost (with rents 1000 yuan/mu)	2370 Yuan input 5 years	5 years average investment 2250 yuan	Save 120 yuan

As can be seen from table 1, compared with a low-lying common mechanized sugarcane planting method, the low-lying common mechanized sugarcane planting method saves land preparation planting cost and field management cost by more than 5% due to the reduction of the amount of water and fertilizer, increases the survival rate of seedlings under the condition of water accumulation by 63%, has an actual yield of 1180 yuan/mu, and has a target yield of 1130 yuan/mu, thereby obtaining that the low-lying common mechanized sugarcane planting method not only avoids planting loss caused by water accumulation in low-lying areas, but also increases the yield value by 50 yuan/mu, and increases the yield by about 4.4%.

The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims (10)

1. A low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step S1: land preparation, specifically including:

a1: stubble cleaning, namely dragging a heavy harrow with a tilling width of 2.5-4.5 m by using a tractor with a horsepower of not less than 165 to cut weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface into pieces, wherein the cutting length is 8-12 cm, the breaking rate is not less than 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 15-18 cm;

a2: leveling the sugarcane field by using a grader with the tilling width of 3.6-5.4 m and the land levelness is leveled by using a tractor with 165 horsepower or more, wherein the land levelness is leveled according to the gradient and the terrain, the land levelness after operation is less than or equal to 3cm, and the qualified rate of the levelness is more than or equal to 80 percent;

step S2: seed stem preparation, namely cutting the sugarcane stems of the healthy seedlings into healthy double-bud sugarcane seeds with the length of 20-25 cm by using a seed cutting machine, and then coating the healthy double-bud sugarcane seeds;

step S3: ridging and fertilizing, namely, using a tractor with 120-140 horsepower to pull a sugarcane ridging and fertilizing machine in a low-lying land to perform ridging, fertilizing and earthing;

b1: ridging, wherein the ridging height is 25-30 cm, and the ridge width is 40-50 cm;

b2: fertilizing, namely applying 20-25 kg of nitro phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 18: 22: 5) per mu;

b3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 3 cm-5 cm;

step S4: sowing, namely, using a tractor with no less than 120 horsepower to draw the transverse-row precision planter to finish sowing on the sugarcane field with the ditches already opened at one time;

c1: sowing in transverse rows, wherein 2340-2720 buds are sown in a seed sowing amount per mu, the spacing between two rows of sugarcane seeds is 35-38 cm, and the sugarcane seeds are sown in staggered transverse rows in a triangular shape; planting depth is 30-35 cm;

c2: spraying a pesticide to plant the ditch, and spraying the herbicide on the market according to the dosage of a specification;

c3: covering a film, covering a sowing width by using a colorless transparent mulching film with the width of 70-80 cm, covering soil around the film densely without leaking, uncovering the film when most of sugarcane seedlings pass out of the film and the temperature is stable above 20 ℃, and intertillage nursing;

step S5: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects:

d1: cultivating small hills, namely performing intertillage operation at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, fertilizing 10-13 cm away from a sugarcane root, and hilling 10-15 cm high; applying 15-20 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 18: 22: 5) or 20-25 kg of bagasse extract liquid fertilizer (N: P: K = 140: 60: 120) to each mu;

d2: carrying out intertillage and large hilling, wherein the operation depth is 20-30 cm at the initial stage of sugarcane jointing, and the distance between the operation depth and the sugarcane stump is 14-16 cm, so that the fertilizer is deeply applied and the roots are less damaged; applying 50-75 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 20: 8: 15) or 40-50 kg of sugarcane juice liquid fertilizer (N: P: K = 140: 40: 160) to each mu of land, wherein the height of the ridge after ridging is 30-35 cm, the base of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, and the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and the hollow part of the sugarcane cluster are avoided; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent;

d3: weeding among rows, namely suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine by using a 120-140 horsepower tractor to smash mechanical weeding and loosen soil when weeds in a sugarcane field grow to 8-12 cm in the growth period of the sugarcane;

d4: applying stem-attacking fertilizer, namely additionally applying stem-attacking fertilizer once in the later growth stage of the sugarcane, applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 20: 8: 15) per mu, and adding 100-125 g/mu of insect-resist agent;

d5: water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out to ensure the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period; the method of sealing the ditch to store water and covering the ground with sugarcane leaves is adopted to prevent drought in the sugarcane area without irrigation conditions;

d6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, wherein 50% carbendazim or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 65% zineb wettable powder is selected at the initial stage of disease, and is sprayed for 1 time in 7 days and 2-3 times continuously; or mixing 400-600 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder with 1500 times of 25% milbemine suspension, and spraying for 3 times every 15 days; or spraying 1500-2000 times of 32.5% amikacin suspension for 1-2 times;

step S6: harvesting by a combined machine:

e1: the combine harvester is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation;

e2: harvesting early-maturing varieties and then harvesting middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties; harvesting autumn planted sugarcane and perennial sugarcane, cutting and harvesting winter planted sugarcane and spring planted sugarcane, and harvesting sugarcane land with perennial root after 1 month in the middle ten days;

e3: before harvesting, cleaning sundries and barriers damaging machines, filling deep grooves of light and dark pits, and leveling soil bags; a turning and turning space of more than 6m is reserved at the crop end, if the space is insufficient, the crop end sugarcane is firstly harvested to reserve the turning and turning space, and furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk;

e4: the harvester and the field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, and the sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows.

2. The low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method according to claim 1, further comprising the step S7: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:

f1: leveling, namely, using a tractor with power not less than 120 horsepower to pull a leveling machine, enabling the leveling machine to be buried by 3-5 cm, leveling high-level buds, and promoting the growth of the low-level buds;

f2: the method comprises the steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, wherein the ridge breaking and loosening roots are carried out in sunny weather with warm air, a tractor with no less than 140 horsepower and a navigation control system is adopted to pull a furrow opener, the navigation control system is used for operating on a preset line, the ridge breaking operation tilling depth is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%;

f3: fertilizing, applying pesticide, earthing up and covering the film, wherein the fertilizing, the pesticide applying and the earthing up and covering the film are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and the pesticide applying amount are the same as those of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.

3. The low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the selected sugarcane variety is any one of sweet osmanthus No. 29, sweet osmanthus No. 44, sweet osmanthus No. 49, sweet osmanthus No. 55 and sweet osmanthus No. 08-1589.

4. The low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the cut sugarcane seeds are put into a coating agent to be soaked for 25-30 minutes, then are fished out to be dried, are subjected to vacuum packaging and then are taken out for planting; the seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in proportion: 2.5-2.8 parts of a coating agent, 0.8-0.9 part of 45% carbendazim, 1-1.2 parts of 40% prochloraz, 1-1.2 parts of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 1-1.2 parts of 50% thiamethoxam, 0.8-1.0 part of an lodging-resistant growth promoter and the balance of water.

5. The method for mechanized planting of low-lying wide-row spacing sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein in step C2, soil is covered in a shallow rain season, and is not compacted after soil covering, and the soil covering is carried out in the rest period, and the low-lying sugarcane ridge-forming fertilizer applicator is compacted by a cylindrical compacting roller with a width corresponding to the ridge width.

6. The low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step B2, the herbicide is prepared by adding 40 mL/mu of 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate into 150-200 g/mu of 40% atrazine suspending agent or 40-50 g/mu of 90% atrazine soluble powder, adding 50-75 kg/mu of water into the mixture, and uniformly spraying the mixture on planting furrows.

7. The method for mechanized low-lying wide-row spacing sugarcane planting according to claim 1, wherein in step C4, if the relative water content of the soil is below 70%, water is sufficiently sprayed before herbicide spraying to make the relative water content of the soil above 70%.

8. The mechanical low-lying wide row spacing sugarcane planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step S4, the low-lying sugarcane ridge-forming fertilizer applicator comprises a ridger (1), a fertilizer applicator (3) and a frame (4); the ridging device (1) comprises two collecting plates (5), one side of each collecting plate (5) is fixed to the bottom of the frame (4), the other side of each collecting plate (5) extends to the lower portion of the frame (4), the soil inlet (11) is formed between one ends of the two collecting plates (5), the other ends of the two collecting plates (5) are close to each other to form the soil discharge opening (12), the movable plates (2) are arranged on two sides of the soil discharge opening (12), and one ends, close to the soil discharge opening (12), of the two opposite movable plates (2) can be close to or separated from each other; the fertilizer applicator (3) is arranged on the rack (4) and comprises an automatic discharging device and a storage box (32); the automatic discharging device is provided with a discharging cylinder (34), a feeding hole (31) is formed in the side face of the discharging cylinder (34), one end of the discharging cylinder (34) is closed, the other end of the discharging cylinder (34) is communicated with one end of a discharging pipe (35), and a discharging hole (32) is formed in the other end of the discharging pipe (35); a worm (36) is arranged in the discharge cylinder (34), one end of the worm (36) penetrates one end of the discharge cylinder (34) to extend outwards and is arranged on a first shaft seat (37) in a rotatable mode, and the other end of the worm (36) penetrates the pipe wall of the discharge pipe (35) to extend outwards and is arranged on a second shaft seat (38) in a rotatable mode; the output end of the gear box (39) is connected with one end of the worm (36), the input end of the gear box (39) is connected with the output end of a hydraulic pump (310), and the gear box (39), the hydraulic pump (310), the first shaft seat (37) and the second shaft seat (38) are all fixed on the rack (4); the feeding hole (31) is communicated with the storage box (32), and the discharging hole (33) is positioned between the soil inlet (11) and the soil discharging hole (12).

9. The low-lying wide row spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method according to claim 8, characterized in that a first notch (51) is formed at the other end of the collecting plate (5), a second notch (21) is formed at one end of the movable plate (2) close to the soil discharge opening (12), and the second notch (21) is in accordance with the shape of the first notch (51); the foldable plate (5) is provided with a plurality of screw holes (52) at intervals, the screw holes (52) are arranged in a row in a direction parallel to the side edge of the foldable plate (5), and the movable plate (2) is fixed with the foldable plate (5) through screws (53) which can be matched with the screw holes (52).

10. A low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanical planting method as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that a traction seat (6) is arranged on the machine frame (4), and the traction seat (6) is located at the soil inlet (11); the bottom of the material storage box (32) is contracted downwards to form a blanking port (321), and the blanking port (321) is butted with the feeding port (31); the top of storage case (32) is equipped with case mouth (322), be equipped with case lid (311) rather than the looks adaptation on case mouth (322).

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