CN111094714B - 用于处理排气的催化转化器 - Google Patents

用于处理排气的催化转化器 Download PDF

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CN111094714B
CN111094714B CN201880053463.0A CN201880053463A CN111094714B CN 111094714 B CN111094714 B CN 111094714B CN 201880053463 A CN201880053463 A CN 201880053463A CN 111094714 B CN111094714 B CN 111094714B
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P·希尔特
H·施托克
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于处理内燃发动机的排气的催化转化器,该催化转化器具有壳体,排气能够流动通过该壳体,并且该壳体具有流入侧和流出侧,其中,在该壳体中,形成有能够沿主通流方向从该流入侧向该流出侧流动通过的多个流动通道(4,13),其中,在该壳体中,布置有至少一个管道(5,12),独立于能够流动通过这些流动通道(4,13)的排气的流体能够流动通过该至少一个管道。

Description

用于处理排气的催化转化器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于处理内燃发动机的排气的催化转化器,该催化转化器具有壳体,排气能够流动通过该壳体,并且该壳体具有流入侧和流出侧,其中,在该壳体中,形成有能够沿主通流方向从该流入侧向该流出侧流动通过的多个流动通道。
背景技术
如在化工厂中使用的管式反应器的温度控制通常经由对应的反应器的管壁来执行。限制要使用的直径,这是因为必须确保足够大量的热量可以从内部传输至管壁或者可以从管壁传输到流动介质中。因此必须使用大量的细管,这使得反应器的生产特别复杂且昂贵。
在排气催化转化器(例如用于汽车中的内燃发动机的排气后处理)的情况下,从外部供应热量或排放热量、或者向外部供应热量或排放热量的概念至今仅很少使用。至今,现有技术中仅知道可电加热的排气催化转化器,以增加流动通过催化转化器的排气的气体温度。为此目的,使用欧姆电阻来电加热金属结构,由此也加热流动流体。
在汽车中排气催化转化器的情况下,问题尤其在于:催化转化器中的排气流主要是层流,其结果是只存在与主流动方向垂直的非常小的流,结果只可能在窄的范围内发生与主流动方向垂直、朝向管壁或远离管壁的热传输。
现有技术中已知的装置的缺点尤其在于,相对于可供使用的结构空间,不可能实现:足够大的热量供应或热量排放经由管壁来驱散在高放热反应过程中产生的热量。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是提供一种催化转化器,该催化转化器使得即使在高放热反应的情况下也能快速排放足够大量的热量,以确保催化转化器的结构完整性。同时,试图提供一种催化转化器,该催化转化器具有尽可能简单且节省空间的结构形式。
本发明的示例性实施例涉及一种用于处理内燃发动机的排气的催化转化器,该催化转化器具有壳体,排气能够流动通过该壳体,并且该壳体具有流入侧和流出侧,其中,在该壳体中,形成有能够沿主通流方向从该流入侧向该流出侧流动通过的多个流动通道,其中,在该壳体中,布置有至少一个管道,流体(其独立于能够流动通过这些流动通道的排气)能够流动通过该至少一个管道。
催化转化器中的流动通道可以例如由蜂窝体形成,该蜂窝体由波纹状金属层和光滑金属层层叠而成。在此,金属层可以具有大量如从现有技术已知的不同的波纹状轮廓。光滑金属层也可以被不同地设计,并且例如具有允许在不同的流动通道之间进行流动传递的开口。
除其他事项外,可能有利的是,流动通道被设计成使得流动通过这些流动通道的排气在多个流动通道之间转向,其结果是可以改善蜂窝体的截面上的分布,并且同时,由于形成了至少局部紊流流动截面,还可以改善热传递。
例如,与排气相比,处于不同温度水平的流体可以被输送通过该至少一个管道,其结果是,可以实现排气与流动流体之间的热交换。根据本发明,提供至少一个管道。还可以有利地提供在蜂窝体的截面面积上分布的多个管道,以确保在蜂窝体的截面上可能最均匀的热传输。
特别有利的是,管道在这些流动通道中的一个流动通道内、并且至少部分地沿其延伸。这是有利的,以使管道尤其与形成流动通道的蜂窝体发生热传导接触。以此方式,可以使其上主要发生热交换的表面面积大大增大,这是因为在各自情况下围绕管道的流动通道或者界定所述流动通道的壁表面也有助于热传递。
还有利的是,冷却流体可以流动通过该管道。对于排放催化转化器中流动的排气的热量而言,冷却流体是特别有利的。这例如在高放热反应的情况下可以是有利的,以防止催化转化器、尤其是蜂窝体过热。
替代性地,热量引入到排气中还可以借助于在管道中流动的流体来产生。这是特别有利的,在催化转化器内发生在排气方面需要高温或高温水平的过程。这些例如包括燃气发动机中的排气催化过程。
冷却流体可以优选地经由专用冷却剂回路输送并且在吸收热量之后被再次冷却。可以经由管道中流动的冷却流体、通过可针对性地控制热量排放而在催化转化器中产生限定的热分布。为此目的,例如还可以想到,根据催化转化器的主轴向范围来改变管道的直径、或者改变管道的数量。
在一个有利的实施例中,例如,管道的数量随距流入侧的距离而变化。以此方式,例如与流出侧附近的区域相比,直接邻近流入侧的区域可以产生更多或更少的热量排放。为此目的,管道可以例如从外部沿径向方向引入到蜂窝体中,并且借助于转向器转向到流动通道的方向。
优选的示例性实施例的特征在于:该催化转化器具有部分区域,该部分区域从该流入侧延伸至该流出侧并且不具有管道。
这是有利的,以在流动排气中、尤其在流入侧的区域中实现最高可能温度。以此方式,例如,可以发生需要特别高的排气温度的催化转化。这是尤其有利的,在流入根据本发明的催化转化器中之前,排气被加热装置加热,以具有足够高的温度。在此,可以构造该催化转化器,其方式为:在流入侧处与排气发生反应(该反应需要特别高的温度),并且在主流动方向的方向上在距该流出侧较远之处仅发生通过与管道发生接触而进行的冷却。
还优选的是,该管道通过钎焊连接至蜂窝结构,该蜂窝结构形成这些流动通道。钎焊是特别有利的,以产生永久稳固的结构。另外,连接区域的热传递特性在钎焊的情况下特别好。管道沿主通流方向、沿其整个范围被有利地连接至蜂窝结构。
此外有利的是,该管道具有圆形截面,并且被布置在波纹状金属层与光滑金属层之间、在该波纹状金属层的波峰之一或波谷之一中。管道有利地具有截面,该截面与流动通道相适配以确保管道与蜂窝体之间的接触面积尽可能大。这促进了热传递。
还有利的是,容纳该管道的未涂覆的流动通道的内周长与该管道的外周长之间的比率在1与2之间、优选地在1.2与1.8之间。
这是特别有利的,以实现在流动通过流动通道的流体与流动通过管道的流体之间的最佳热传递。在此,测试已经确认上述比率是特别优选的,使得可以实现的特别高的效率。
此外有利的是,所有管道的外表面面积与未涂覆的基质的几何表面面积的比率在0.2与0.5之间、优选地在0.25与0.45之间,该未涂覆的基质容纳这些管道并且在这些管道之外形成这些流动通道。
管道的外表面面积与该未涂覆的基质的几何表面面积的总比率理想地是在上述范围内,因为流动通道中的流体与管道中流体之间的热传递可以特别理想地发生。特别地,通过保持上述比率,可以实现催化转化器的特别有利的效率,其中,针对在特别广泛的操作范围上的排气后处理,排气温度可以保持在最佳范围,其结果是催化转化器的功能被相当大地改善。
“基质”是指布置在催化转化器的壳体中、并且由多个金属层构成的结构,并且该结构既形成流动通道并且还容纳管道(如果存在的话)。在特殊的实施例中,基质还可以包括壳体。
还优选的是,在这些流动通道处形成了区段,该区段的特征为:在该基质的子区域中流速增加和/或质量传递系数提高。
流动通道中流速增加是有利的,以允许在流动通道中流动的流体与在管道中流动的流体之间的改善的热传递。提高的质量传递系数也是有利的,以实现流体的相位(如果存在的话)之间改善的转换。
还有利的是,这些管道在该流速增加的区段的区域中被定位在基质的端面的区域中。
此外,有利的是,被定位在该流速增加的区段的区域中的所有管道的外表面面积与该未涂覆的基质的几何表面面积的比率在0.05与0.1之间、优选地在0.07与0.08之间,该未涂覆的基质容纳这些管道并且在这些管道之外形成这些流动通道。
此外有利的是,这些管道具有结构化内壁,其中,尤其是从管壁向该管道的中心突出的元件形成了这些结构化区域。管道的结构化内壁例如借助于突出元件或粗糙表面是有利的,以提高在管壁和管中流动的流体之间的热传递。
还有利的是,形成流动通道的蜂窝结构是由螺旋卷绕的金属层构成,其中,水平堆叠并且竖直彼此相邻且一个在另一个之上的多个卷绕的金属层被包封在壳体中、并且形成该催化转化器的能够沿该主通流方向流动通过的多个流动通道。
单独的流动通道或多个流动通道可以借助于螺旋卷绕的金属层产生。于是可以堆叠这些螺旋卷绕的金属层中的若干金属层并且因此形成蜂窝体。这种结构形式是有利的,因为容易生产螺旋卷绕的金属层。
此外有利的是,管道布置在螺旋卷绕的金属层的中心并且以热传导形式粘合地连接至该卷绕的金属层。管道布置在卷绕的金属层的中心是有利的,因为由于在管道与螺旋卷绕的金属层之间的热传导接触,整个螺旋卷绕的金属层可以用于热传递。热传递表面面积因此被针对性地放大若干倍,由此可以传递更多的热量。
此外有利的是,这些卷绕的金属层形成具有矩形截面的螺旋体。卷绕的金属层的矩形的或理想正方形的设计是有利的,以将类似矩形的或正方形的管道布置在中心。矩形元件还可以被特别好地堆叠并且联结在一起,以形成较大的复合物、例如蜂窝体。
在从属权利要求中并且在以下附图说明中描述了本发明的有利发展。
附图说明
在下文中将基于参照附图的示例性实施例详细解释本发明,在附图中:
图1示出了由若干波纹状金属层构成的层叠物的透视图,在波纹状金属层之间布置金属光滑层,
图2示出了图1的层叠物的详细视图,其中,尤其展示了插入到波纹状金属层的波谷中的管道,
图3示出了层叠物的透视图,其中,光滑层具有不同的设计,该设计尤其允许在相互邻近的流动通道之间的排气的流动传递,并且
图4示出了穿过矩形催化转化器的截面视图,其中,流动通道由以矩形的形式卷绕的金属层形成,这些金属层被布置成邻近彼此并且彼此上下堆叠。
具体实施方式
图1示出了层叠物1的透视图,该层叠物由多个波纹状金属层2和光滑金属层3形成。在此,该构造大致与由多个金属层的堆叠物形成的常规蜂窝体的构造相对应。
在波纹状金属层2与光滑金属层3之间,形成了排气可以流动穿过的流动通道4。在图1的示例性实施例中,在各自情况下,在流动通道4中的两个流动通道中已经放置一个管道5,例如出于将热量从排气排放至流体或者将热量从流体传递至排气的目的,第二流体可以被输送通过该管道。
管道5沿相应的流动通道4延伸,由此,排气不能流动通过所讨论的流动通道4。因此,蜂窝体的流动通道4的数量被减少的数目为管道5的数目。
在图1的图示中,管道沿它们的主轴向范围突出超过由波纹状金属层2和光滑金属层3形成的层叠物1。这用于展示该构造。在实际应用中,管道5将优选地至多与层叠物一样长。
图2示出了在这些流动通道4之一中的管道5的详细视图。在此可以看出,波纹状金属层2和光滑金属层3通过引入到接触区域6中的焊料而彼此粘合地连接。在图2中可以看出,在管道5周围仍然形成有到金属层2、3的间隙或自由空间。在实际的实施例中,这些通常(如果有的话)如此小以至于只有非常少的或没有排气可以流动通过它们。
管道5具有内直径D,该内直径被选择成使得管道5在最大可能面积上抵靠金属层2、3。借助于接触面积尽可能大,可以增加可以传递的最大量的热量。
图3示出了层叠物7,与图2的层叠物1相比,该层叠物具有不同设计的光滑层8。这大致用于展示层叠物可以以多种不同的方式设计、与管道5的引入无关。特别地,可以使用不同的金属层,这些不同的金属层引起流动通道的替代性的构型。
图4示出了层叠物9的替代性的示例性实施例,其中,以螺旋卷绕的多个金属层10被布置在壳体11内。
管道12布置在螺旋卷绕的金属层10的中心,该管道以热传导方式连接至金属层10。在图4的示例性实施例中,金属层10以矩形的形式卷绕,管道12具有矩形截面。在卷绕的金属层10的相互邻近布置的层之间相应地形成排气的流动通道。
选择以矩形的形式卷绕的金属层是有利的、尤其对于具有矩形壳体的催化转化器是有利的。
这些单独的示例性实施例的不同特征还可以彼此组合。图1至图4的示例性实施例尤其不具有限制性质、并且用于展示本发明的概念。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于处理内燃发动机的排气的催化转化器,该催化转化器具有壳体,排气能够流动通过该壳体,并且该壳体具有流入侧和流出侧,其中,在该壳体中,形成有能够沿主通流方向从该流入侧向该流出侧流动通过的多个流动通道(4,13),其特征在于,在该壳体中,布置有至少一个管道(5,12),独立于能够流动通过这些流动通道(4,13)的排气的流体能够流动通过该至少一个管道,该管道(5,12)通过钎焊连接至由金属层层叠而成的流动通道(4,13)的蜂窝结构。
2.如权利要求1所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,该管道(5,12)在这些流动通道(4,13)中的一个流动通道内、并且至少部分地沿其延伸。
3.如权利要求1所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,冷却流体能够流动通过该管道(5,12)。
4.如权利要求1所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,该催化转化器具有部分区域,该部分区域从该流入侧延伸至该流出侧并且不具有管道(5,12)。
5.如前述权利要求1所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,该管道(5)具有圆形截面并且被布置在波纹状金属层(2)与光滑金属层(3)之间、在该波纹状金属层(2)的波峰之一中或在波谷之一中。
6.如权利要求5所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,容纳该管道(5)的未涂覆的流动通道的内周长与该管道(5)的外周长之间的比率在1与2之间。
7.如权利要求5所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,所有管道的外表面面积与未涂覆的基质的几何表面面积的比率在0.2与0.5之间,该未涂覆的基质容纳这些管道、并且在这些管道之外形成这些流动通道。
8.如权利要求5或7所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,在这些流动通道处形成了区段,该区段的特征为:在布置在催化转化器的壳体中、由多个金属层构成的结构且形成流动通道还容纳管道的基质的子区域中流速增加和/或质量传递系数提高。
9.如权利要求8所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,这些管道被定位在该流速增加的区段的端面的区域中。
10.如权利要求9所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,被定位在该流速增加的区段的区域中的所有管道的外表面面积与未涂覆的基质的几何表面面积的比率在0.05与0.1之间,该未涂覆的基质容纳这些管道并且在这些管道之外形成这些流动通道。
11.如前述权利要求1所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,这些管道(5,12)具有结构化内壁,从管壁向该管道(5,12)的中心突出的元件形成这些结构化区域。
12.如前述权利要求1所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,形成这些流动通道(13)的该蜂窝结构由螺旋卷绕的金属层(10)构成,其中,水平堆叠并且竖直彼此相邻且一个在另一个之上的多个卷绕的金属层(10)被包封在壳体(11)中、并且形成该催化转化器的能够沿该主通流方向流动通过的多个流动通道(13)。
13.如权利要求12所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,管道(12)布置在螺旋卷绕的金属层(10)的中心并且以热传导方式粘合地连接至该卷绕的金属层(10)。
14.如权利要求12或13所述的催化转化器,其特征在于,这些卷绕的金属层(10)形成具有矩形截面的螺旋体。
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