CN111094382B - 制备在溶剂中絮凝稳定的脂(环)族二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯的方法 - Google Patents
制备在溶剂中絮凝稳定的脂(环)族二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111094382B CN111094382B CN201880060455.9A CN201880060455A CN111094382B CN 111094382 B CN111094382 B CN 111094382B CN 201880060455 A CN201880060455 A CN 201880060455A CN 111094382 B CN111094382 B CN 111094382B
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- Prior art keywords
- polyisocyanate
- silyl
- additive
- mixture
- additive according
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 56
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- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
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- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种新的制备在溶剂中絮凝稳定且含有异氰脲酸酯基的脂(环)族二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新的由脂(环)族二异氰酸酯制备在溶剂中絮凝稳定的多异氰酸酯的方法。
背景技术
在该专利意义上的絮凝广泛地是指形成肉眼可见的固体。其范围从轻微的浑浊、仅由于绕储存容器的纵轴旋转运动而旋转的细小沉淀物,至形成悬浮的絮状物和严重的沉淀物。
对甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯(H3C(C6H4)SO2-NCO)和原甲酸三乙酯是在多异氰酸酯中用于稳定化的除水剂的文献实例。这种稳定化尤其包括防止在用于涂料应用的溶剂中的稀释形式的脂族多异氰酸酯的絮凝。
除水反应性化合物与水而不是异氰酸酯基反应,并防止多异氰酸酯水解形成胺,并且防止这些胺与其他多异氰酸酯反应形成高官能度的(聚)脲多异氰酸酯。(聚)脲多异氰酸酯在多异氰酸酯及其溶液中的溶解性差,并且可形成絮状物和沉淀物。
除水剂的缺点是必须将它们(至少)相对于存在或预期的水的量化学计量地加入。在对甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯的情况下,其对应于水的重量的12倍,而在原甲酸三乙酯的情况下,其对应于水的重量的9倍。在对甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯的情况下,制造商实际上建议相对于水的当量的两倍,分别地,对甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯的量为0.5-4.0%且原甲酸三乙酯的量为1-3%,基于制剂的总重量计。如果使用这样的量,则仅由于稀释因子,它们相应地具有还原NCO基团的作用,这对于涂料性能是有害的。对甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯反应形成磺酰胺和二氧化碳,可能引起储存容器中的压力增加。
DE 124590记载了磺酰异氰酸酯作为水结合组分在聚氨酯预聚物中的应用。EP86871记载了这些化合物的缺点,因为通过与水反应形成的甲苯磺酰胺的明显结晶趋势导致涂料材料起粒(stippenbildung)。此外,甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯的反应性很高,使得其与水的反应非常剧烈。
JP4178370 B2记载了一种由NCO封端的氨基甲酸酯预聚物(尤其基于甲苯二异氰酸酯的NCO封端的氨基甲酸酯预聚物)、甲硅烷基磷酸酯和/或甲硅烷基膦酸酯和溶剂组成的溶液,以及使用该溶液的粘合剂或涂料。
实施例具体记载了三种基于甲苯二异氰酸酯的预聚物、一种基于亚甲基二苯基异氰酸酯的预聚物,以及一种基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的预聚物。
US 6,291,577公开了一种任选地在至少一种溶剂中,通过将多异氰酸酯制剂与除水剂混合来清除多异氰酸酯制剂中的水分的方法,所述除水剂包含:a)选自2,6-二叔丁基羟基甲苯的二叔丁基羟基甲苯和2-叔丁基羟基甲苯和b)具有至少90%比例的甲苯磺酸的对烷基酯的甲苯磺酸的烷基酯。用于举例说明的为一包由0.19%的双(叔丁基)羟基甲苯(BHT)和1.0%的对甲苯磺酸甲酯组成的除水剂,任选地与其他除水剂组合,相对于含有异氰脲酸酯基且基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯计,以40%浓度的于乙酸正丁酯中的溶液形式。相应的混合物可稳定储存11周,而不会浑浊或变黄。该方法的缺点是除水剂的量非常高,这意指由于除水剂包的稀释,多异氰酸酯的NCO值降低了1%。对甲苯磺酸甲酯的溶解性差。例如,在室温下,其的确在乙酸丁酯中溶解1%,但不能以10%的浓度形式溶解。
US 2008/0257214记载了某些含有三甲基甲硅烷基的化合物(如双三甲基甲硅烷基乙酰胺或六甲基二硅氮烷)作为除水剂用于防止例如在溶剂中多异氰酸酯浑浊和形成二氧化碳的用途。与大多数干燥剂相同,这些化合物必须至少化学计量地加入。形成的裂解产物消耗NCO基团。
EP 203,874公开了用于稳定有机溶剂中的多异氰酸酯防止絮凝的三烷基-氯-锡化合物。三有机锡化合物是剧毒的。
WO 2013060809记载了选自以下的添加剂的用途:
a1)pKa低于4.2的有机酸,选自a1a)芳族磺酸和a1b)烷氧基、巯基或烷基巯基单取代或双取代的具有两个碳原子的链烷羧酸;卤素、烷氧基、巯基或烷基巯基单取代或双取代的具有至少三个碳原子的链烷羧酸、烯烃二羧酸或链烷二羧酸,
a2)下式的亚磷酸酯
其中R优选为在2、4和6位上被如下取代的芳基:
2位:叔丁基、叔戊基,
4位:氢、烷基、叔丁基或叔戊基,和
6位:氢、烷基、叔丁基或叔戊基,
条件是至少一个在4和6位上的取代基不是氢,
a3)式(RO)2P-X-P(RO)2的亚膦酸酯
其中R优选为在2、4和6位上被如下取代的芳基:
2位:叔丁基、叔戊基,
4位:氢、烷基、叔丁基或叔戊基,和
6位:氢、烷基、叔丁基或叔戊基,
条件是至少一个在4和6位上的取代基不是氢,并且在该情况下X为亚芳基,
a4)酸性磷衍生物,其选自a4a)单-和双-C1至C12烷基磷酸酯、a4b)单-和双-C1至C12烷基膦酸酯、a4c)单-和双-C1至C12烷基次膦酸酯,以及a4d)含磷二酸的烷基衍生物,
a5)封端的芳族磺酸
用于减少在包含至少一种溶剂的多异氰酸酯混合物中的絮凝和/或沉淀。
缺点是这些混合物在储存时的絮凝稳定性仍然不足,因此仍然需要提高的稳定性。
例如,用于修补应用(汽车修补漆)会出现一个特定的问题,其中产品在小容器中的储存时间长。溶剂中多异氰酸酯组分的制造商为其客户保证保持产品性能例如六个月。在制造商处的储存,在全球运输过程中的储存或客户过久的储存延长这些时间。由于容器体积小和/或反复打开这些容器,环境水分与多异氰酸酯组分接触。所使用的溶剂同样包含痕量的水分。高大气湿度和高储存温度会加剧储存效应,特别是在东南亚国家。
在涉及特别是在相对较小的容器中延长储存时间的所有应用中,例如在许多工业应用中,通常都可假设相同的问题。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供一种方法,在该方法中在溶剂中储存期间的多异氰酸酯在暴露于(大气)水分时表现出较高的储存絮凝稳定性,并且必须以尽可能最小的量加入添加剂。
该目的通过使用用于减少多异氰酸酯混合物中的絮凝和/或沉淀的添加剂来实现,所述多异氰酸酯混合物包含至少一种溶剂(C)和至少一种多异氰酸酯(A),
其中添加剂选自甲硅烷基磷酸酯和甲硅烷基膦酸酯的甲硅烷基酯(B),并且用量为1至250重量ppm,基于至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)计。
出于本发明目的,多异氰酸酯(A)为其合成形式的多异氰酸酯,以及这些多异氰酸酯的混合物。
它们包括在下文更详细描述的化合物。
具体实施方式
用于制备多异氰酸酯的单体异氰酸酯可为芳族的、脂族的或脂环族的,优选脂族的或脂环族的,在本说明书中以缩写形式称为脂(环)族的;特别优选脂族异氰酸酯。
芳族异氰酸酯为包含至少一个芳族环体系的那些异氰酸酯,因此既包括纯芳族化合物也包括芳脂族化合物。
脂环族异氰酸酯为包含至少一个脂环族环体系的那些异氰酸酯。
脂族异氰酸酯为仅包含直链或支链的那些异氰酸酯,即无环化合物。
单体异氰酸酯优选为带有恰好两个异氰酸酯基的二异氰酸酯。然而,它们原则上也可为具有一个异氰酸酯基的单异氰酸酯。
原则上,还考虑具有平均多于2个异氰酸酯基的高级异氰酸酯。因此,具有适用性的为例如三异氰酸酯如三异氰酸根合壬烷、2'-异氰酸根合乙基(2,6-二异氰酸根合己酸酯)、2,4,6-三异氰酸根合甲苯、三苯基甲烷三异氰酸酯或2,4,4'-三异氰酸根合二苯基醚,或二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯和高级多异氰酸酯的混合物,所述高级多异氰酸酯例如通过相应苯胺/甲醛缩合物的光气化而获得并且表示亚甲基桥联的多苯基多异氰酸酯,更特别三异氰酸根合壬烷和2'-异氰酸根合乙基-(2,6-二异氰酸根合己酸酯)。
单体异氰酸酯优选为具有4至20个C原子的异氰酸酯。典型的二异氰酸酯的实例为脂族二异氰酸酯,如四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(1,6-二异氰酸根合己烷)、八亚甲基二异氰酸酯、十亚甲基二异氰酸酯、十二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、十四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、赖氨酸二异氰酸酯的衍生物(例如2,6-二异氰酸根合己酸甲酯或2,6-二异氰酸根合己酸乙酯)、三甲基己烷二异氰酸酯或四甲基己烷二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,如1,4-二异氰酸根合环己烷、1,3-二异氰酸根合环己烷或1,2-二异氰酸根合环己烷、4,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷或2,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷、1-异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基-5-(异氰酸根合甲基)环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯)、1,3-双-(异氰酸根合甲基)环己烷或1,4-双-(异氰酸根合甲基)环己烷,或2,4-二异氰酸根合-1-甲基环己烷或2,6-二异氰酸根合-1-甲基环己烷,以及3(或4),8(或9)-双(异氰酸根合甲基)三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷异构体混合物;以及芳族二异氰酸酯,如甲苯2,4-或2,6-二异氰酸酯及其异构体混合物、间苯二甲基二异氰酸酯或对苯二甲基二异氰酸酯、2,4'-二异氰酸根合二苯基甲烷或4,4'-二异氰酸根合二苯基甲烷及其异构体混合物、亚苯基1,3-或1,4-二异氰酸酯、1-氯亚苯基2,4-二异氰酸酯、亚萘基1,5-二异氰酸酯、二亚苯基4,4'-二异氰酸酯、4,4'-二异氰酸根合-3,3'-二甲基联苯、3-甲基二苯基甲烷4,4'-二异氰酸酯、四甲基苯二甲基二异氰酸酯、1,4-二异氰酸根合苯或二苯醚4,4'二异氰酸酯。
特别优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、1,3-双(异氰酸根合甲基)环己烷、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和4,4'-或2,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷,非常特别优选异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯,且特别优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯。
还可存在所述异氰酸酯的混合物。
异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯通常为混合物的形式,特别是顺式和反式异构体的混合物,通常比例为约60:40至90:10(重量/重量),优选比例为70:30至90:10。
二环己基甲烷4,4'-二异氰酸酯同样可为不同的顺式和反式异构体的混合物形式。
对于本发明,不仅可使用通过使相应的胺光气化而获得的那些二异氰酸酯,而且可使用不使用光气(即通过无光气方法)制备的那些二异氰酸酯。根据EP-A-0 126 299(US4 596 678)、EP-A-126300(US 4 596 679)以及EP-A-355 443(US 5 087 739),例如脂(环)族二异氰酸酯(如六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯(HDI)、亚烷基中具有6个碳原子的异构脂族二异氰酸酯、4,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷或2,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷,以及1-异氰酸根合-3-异氰酸根合甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯或IPDI))可通过使脂(环)族二胺与例如脲和醇反应生成脂(环)族双氨基甲酸酯,然后将所述酯热裂解为相应的二异氰酸酯和醇而制备。合成通常在循环方法中连续进行,并且任选地在N-未取代的氨基甲酸酯、碳酸二烷基酯以及从反应过程中回收的其他副产物的存在下进行。以这种方式获得的二异氰酸酯通常含有非常低或甚至不可测量的氯化化合物比例,这在例如电子工业的应用中是有利的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,所使用的异氰酸酯的可水解氯含量小于100重量ppm,优选小于50重量ppm,更优选小于30ppm,尤其是小于20重量ppm。这可通过例如ASTM规范D4663-98来测量。总氯的量例如低于1000重量ppm,优选低于800重量ppm,并且更优选低于500重量ppm(水解后通过银量滴定法测得)。
应理解,还可使用已通过使脂(环)族二胺与例如脲和醇反应并且使获得的脂(环)族双氨基甲酸酯裂解而获得的那些单体异氰酸酯与已通过使相应胺的光气化而获得的那些二异氰酸酯的混合物。
可通过使单体异氰酸酯低聚形成的多异氰酸酯(A)通常具有以下特征:
这种化合物的平均NCO官能度通常为至少1.8,并且可最高达8,优选2至5,且更优选2.4至4。
低聚后的异氰酸酯基含量优选为至少15重量%,更优选为至少20重量%,以NCO=42g/mol计算。最优选地,低聚后的异氰酸酯基含量为至少20重量%且至多30重量%。
多异氰酸酯(A)优选为如下化合物:
1)含有异氰脲酸酯基并且衍生自脂族和/或脂环族二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯。在该上下文中,特别优选基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯的二异氰酸酯。存在的异氰脲酸酯为特别是构成二异氰酸酯的环状三聚体的三异氰酸根合烷基异氰脲酸酯和/或三异氰酸根合环烷基异氰脲酸酯,或分别为与其含有超过一个异氰脲酸酯环的高级同系物的混合物。异氰酸根合异氰脲酸酯的NCO含量通常为15重量%至30重量%,特别是15重量%至25重量%,并且平均NCO官能度为2.6至8。
含有异氰脲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯也可在较小程度上包含脲基甲酸酯基和/或氨基甲酸酯基,优选结合醇含量小于2%,基于多异氰酸酯基计。
2)含有脲二酮基并且具有脂族和/或脂环族连接的异氰酸酯基的多异氰酸酯,特别是衍生自六亚甲基二异氰酸酯或异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯的那些多异氰酸酯。脲二酮二异氰酸酯为二异氰酸酯的环状二聚产物。
含有脲二酮基的多异氰酸酯通常以与其他多异氰酸酯、更特别是1)中指定的那些多异氰酸酯的混合物形式获得。含有脲二酮基的多异氰酸酯的官能度通常为2至3。
这还包括任意所需组成的、更特别是单体脲二酮(二聚体)含量为1-40%、特别是3-15%、更特别是5-10%的脲二酮/异氰脲酸酯混合物。
为此,二异氰酸酯可在反应条件下反应,在所述条件下不仅形成脲二酮基,而且还形成其他多异氰酸酯;或首先形成脲二酮基,随后使它们反应生成其他多异氰酸酯;或首先使二异氰酸酯反应生成其他多异氰酸酯,随后使所述其他多异氰酸酯反应生成含有脲二酮基的产物。
3)含有缩二脲基并且具有脂环族或脂族连接的异氰酸酯基的多异氰酸酯,尤其是三(6-异氰酸根合己基)缩二脲或分别为其与其高级同系物的混合物。这些含有缩二脲基的多异氰酸酯的NCO含量通常为18重量%至24重量%并且平均NCO官能度通常为2.8至6。
4)含有脲基甲酸酯和/或氨基甲酸酯基并具有脂族或脂环族连接的异氰酸酯基的多异氰酸酯,如可以通过例如使过量的二异氰酸酯(如六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯或异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯)与一元醇或多元醇反应而获得。这些含有脲基甲酸酯和/或氨基甲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯的NCO含量通常为15重量%至24重量%并且平均NCO官能度通常为2.0至4.5。这种含有脲基甲酸酯基和/或氨基甲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯可无需催化剂而制备,或者优选在催化剂(例如羧酸铵或氢氧化铵,或脲基甲酸酯化催化剂,例如铋、钴、铯、Zn(II)或Zr(IV)化合物)的存在下——在每种情况下在一元醇、二元醇或多元醇、优选一元醇的存在下而制备。
这些含有脲基甲酸酯基和/或氨基甲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯通常与1)中指定的多异氰酸酯以混合形式存在。
5)包含亚氨基噁二嗪二酮基的多异氰酸酯,优选衍生自六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯或异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯。这种包含亚氨基噁二嗪二酮基的多异氰酸酯可由二异氰酸酯通过特定的催化剂(例如氟化氢鏻(Phosphonium-hydrogen-difluorid))来制备。
6)例如从DE-A1 10013186或DE-A1 10013187已知的超支化多异氰酸酯。
7)所提及的多异氰酸酯在其制备后可转化为含有缩二脲基或脲基甲酸酯基/氨基甲酸酯基并且具有脂环族或脂族连接的异氰酸酯基的多异氰酸酯。缩二脲基的形成例如通过加入水或与胺反应来完成。脲基甲酸酯基和/或氨基甲酸酯基的形成在合适的催化剂的存在下(如果需要),通过与一元醇、二元醇或多元醇、优选一元醇反应来完成。这些含有缩二脲或脲基甲酸酯基/氨基甲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯的NCO含量通常为15重量%至25重量%并且平均NCO官能度通常为3至8。
8)用于双重固化应用的改性多异氰酸酯,即除在1)-7)中所述的基团之外,其还包含从形式上通过将具有NCO-反应性基团和可通过UV或光化辐射交联的基团加成至上述分子的异氰酸酯基上而产生的那些基团。这些分子为例如(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯和其他羟基-乙烯基化合物。这些分子为例如(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯和其他羟基乙烯基化合物。
上述二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯还可至少部分地以封端形式存在。
用于封端的化合物类别记载于D.A.Wicks,Z.W.Wicks,Progress in OrganicCoatings,36,148-172(1999),41,1-83(2001)以及43,131-140(2001)。
用于封端的化合物类别的实例为苯酚、咪唑、三唑、吡唑、肟、N-羟基酰亚胺、羟基苯甲酸酯、仲胺、内酰胺、CH-酸性环酮、丙二酸酯或乙酰乙酸烷基酯。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,多异氰酸酯(A)选自异氰脲酸酯、亚氨基噁二嗪二酮、缩二脲、氨基甲酸酯以及脲基甲酸酯,优选选自异氰脲酸酯、氨基甲酸酯和脲基甲酸酯;更优选其为含有异氰脲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,多异氰酸酯(A)包括包含异氰脲酸酯基并且由1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯获得的多异氰酸酯。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,多异氰酸酯(A)包括包含异氰脲酸酯基并且非常优选由1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯和由异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯获得的多异氰酸酯的混合物。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,多异氰酸酯(A)为包含主要是异氰脲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯,其粘度为500-4000mPa*s;和/或低粘度的任选地包含异氰脲酸酯和/或氨基甲酸酯的脲基甲酸酯,其粘度为150-1600mPa*s。
在本说明书中,除非另有说明,否则粘度是在23℃下根据DIN EN ISO 3219/A.3在锥/板系统中以1000s-1的剪切速率记录。
制备多异氰酸酯(A)的方法可如WO 2008/68198、特别是从其中的第20页第21行至第27页第15行所述进行,其在此通过引用成为本说明书的一部分。
可例如如从其中的第31页第19行至第31页第31行所述将反应终止,并且如从其中的第31页第33行至第32页第40行所述进行产物后处理,各自均在此通过引用成为本说明书的一部分。
该反应可替代地且优选地如WO 2005/087828中关于α-羟基羧酸铵催化剂所述进行。可例如如从其中的第11页第12行至第12页第5行所述将反应终止,其在此通过引用成为本说明书的一部分。
反应可替代地如CN 10178994A或CN 101805304中所述进行。
此外,在热不稳定的催化剂的情况下,还可通过将反应混合物加热至高于至少80℃、优选至少100℃、更优选至少120℃的温度来终止反应。通常,通过在后处理步骤中蒸馏以移除未反应的异氰酸酯所需的反应混合物的加热足以达到该目的。
对于热稳定和热不稳定的催化剂,均存在通过加入减活剂在相对较低的温度下终止反应的可行性。合适的减活剂的实例包括氯化氢、磷酸、有机磷酸盐(如磷酸二丁酯或磷酸二乙基己酯),以及氨基甲酸酯(如氨基甲酸羟烷基酯)。
这些化合物可以其本身添加或稀释成所需的合适浓度添加以终止反应。
具有发明性抗絮凝作用的添加剂为:
选自甲硅烷基磷酸酯和甲硅烷基膦酸酯的甲硅烷基酯(B)。
优选的甲硅烷基酯(B)为以下化合物:
在这些式中,基团R1至R7各自彼此独立地为三烷基甲硅烷基、烷基或氢,并且每种化合物必须包含至少一个三烷基甲硅烷基。基团R1至R7优选各自为三烷基甲硅烷基或烷基,并且每种化合物必须包含至少一个三烷基甲硅烷基。更优选地,所有基团R1至R7为三烷基甲硅烷基。
烷基和三烷基甲硅烷基的烷基优选为C1至C18烷基。
三烷基甲硅烷基的烷基优选相同。
三烷基甲硅烷基的烷基优选为甲基和/或乙基,更优选甲基。
三(三甲基甲硅烷基)磷酸为特别优选的种类。
特别优选的甲硅烷基酯(B)为甲硅烷基磷酸酯,特别优选三(甲硅烷基)磷酸酯,非常优选三(三甲基甲硅烷基)磷酸酯。
甲硅烷基酯(B)的添加量为1至250重量ppm,优选5至250重量ppm,更优选10至200重量ppm,非常优选为10至150重量ppm,基于多异氰酸酯(A)计。
甲硅烷基酯(B)优选相对于多异氰酸酯混合物中存在的水的量亚化学计量地使用。
可用于多异氰酸酯组分以及用于粘合剂组分和任何其他组分的溶剂(C)为不具有对异氰酸酯基或对封端的异氰酸酯基具有反应性的基团并且多异氰酸酯可在其中溶解的程度为至少10重量%、优选至少25重量%、更优选至少50重量%、非常优选至少75重量%、更特别是至少90重量%并且尤其是至少95重量%的那些。
这类溶剂的实例为芳族烃(包括烷基化的苯和萘)和/或脂(环)族烃及其混合物、酮、酯、醚酯、烷氧基化的链烷酸烷基酯、醚,以及所述溶剂的混合物。
优选的芳族烃混合物为包含主要是芳族C7至C14烃并且可具有110至300℃的沸点范围的那些;特别优选甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯或对二甲苯、三甲基苯异构体、四甲基苯异构体、乙苯、枯烯、四氢化萘;以及包含它们的混合物。
其实例为来自ExxonMobil Chemical的产品,尤其是100(CAS号64742-95-6,主要为C9和C10芳族化合物,沸程约154-178℃)、150(沸程约182-207℃)和200(CAS号64742-94-5),以及来自Shell的产品、来自Petrochem Carless的(例如18)和来自DHC的Hydrosol(例如A 170)。包含石蜡烃、环石蜡烃和芳族化合物的烃混合物以名称Kristalloel(例如,Kristalloel 30,沸程约158-198℃,或Kristalloel 60:CAS号64742-82-1)、石油溶剂油(例如同样为CAS号64742-82-1)或溶剂石脑油(轻:沸程约155-180℃,重:沸程约225-300℃)市售可得。所述烃混合物的芳族化合物含量通常大于90重量%,优选大于95重量%,更优选大于98重量%,并且非常优选大于99重量%。可有用的是,使用具有特别地减少的萘含量的烃混合物。
脂(环)族烃的实例包括十氢化萘、烷基化十氢化萘,以及直链或支链烷烃和/或环烷烃的异构体混合物。
脂族烃的量通常小于5重量%,优选小于2.5重量%,并且更优选小于1重量%。
酯为例如乙酸正丁酯、乙酸乙酯、1-甲氧基丙-2-基乙酸酯,以及2-甲氧基乙基乙酸酯。
醚为例如THF、二噁烷,以及乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇或三丙二醇的二甲基醚、二乙基醚或二正丁基醚。
酮为例如丙酮、二乙基酮、乙基甲基酮、异丁基甲基酮、甲基戊基酮和叔丁基甲基酮。
醚酯为例如乙氧基丙酸乙酯EEP、乙酸甲氧基甲酯、乙酸丁氧基乙酯BGA、乙氧基-1-甲基乙基乙酸酯、甲氧基-1-甲基乙基乙酸酯。
这种混合物可以5:1至1:5的体积比制备,优选体积比为4:1至1:4,更优选体积比为3:1至1:3,并且非常优选体积比为2:1至1:2。
具有抗絮凝作用的添加剂优选均匀地分散,优选使用混合装置。
具有抗絮凝剂作用的添加剂可以多种方式添加,例如原样添加,在溶剂(C)和/或其他添加剂中添加,包括特别是在其他优选应具有良好的溶解性的溶剂中,例如二烷基二羧酸酯(如二辛基己二酸酯和二壬基己二酸酯)、磷酸三烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸酯和环氢化邻苯二甲酸酯(例如二异壬基环己烷-1,2-二羧酸酯),或在醇中。次优选芳族二酯。
可将具有抗絮凝作用的添加剂引入例如以下组分中:
-纯的多异氰酸酯,
-在溶剂中的可供出售的多异氰酸酯,
-由例如多异氰酸酯、一种(或多种)溶剂和添加剂组成的多异氰酸酯组分。这种可供出售的多异氰酸酯组分可与相应的多元醇组分一起使用而无需其他添加剂,任选地在分开储存后,通过将两种用于涂覆的组分共混而一起使用。
优选以液体形式存在的添加剂或可通过在低和短期剪切力下搅拌引入的添加剂。
可将具有抗絮凝作用的添加剂在蒸馏后的高温下在约170℃至环境温度下直接加入至多异氰酸酯中,在固体添加剂的情况下,优选在高于其熔点的温度下,或以均质化作用更高的固体形式添加。
在一种特定的形式中,将它们任选地在溶剂中,与多异氰酸酯在少于一小时内在室温至70℃下在搅拌罐中间歇混合。
在另一种具体形式中,将它们任选地在溶剂中,在室温至70℃下在静态混合器中连续加入。优选低于35℃的温度,更特别是在室温下。
在溶剂中的初步溶解特别是在具有抗絮凝作用的固体添加剂的情况下可能有用,在某些情况下,所述添加剂熔点高,且在多异氰酸酯和溶剂中的溶解性差。
另一种使用形式为制备例如在溶剂、添加剂混合物和/或多异氰酸酯中的储备溶液。
在下文给出的实施例中,抗絮凝剂的添加量相对于混合物中或分别用于涂料应用(其任选地可还包含额外量的溶剂)的多异氰酸酯组分中的水的总量通常为明显亚化学计量的。
在一种优选的形式中,出于上述原因和其他原因,有利的是,向多异氰酸酯中加入充分防止絮凝例如六个月所必需的最小量的添加剂。指定最小必需量的其他原因为,许多添加剂可在聚氨酯体系中具有其他功能作用。添加剂可与路易斯酸催化剂或碱性添加剂(如UV稳定剂或胺催化剂)相互作用,并因此形成高度可溶的盐或防止添加剂的作用。因此,有利的是将添加剂的量最小化,并且任选地依赖于其他添加剂来进行选择。
通常情况下,絮凝趋势随着溶剂稀释度的增加而增加,特别是在溶剂含量大于50%,更特别是大于60%下。
另外,与添加剂混合的多异氰酸酯混合物可任选地包含氨基甲酸酯化催化剂。该催化剂可为例如胺或有机金属化合物。
所述催化剂优选为路易斯酸。
胺催化剂为,例如在杂环中具有氧的三官能脂环族或芳族胺。其实例为N-甲基吗啉、N-甲基哌啶、吡咯烷、奎宁环或1,4-二氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷、二氮杂二环十一烷。
有机金属化合物的实例包括有机羧酸的锡(IV)盐和锡(II)盐,例如二乙酸锡(II)、二辛酸锡(II)、双(乙基己酸)锡(II),以及二月桂酸锡(II)。还可使用例如锌(II)盐,例如二辛酸锌(II)、二新辛酸锌(II)、二乙酸锌(II)或草酸锌(II)。金属络合物也是可行的,如铁、钛、铝、锆、锰、镍、锌以及钴的乙酰丙酮化物。其他金属催化剂记载于Blank等人的Progress in Organic Coatings,1999,第35卷,第19-29页。
有机羧酸的二烷基锡(IV)盐为,例如二乙酸二甲基锡、二乙酸二丁基锡、二丁酸二丁基锡、双(2-乙基己酸)二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、马来酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二辛基锡,以及二乙酸二辛基锡。优选二乙酸二丁基锡和二月桂酸二丁基锡。出于毒理学原因,次优选锡盐,但实际上其仍经常被使用。
其他优选的路易斯酸性有机金属化合物为二辛酸锌(II)、乙酰丙酮锆以及2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚二酸锆。
铋和钴催化剂、铈盐(如辛酸铈)以及铯盐也可用作催化剂。
铋催化剂更特别为羧酸铋,尤其是辛酸铋、乙基己酸铋、新癸酸铋或新戊酸铋;实例为来自King Industries的K-KAT 348和XK-601、来自TIB Chemicals的TIB KAT 716、716LA、716XLA、718、720、789和来自Shepherd Lausanne的那些,以及例如铋有机基和锌有机基的催化剂混合物。
可考虑的铯盐包括其中使用以下阴离子的那些化合物:F-、Cl–、ClO–、ClO3 –、ClO4 –、Br–、I–、IO3 –、CN–、OCN–、NO2 –、NO3 –、HCO3 –、CO3 2–、S2–、SH–、HSO3 –、SO3 2–、HSO4 –、SO4 2–、S2O2 2–、S2O4 2–、S2O5 2–、S2O6 2–、S2O7 2–、S2O8 2–、H2PO2 –、H2PO4 –、HPO4 2–、PO4 3–、P2O7 4–、(OCnH2n+1)–、(CnH2n–1O2)–、(CnH2n–3O2)–,以及(Cn+1H2n–2O4)2–,其中n代表数字1至20。在此优选羧酸铯,其中阴离子符合式(CnH2n–1O2)–以及(Cn+1H2n–2O4)2–,其中n为1至20。特别优选的铯盐具有通式(CnH2n–1O2)–的单羧酸根阴离子,其中n代表数字1至20。在该上下文中,特别值得注意的是甲酸盐、乙酸盐、丙酸盐、己酸盐以及2-乙基己酸盐。
此外,典型的涂料组分和/或添加剂还可例如使用以下物质:稳定剂、UV稳定剂(如UV吸收剂)和合适的自由基清除剂(更特别是HALS化合物——受阻胺光稳定剂)、活化剂(促进剂)、干燥剂、增量剂、颜料、染料、抗静电剂、阻燃剂、增稠剂、触变剂、表面活性剂、粘度调节剂、增塑剂或螯合剂。优选UV稳定剂。
稳定剂为至少一种具有稳定作用的化合物,“稳定”表示相对于不包含具有稳定作用的化合物的那些相应混合物,在一定时间段内在储存过程中减少多异氰酸酯的色值和/或粘度的发展的能力。
稳定化既可涉及单独的多异氰酸酯,或多异氰酸酯与其他典型涂料组分和/或添加剂,任选地加入其他组分的预混合物。在一个具体的实施方案中,这包括在涂料材料的实际应用之前储存这些化合物中的一种。
主抗氧化剂优选为空间位阻酚。所述空间位阻酚记载于例如WO 2008/116894中,优选从其中的第14页第10行至第16页第10行所述的化合物,其在此通过引用纳入本文作为本公开内容的一部分。
所讨论的酚或桥连的双酚优选为在芳环上具有恰好一个酚羟基的那些,并且更优选在酚羟基的邻位、非常优选在邻位和对位上具有任意所需取代基、优选烷基的那些,更特别地是3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸烷基酯,或所述化合物的取代的烷基的衍生物。
与本发明的添加剂一起,它们为本发明的一部分,优选2,6-双叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT),通常为3-[3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基]丙酸酯、季戊四醇四(3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯)(CAS号6683-19-8;例如1010)、3,3',3”,5,5',5”-六叔丁基-a,a',a”-(均三甲苯-2,4,6-三基)三对甲酚(CAS号1709-70-2;例如1330)、1,3,5-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-三酮(CAS号27676-62-6;例如3114)、3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸异辛酯(CAS号146598-26-7,例如1135),以及3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸十八烷酯(CAS号2082-79-3,例如1076)。
特别优选2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT);3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸异辛酯(CAS号146598-26-7,例如1135),以及3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸十八烷酯(CAS号2082-79-3,1076),以及季戊四醇四(3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯)(CAS号6683-19-8;例如1010)。
所述酚还可为具有多个酚基的多酚体系的成分:季戊四醇四(3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯)(例如1010);亚乙基双(氧乙烯)双(3-(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-间甲苯基)丙酸酯)(例如Irganox 245);3,3',3”,5,5',5”-六叔丁基-α,α',α”-(均三甲苯-2,4,6-三基)三对甲酚(例如1330);1,3,5-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-三酮(例如3114),各自均为Ciba(现为BASF SE)的产品。
次抗氧化剂优选选自亚膦酸酯、膦酸酯以及硫醚,优选选自亚膦酸酯或膦酸酯。
优选的亚膦酸酯记载于WO 2008/116894,特别是从其中的第11页第8行至第14页第8行,在此通过引用将其作为本公开内容的一部分。
优选的膦酸酯记载于WO 2008/116895,特别是从其中的第10页第38行至第12页第41行,在此通过引用将其作为本公开内容的一部分。
优选的硫醚记载于WO 2008/116893,特别是从其中的第11页第1行至第15页第37行,在此通过引用将其作为本公开内容的一部分。
酸性稳定剂为如WO 2008/116894、特别从其中的第17页第34行至第18页第23行所述的布朗斯台德酸,在此通过引用将其作为本公开内容的一部分。
合适的UV吸收剂包含草酰苯胺、三嗪和苯并三唑(苯并三唑例如作为BASF SE的产品市售可得)和二苯甲酮(例如来自BASF SE的81)。优选例如95%的苯丙酸、3-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-5-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-、C7-9-支链和直链烷基酯;5%的1-甲氧基-2-丙基乙酸酯(例如384)和α-[3-[3-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-5-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯基]-1-氧代丙基]-ω-羟基聚(氧代-1,2-乙二基)(例如1130),各自均为例如BASF SE的产品。为此,同样可使用DL-α-生育酚、生育酚、肉桂酸衍生物,以及氰基丙烯酸酯。
它们可单独使用或与合适的自由基清除剂一起使用,实例为空间位阻胺(通常也称为HALS或HAS化合物;位阻胺(光)稳定剂),如2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶、2,6-二叔丁基哌啶或其衍生物(例如双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)癸二酸酯)。它们可作为例如来自BASF SE的产品和产品而获得。然而,优选与路易斯酸一起使用的为N-烷基化的那些受阻胺,实例为双(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶基)[[3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯基]甲基]丁基丙二酸酯(例如来自BASF SE的144);双(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶基)癸二酸酯和甲基(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶基)癸二酸酯的混合物(例如来自BASF SE的292);或N-(O-烷基化)的那些受阻胺,例如癸二酸双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-1-(辛氧基)-4-哌啶基)酯、与1,1-二甲基乙基过氧化氢和辛烷的反应产物(例如来自BASF SE的123),并且尤其是与HALS三嗪2,4-双[N-丁基-N-(1-环己氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-4-基)氨基]-6-(2-羟乙基-胺)-1,3,5-三嗪的反应产物(例如来自BASFSE的152)。本文中有利的是对酸不敏感的添加剂,如152。
干燥剂为,例如对甲苯磺酰基异氰酸酯(例如来自Borchers/OMG的添加剂TI)和原甲酸乙酯(例如来自Borchers/OMG的添加剂OF)。
UV稳定剂的用量通常为0.1重量%至5.0重量%,基于制剂中存在的固体组分计。
除自由基(共)聚合的(共)聚合物外,合适的增稠剂还包括典型的有机和无机增稠剂,如羟甲基纤维素或膨润土。
可使用的螯合剂包括例如乙二胺乙酸及其盐,以及β-二酮。
根据CDChemie Lexikon–版本1.0,Stuttgart/New York:Georg ThiemeVerlag 1995,参照DIN 55943,真正意义上的颜料为微粒状的“有机或无机、有色或无色的,并且在施用介质中几乎不溶的着色剂”。此处,几乎不溶意指在25℃下溶解度低于1g/1000g施用介质,优选低于0.5g/1000g施用介质,更优选低于0.25g/1000g施用介质,非常特别优选低于0.1g/1000g施用介质,并且特别是低于0.05g/1000g施用介质。
真正意义上的颜料的实例包含吸收颜料和/或效果颜料、优选吸收颜料的任何所需体系。对颜料组分的数量和选择没有任何限制。例如步骤a)中所述,可根据需要对它们进行调整以适应特定要求,如所需的感知颜色。例如,基础可为标准化的混合体系中的所有颜料组分。
效果颜料为所有表现出片状结构并予表面涂层特定装饰色彩效果的颜料。效果颜料为例如所有赋予效果并且通常可用于车辆涂饰和工业涂料中的颜料。所述效果颜料的实例为,例如纯金属颜料,如铝、铁或铜颜料;干涉颜料,如二氧化钛涂覆的云母、氧化铁涂覆的云母、混合氧化物涂覆的云母(例如二氧化钛和Fe2O3涂覆的云母,或二氧化钛和Cr2O3涂覆的云母)、金属氧化物涂覆的铝;或液晶颜料。
着色吸收颜料为,例如可用于涂料工业中的典型的有机或无机吸收颜料。有机吸收颜料的实例为偶氮颜料、酞菁颜料、喹吖啶酮颜料以及吡咯并吡咯颜料。无机吸收颜料的实例为氧化铁颜料、二氧化钛以及炭黑。
染料同样为着色剂,并且与颜料的不同之处在于它们在施用介质中的溶解度不同;即,它们在25℃下在施用介质中的溶解度大于1g/1000g。
染料的实例为偶氮、吖嗪、蒽醌、吖啶、花菁、噁嗪、聚甲炔、噻嗪以及三芳基甲烷染料。这些染料可用作碱性或阳离子染料、媒染染料、直接染料(direkt Farbstoffe)、分散染料、显影染料、还原染料、金属络合染料、反应性染料、酸染料、硫化染料、偶合染料或实质染料(Substantive Farbstoffe)。
颜色惰性填料为所有这样的物质/化合物:其一方面是颜色惰性的,即表现出低的固有吸收并且折射率与其涂料介质的折射率相似;另一方面又能够影响在表面涂层(即在所施用的涂料薄膜)的效果颜料的取向(平行对齐)以及涂料或涂料组合物的性能(例如硬度或流变学)。通过下面的实施例给出可使用的惰性物质/化合物,但是颜色惰性、影响拓扑学的填料的概念不限于这些实施例。满足该定义的合适的惰性填料可为,例如透明或半透明的填料或颜料,例如硅胶、沉淀硫酸钡、硅藻土、滑石粉、碳酸钙、高岭土、硫酸钡、硅酸镁、硅酸铝、结晶二氧化硅、无定形硅、氧化铝,由例如玻璃、陶瓷或聚合物制成的微球或中空微球(其尺寸为例如0.1-50μm)。另外,作为惰性填料,可使用任何所需的固体惰性有机颗粒,例如脲-甲醛缩合物、微粒化的聚烯烃蜡和微粒化的酰胺蜡。惰性填料在每种情况中也可以以混合物使用。然而,优选在每种情况中仅使用一种填料。
包含具有抗絮凝作用的添加剂的多异氰酸酯组分可任选地在储存后,与至少一种粘合剂组分和任选地与其他组分反应以形成例如油漆或粘合剂。
粘合剂可为,例如聚丙烯酸酯多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚醚多元醇、聚氨酯多元醇;聚脲多元醇;聚酯-聚丙烯酸酯多元醇;聚酯-聚氨酯多元醇;聚氨酯-聚丙烯酸酯多元醇、聚氨酯改性的醇酸树脂;脂肪酸改性的聚酯-聚氨酯多元醇、与烯丙基醚的共聚物、具有例如不同的玻璃化转变温度的所述化合物组的接枝聚合物,以及所述粘合剂的混合物。优选聚丙烯酸酯多元醇、聚酯多元醇,以及聚氨酯多元醇。
优选的OH值根据DIN 53240-2测量(电位法)为:对于聚酯为40-350mg KOH/g树脂固体,优选80-180mg KOH/g树脂固体;对于聚丙烯酸酯为15-250mg KOH/g树脂固体,优选80-160mg KOH/g树脂固体。
另外,粘合剂的酸值根据DIN EN ISO 3682(电位法)可最高达200mg KOH/g,优选最高达150mg KOH/g并且更优选最高达100mg KOH/g。
特别优选的粘合剂为聚丙烯酸酯多元醇和聚酯醇。
聚丙烯酸酯多元醇的分子量Mn优选为至少500g/mol,更优选至少1200g/mol。分子量Mn原则上可没有上限,并且可优选为最高达50 000g/mol,更优选最高达20 000g/mol,并且非常优选最高达10 000g/mol,并且更特别是最高达5000g/mol。
羟基官能单体(参见下文)也以这样的量用于共聚反应中,使得产生聚合物的上述羟值,其通常对应于聚合物中0.5重量%至8重量%、优选1重量%至5重量%的羟基含量。
它们为至少一种含羟基的(甲基)丙烯酸酯与至少一种选自(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯、乙烯基芳族化合物、α,β-不饱和羧酸以及其他单体的其他可聚合单体的含羟基共聚物。
(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯包括例如(甲基)丙烯酸C1–C20烷基酯;乙烯基芳族化合物为具有至多20个C原子的那些;α,β-不饱和羧酸还包括其酸酐;并且其他单体为例如包含最高达20个C原子的羧酸的乙烯基酯、烯键式不饱和腈、包含1至10个C原子的醇的乙烯基醚,以及次优选具有2至8个C原子和1或2个双键的脂族烃。
优选的(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯为具有C1–C10烷基的那些,如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸乙酯以及2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯。
特别地,(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的混合物也是合适的。
具有1至20个C原子的羧酸的乙烯基酯为例如月桂酸乙烯酯、硬脂酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯和乙酸乙烯酯。
可能的α,β-不饱和羧酸及其酸酐的实例包括:丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、富马酸、巴豆酸、衣康酸、马来酸或马来酸酐,优选丙烯酸。
羟基官能单体包括α,β-不饱和羧酸(如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸(在本说明书中简称为“(甲基)丙烯酸”))与具有优选为2至20个C原子和至少两个羟基的二醇或多元醇的单酯,所述二醇或多元醇为如乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,1-二甲基-1,2-乙二醇、二丙二醇、三乙二醇、四乙二醇、五乙二醇、三丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、新戊二醇、新戊二醇羟基新戊酸酯、2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、1,6-己二醇、2-甲基-1,5-戊二醇、2-乙基-1,4-丁二醇、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、2,4-二乙基辛烷-1,3-二醇、2,2-双(4-羟基环己基)丙烷、1,1-双(羟甲基)环己烷、1,2-双(羟甲基)环己烷、1,3-双(羟甲基)环己烷和1,4-双(羟甲基)环己烷、1,2-环己二醇、1,3-环己二醇或1,4-环己二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基丁烷、季戊四醇、二三羟甲基丙烷、二季戊四醇、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、二丙三醇、苏糖醇、赤藓糖醇、侧金盏花醇(核糖醇(Ribit))、阿拉伯糖醇(Arabit(Lyxit))、木糖醇、己六醇(半乳糖醇)、麦芽糖醇、异麦芽酮糖醇、分子量为162至4500、优选250至2000的聚四氢呋喃,分子量为134至2000的聚-1,3-丙二醇或聚丙二醇,或分子量为238至2000的聚乙二醇。
优选2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯、2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、2-羟丙基丙烯酸酯或3-羟丙基丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇单丙烯酸酯或3-(丙烯酰氧基)-2-羟丙基丙烯酸酯,并且特别优选2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯和/或2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯。
可考虑的乙烯基芳族化合物包括例如乙烯基甲苯、α-丁基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、4-正丁基苯乙烯、4-正癸基苯乙烯,并且优选苯乙烯。
腈的实例为丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈。
合适的乙烯基醚为例如乙烯基甲基醚、乙烯基异丁基醚、乙烯基己基醚以及乙烯基辛基醚。
具有2至8个C原子和一或两个烯属双键的非芳族烃包括丁二烯、异戊二烯、乙烯、丙烯以及异丁烯。
另外,可使用N-乙烯基甲酰胺、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮和N-乙烯基己内酰胺,以及另外地,烯键式不饱和酸,更特别是羧酸、酸酐或酰胺以及乙烯基咪唑。还可少量使用含有环氧基的共聚单体,如丙烯酸缩水甘油酯或甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯;或诸如N-甲氧基甲基-丙烯酰胺或N-甲氧基甲基-甲基丙烯酰胺的单体。
优选在醇残基中具有1至18个、优选1至8个碳原子的丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸的酯,例如丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸正丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸正硬脂基酯、对应于这些丙烯酸酯的甲基丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯、烷基取代的苯乙烯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、乙酸乙烯酯或硬脂酸乙烯酯,以及这些单体的任何所需混合物。
在带有羟基的(甲基)丙烯酸酯的共聚中,带有羟基的单体以与其他可聚合单体的混合物形式使用,所述其他可聚合单体优选自由基聚合的单体,优选在一定程度上由超过50重量%(甲基)丙烯酸C1–C20烷基酯(优选(甲基)丙烯酸C1至C4烷基酯)、(甲基)丙烯酸、具有最高达20个C原子的乙烯基芳族化合物、包含最高达20个C原子的羧酸的乙烯基酯、乙烯基卤化物、具有4至8个C原子和1或2个双键的非芳族烃、不饱和腈及其混合物组成的那些。特别优选除其他由含羟基的单体之外,还在一定程度上由超过60重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸C1–C10烷基酯、苯乙烯及其衍生物或它们的混合物组成的聚合物。
聚合物可根据常规方法通过聚合来制备。优选地,聚合物以乳液聚合或有机溶液的形式制备。连续或不连续的聚合方法是可行的。不连续方法包括间歇方法和进料方法,优选进料方法。在进料方法中,溶剂本身或与单体混合物的一部分一起作为初始进料引入,并加热至聚合温度,在初始进料中包含单体的情况下,聚合以自由基的方式引发,并将剩余的单体混合物与引发剂混合物一起在1至10小时内、优选3至6小时的过程中计量加入。随后的选择是进行再活化,以使聚合达到至少99%的转化率。
可考虑的溶剂包括,例如芳族化合物,如溶剂石脑油、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯;酯,如乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸甲基乙二醇酯、乙酸乙基乙二醇酯、乙酸甲氧基丙酯;醚,如丁基乙二醇、四氢呋喃、二噁烷、乙基乙二醇醚;酮,如丙酮、甲基乙基酮;卤化溶剂,如二氯甲烷或三氯一氟乙烷。
其他粘合剂为,例如如可通过使多元羧酸、尤其是二羧酸与多元醇、尤其是二醇缩合而获得的聚酯多元醇。为了确保聚酯多元醇官能度适用于聚合,还使用了部分三醇、四醇等,以及三酸等。
聚酯多元醇已知于例如Ullmanns der technischen Chemie,第4版,第19卷,第62页至第65页。优选使用通过使二元醇与二元羧酸反应而获得的聚酯多元醇。代替游离的多元羧酸,还可使用相应的多元羧酸酸酐或低级醇的相应的多元羧酸酯或其混合物来制备聚酯多元醇。多元羧酸可为脂族、脂环族、芳族或杂环的,并且可任选地被例如卤素原子取代和/或为不饱和的。其可提及的实例包括如下:
草酸、马来酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、偏苯三酸、壬二酸、1,4-环己烷二甲酸或四氢邻苯二甲酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、六氢邻苯二甲酸酐、四氯邻苯二甲酸酐、内亚甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、戊二酸酐、马来酸酐、二聚脂肪酸,它们的异构体和加氢产物以及可酯化的衍生物,例如所述酸的酸酐或二烷基酯、C1-C4烷基酯,优选所述酸的甲酯、乙酯或正丁酯。优选通式为HOOC-(CH2)y-COOH的二羧酸,其中y为数字1至20,优选2至20的偶数;并且更优选琥珀酸、己二酸、癸二酸以及十二烷二甲酸。
用于制备聚酯醇的合适的多元醇包括1,2-丙二醇、乙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,2-乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、3-甲基戊烷-1,5-二醇、2-乙基己烷-1,3-二醇、2,4-二乙基辛烷-1,3-二醇、1,6-己二醇,摩尔质量为162至4500、优选250至2000的聚THF,摩尔质量为134至1178的聚1,3-丙二醇、摩尔质量为134至898的聚1,2-丙二醇、摩尔质量为106至458的聚乙二醇、新戊二醇、新戊二醇羟基新戊酸酯、2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-双(4-羟基环己基)丙烷、1,1-环己烷二甲醇、1,2-环己烷二甲醇、1,3-环己烷二甲醇和1,4-环己烷二甲醇、1,2-环己二醇、1,3-环己二醇或1,4-环己二醇、三羟甲基丁烷、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷、新戊二醇、季戊四醇、丙三醇、二三羟甲基丙烷、二季戊四醇、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、二丙三醇、苏糖醇、赤藓糖醇、侧金盏花醇(核糖醇)、阿拉伯糖醇(Arabit(Lyxit))、木糖醇、己六醇(半乳糖醇)、麦芽糖醇或异麦芽酮糖醇,它们可如上所述任选地被烷氧基化。
优选的醇为通式HO-(CH2)x-OH的那些醇,其中x为数字1至20,优选2至20的偶数。优选乙二醇、丁烷-1,4-二醇、己烷-1,6-二醇、辛烷-1,8-二醇和十二烷-1,12-二醇。还优选新戊二醇。
此外,还合适的是这类聚碳酸酯二醇,其例如通过使光气与过量的称为聚酯多元醇的合成组分的低分子量醇反应可获得。
还合适的是基于内酯的聚酯二醇,其为内酯的均聚物或共聚物,优选使用合适的双官能起始剂分子的内酯的羟基封端的加合物。合适的内酯优选为衍生自通式HO-(CH2)z-COOH的那些,其中z为数字1至20,并且其中亚甲基单元的一个H原子还可已被C1至C4烷基取代。实例为ε-己内酯、β-丙内酯、γ-丁内酯和/或甲基-ε-己内酯、4-羟基苯甲酸、6-羟基-2-萘甲酸或新戊内酯,及其混合物。合适的起始剂组分的实例包括上述作为聚酯多元醇的合成组分的低分子量二元醇。特别优选ε-己内酯的相应聚合物。低级聚酯二醇或聚醚二醇也可用作制备内酯聚合物的起始剂。代替内酯的聚合物,还可使用对应于内酯的羟基羧酸的相应的、化学等效的缩聚物。
在聚氨酯涂料中,聚酯的摩尔质量Mn通常为800–4000g/mol,但是本文中使用的聚酯不限于该范围。
另外适合作为粘合剂的是聚醚醇,其通过环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷和/或环氧丁烷(优选环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷,并且更优选环氧乙烷)与H-活性组分的加成反应来制备。丁二醇的缩聚物也是合适的。在聚氨酯涂料中,聚醚摩尔质量通常为500-2000g/mol,但是本文中使用的聚醚不限于该范围。
聚合物可至少部分地被所谓的反应性稀释剂代替。它们可为封端的仲胺或伯胺(醛亚胺和酮亚胺),或具有空间受阻的仲氨基和/或缺电子的仲氨基的化合物,实例为根据EP 403921或WO2007/39133的天冬氨酸酯。
在将多异氰酸酯组分与粘合剂组分和任选的其他组分混合之后,将涂料混合物在环境温度至150℃下固化。
在本发明的上下文中,“固化”意指通过在上述温度下加热施用于基材上的涂料组合物至少足够长的时间以建立所需的不粘状态而在基材上产生不粘涂层。
在本说明书的上下文中,在一种优选的形式中,涂料组合物意指至少两种组分(粘合剂和交联剂)的混合物,所述混合物旨在涂覆至少一种基材以形成薄膜并在固化后形成不粘涂料。
通过技术人员已知的典型方法涂覆基材,其中将至少一种涂料组合物以所需厚度施用于待涂覆的基材上,并且任选地通过加热来除去涂料组合物的任何挥发性成分。如果需要,可将该操作重复一次或多次。向基材上的施用可已知的方式进行,如例如通过喷涂、镘涂、刀涂、刷涂、滚涂、辊涂、浇注、层压、注射-后成型(injection-backmold)或共挤出进行。
这种用于固化的薄膜的厚度可为0.1μm至最高达几mm,优选1至2000μm,更优选5至200μm,非常优选5至60μm(基于在溶剂已从涂料中除去的状态下的涂料材料计)。
本发明还提供涂覆有本发明的多层涂料体系的基材。
这种聚氨酯涂料材料尤其适用于要求特别高的应用可靠性、外部耐候性、光学质量、耐溶剂性、耐化学性以及耐水性的应用。
所获得的双组分涂料组合物和涂料制剂适用于涂覆基材,如木材、木质贴面、纸、硬纸板、纸板、纺织品、薄膜、皮革、非织造布、塑料表面、玻璃、陶瓷、矿物建材(如模制水泥块和纤维水泥板)或金属,其在每种情况下都可任选地已被预涂或预处理。
这种涂料组合物适合用作或用于内部涂层或外部涂层(即暴露于日光下的那些应用),优选建筑物的部分的涂层,(大型)车辆和航空器上的涂层,以及工业应用、农业和建筑中的多功能车、装饰涂料、桥梁、建筑物、动力桅杆、储罐、容器、管线、电站、化工厂、船舶、起重机、柱、板桩、阀门、管、管件、法兰、联轴器、大厅、屋顶以及结构钢、家具、窗、门、木地板、罐头涂料和线圈涂料,用于地板覆盖物,如停车场或医院中的地板覆盖物,汽车饰面,作为OEM和修补漆。
在一种优选的形式中,这种涂料组合物在环境温度至80℃、优选至60℃、更优选至40℃的温度下使用。所讨论的制品优选不可在高温下固化的那些,如大型机器、飞行器、大容量车辆以及修补漆应用。通常将环境温度视为以预期方式使用经涂覆的基材的温度。
在另一个优选的应用中,涂料混合物在110-150℃、优选120-140℃下固化(例如,对于OEM应用)。
特别地,本发明的涂料组合物用作清漆、底涂层和面涂层材料、底漆以及二道底漆。
多异氰酸酯组分的长期储存是通常的,尤其是在修补漆应用中以及工业应用的某些情况中。当然,与具有抗絮凝作用的添加剂混合的多异氰酸酯,或多异氰酸酯组分,还可用于任何其他应用。
实施例:
原料:
多异氰酸酯(A):基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的异氰脲酸酯多异氰酸酯(A1),基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的异氰脲酸酯:
六亚甲基二异氰酸酯HDI在80重量ppm苄基三甲基羟基异丁酸铵作为催化剂(基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯计)的存在下,60%浓度于乙二醇中,在多级反应器级联中在115、120和130℃下进行反应。将六亚甲基二异氰酸酯在具有HDI再循环的多级方法中蒸馏除去。产物的NCO含量:22.2%,粘度:2675m Pa*s。
多异氰酸酯(A2):基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的多异氰脲酸酯
Basonat HI 100BASF SE
甲硅烷基衍生物:
溶剂(C):
二甲苯
乙酸丁酯
空间位阻酚:
次抗氧化剂:
Irgafos OPH BASF SE
亚磷酸三苯酯 Alfa Aesar
亚磷酸三丁酯 Sigma-Aldrich
储存测试:
为了测定絮凝稳定性,制备由30%的多异氰酸酯和70%的二甲苯/乙酸丁酯=2:1组成的混合物,其含有相对于溶剂混合物计的400ppm的水。
通过溶剂引入添加剂。将50g混合物通过在50mL无侧面标签(ohne seitlicheBeschriftung)的螺旋盖容器中使氮气通过其而呈惰性,然后将其盖紧并在气候室中在23℃±5℃/(50%±10%大气湿度)下储存。通过在前两周的工作日每天检查、三周后检查、从第四周开始每隔两周检查来评估絮凝。
为了评估絮凝稳定性,在达到以下两个絮凝阶段之一的第一天进行记录:
1轻微絮凝:微弱显现。为了更好地识别浊度,将明显澄清的溶液短暂地轻微水平旋转一圈。在某些情况下,然后轻微絮凝以尾状物(schweif)的形式更明显。
2严重的絮凝,显而易见,沉积物(Bodensatz),停止研究。
尽管絮凝是由有经验的人员确定的,但是由于条件(例如,溶剂中的准确水量等)中以及轻微和严重的浊度的目视测定中的轻微差异,仍然存在一定的标准偏差。在不同系列中,具有“相同”组成的样品的结果可稍有不同,但是就天数而言,这些样品都是可比较的,并且与良好实例相比,不良参考的比例低得多。
另外,将两个絮凝阶段的天数相加,以进行更好的比较。天数或其总和的数越大,絮凝稳定性越好。在测量的210天,测量自动终止。
系列1:多异氰酸酯(A1):最多210天的测量后的絮凝时间,以天为单位
结果:磷酸三三甲基硅烷基酯与至少一种相应的抗氧化剂组合使用改善絮凝。
系列2:多异氰酸酯(A2):最多210天的测量后的絮凝时间,以天为单位
结果:(50ppm和)100ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯在不使用抗氧化剂,使用一种抗氧化剂,以及使用两种各自的抗氧化剂的情况下改善絮凝。
300ppm和1000ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯与200Irganox 1135+200亚磷酸三苯酯组合具有不利作用。
系列3:多异氰酸酯(A1):最多126天的测量后的絮凝时间(由于絮凝而终止),以天为单位
结果:100ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯改善絮凝;N,O-双(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙酰胺、六甲基二硅氮烷和1,3-双(三甲基甲硅烷基)脲没有改善絮凝。
系列4:多异氰酸酯(A1):最多210天的测量后的絮凝时间,以天为单位
结果:5ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯轻微改善絮凝,而10ppm、20ppm、50ppm和100ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯则显著改善絮凝。300ppm和1000ppm具有非正面或负面作用。
系列5:多异氰酸酯(A2):最多210天的测量后的絮凝时间,以天为单位
结果:1ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯轻微改善絮凝。从5ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯起,改善非常显著。300ppm和1000
ppm的磷酸三三甲基甲硅烷基酯又有负面作用。
Claims (23)
1.添加剂用于减少多异氰酸酯混合物中的絮凝和/或沉淀的用途,所述多异氰酸酯混合物包含至少一种溶剂(C)和至少一种多异氰酸酯(A),
其中所述添加剂选自甲硅烷基磷酸酯和甲硅烷基膦酸酯的甲硅烷基酯(B),并且其用量为5至250重量ppm,基于至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂的用途,其中甲硅烷基酯(B)为甲硅烷基磷酸酯。
3.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂的用途,其中甲硅烷基酯(B)为三(甲硅烷基)磷酸酯。
4.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂的用途,其中甲硅烷基酯(B)为三(三甲基甲硅烷基)磷酸酯。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的添加剂的用途,其中甲硅烷基酯(B)的用量为10-200重量ppm,基于至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)计。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中甲硅烷基酯(B)相对于多异氰酸酯混合物中存在的水的量亚化学计量地使用。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)的NCO含量为至少15重量%。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)的NCO含量为至少20重量%。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)为脂族的或脂环族的。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)基于六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、1,3-双(异氰酸根合甲基)环己烷、4,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷和/或2,4'-二(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷作为单体。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)具有异氰脲酸酯、亚氨基噁二嗪二酮、缩二脲、脲基甲酸酯或氨基甲酸酯结构。
12.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂的用途,其中与添加剂混合的多异氰酸酯混合物还包含至少一种酚,所述酚在每个芳环上具有恰好一个酚羟基,并且在酚羟基的邻位上具有烷基。
13.根据权利要求12所述的添加剂的用途,其中所述酚在酚羟基的邻位上具有一个叔丁基。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的添加剂的用途,其中所述酚为桥连的双酚。
15.根据权利要求1或2所述的添加剂的用途,其中与添加剂混合的多异氰酸酯混合物还包含至少一种路易斯酸。
16.一种用于稳定包含至少一种溶剂(C)和至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)的多异氰酸酯混合物以防止在储存期间絮凝的方法,其中将多异氰酸酯混合物与至少一种选自甲硅烷基磷酸酯和甲硅烷基膦酸酯的甲硅烷基酯(B)的添加剂混合,所述添加剂的量为5至250重量ppm,基于至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)计组成。
17.根据权利要求16所述的用于稳定包含至少一种溶剂(C)和至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)的多异氰酸酯混合物以防止在储存期间絮凝的方法,其中多异氰酸酯混合物包含路易斯酸和/或抗氧化剂和/或其他常规涂料添加剂。
18.根据权利要求16所述的用于稳定包含至少一种溶剂(C)和至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)的多异氰酸酯混合物以防止在储存期间絮凝的方法,其中多异氰酸酯混合物包含作为催化剂的有机锡、有机锌、有机铋、有机钛和有机锆化合物。
19.一种使用包含至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)并且在溶剂中储存期间防止絮凝的多异氰酸酯混合物涂覆基材的方法,其中多异氰酸酯(A)与至少一种选自甲硅烷基磷酸酯和甲硅烷基膦酸酯的甲硅烷基酯(B)的添加剂混合,所述添加剂的量为5至250重量ppm,基于至少一种多异氰酸酯(A)计,并且该混合物与至少一种溶剂(C)和任选的其他添加剂混合,储存,并在随后的步骤中与至少一种包含粘合剂的组分混合,随后施用于基材。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中包含粘合剂的组分包含选自聚丙烯酸酯多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚氨酯多元醇、聚碳酸酯多元醇和聚醚多元醇的化合物。
21.根据权利要求19和20中任一项所述的方法获得的多异氰酸酯混合物在汽车或大型车辆、塑料和木材涂饰领域的底漆、二道底漆、有色面涂层、底涂层和清漆的涂料组合物中的用途,以及在粘合剂和密封化合物中用作固化剂的用途。
22.根据权利要求19和20中任一项所述的方法获得的多异氰酸酯混合物用于农业和建筑领域中的多功能车的用途。
23.根据权利要求21的用途,其为在汽车修补中的用途。
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- 2017-09-20 EP EP17192030.9A patent/EP3336117A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2018
- 2018-09-11 EP EP18765128.6A patent/EP3684833A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2018-09-11 CN CN201880060455.9A patent/CN111094382B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2018-09-11 US US16/648,451 patent/US11542356B2/en active Active
- 2018-09-11 WO PCT/EP2018/074385 patent/WO2019057540A1/de unknown
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US11542356B2 (en) | 2023-01-03 |
US20200223971A1 (en) | 2020-07-16 |
EP3684833A1 (de) | 2020-07-29 |
CN111094382A (zh) | 2020-05-01 |
WO2019057540A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 |
EP3336117A1 (de) | 2018-06-20 |
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