CN111068662B - 一种金属纳米催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种金属纳米催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111068662B CN111068662B CN201911319406.5A CN201911319406A CN111068662B CN 111068662 B CN111068662 B CN 111068662B CN 201911319406 A CN201911319406 A CN 201911319406A CN 111068662 B CN111068662 B CN 111068662B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种金属纳米催化剂及其制备方法和应用,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:S1.金属盐和氧化物载体或HZRP分子筛载体溶解于乙二醇或丙三醇中,得到悬浮液;金属盐与氧化物或分子筛载体的质量比为1:5~10;金属盐为氯化钌、氯铂酸、氯化镍中的一种;所述的氧化物载体为Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2、ZrO2‑SiO2中的一种;S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液在无氧氛围中,150~250℃进行溶剂热反应1~3h,制得金属纳米催化剂。本发明在相对低温以及多元醇作溶剂的环境中,有助于金属在载体表面的高度分散;所制得的金属纳米催化剂可应用于生物油中芳香族化合物加氢脱氧转化为环烷烃的反应中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及加氢脱氧催化剂技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种金属纳米催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着社会经济日益发展,对能源的需求量越来越大,不可再生的化石燃料在使用中持续对环境造成危害,是全球变暖的主要原因,寻找可以代替化石能源的新能源迫在眉睫。在众多新能源中,生物质能源于绿色植物的光合作用,相比于其他绿色新能源具有储量大,用之不竭,无潜在危害的特点。但目前生物质能的利用率不到3%,若生物质能可以得到良好的利用开发,将会大大地减少环境的负担。
自然回收的植物躯干、农作物秸秆等生物质存在着能量密度小、运输能力差的主要缺陷。通过裂解技术可以使以上生物质固体转化成能量密度大的生物油,方便其后续的运输和加工利用。然而生物油由大量的酚类、呋喃类、短链化合物组成,组分复杂,难以通过精馏、萃取等方式进行提纯分离。利用加氢脱氧改质将这些活泼组分转化成化学性质稳定、热值高的烷烃类组分,为实现利用生物油代替化石燃料提供了可能。其中,酚类化合物由于具有相对稳定的苯环结构,它的转化难度最大。
利用热化学法可以在时间较短的条件下对生物油中的酚类化合物、不饱和化合物进行加氢脱氧。在热化学法的体系中,需要提供一定的温度使加氢脱氧反应达到活化能,但高温会使催化剂的烧结严重,失活快,同时促使缩聚等副反应发生,而在低温条件下目标产物选择性低,不能直接作为燃料使用。通过提高催化剂的活性可以降低生物油组分加氢脱氧所需的反应温度,减少副反应的发生,大大提高生物油的改质效率,同时提高目标产物的选择性。催化剂金属活性中心分散性越高,活性越大,常见的加氢脱氧催化剂为金属活性中心和载体组成的负载型催化剂,其制备方法大多为浸渍法、溶胶凝胶法、共沉淀法等。
中国专利CN201510102771.6公开了一种生物油脂催化加氢制备烷烃的催化剂,以金属盐作为活性组分,以改性分子筛或氧化铝作催化剂载体,在300~600℃氢气气氛中活化2~6h制得。但是该催化剂对芳香族化合物的催化活性低,对环烷烃的选择性不高。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是克服现有制备金属纳米催化剂对芳香族化合物的催化活性不高且对环烷烃的选择性低的缺陷和不足,提供一种金属纳米催化剂的制备方法,该方法可以在150~250℃制得金属纳米催化剂,所得催化剂对芳香族化合物的催化活性高,对环烷烃的选择性强。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种金属纳米催化剂。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种金属纳米催化剂的应用。
本发明上述目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种金属纳米催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.金属盐和氧化物载体或HZRP分子筛载体溶解于乙二醇或丙三醇中,得到悬浮液;金属盐与氧化物或分子筛载体的质量比为1:5~10;金属盐为氯化钌、氯铂酸、氯化镍中的一种;所述的氧化物载体为Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2、ZrO2-SiO2中的一种;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液在无氧氛围中,150~250℃进行溶剂热反应1~3h,制得金属纳米催化剂。
现有制备金属纳米催化剂的方法,需要在300℃以上的高温条件下进行,剧烈的热运动易引发金属形成不可控团聚,进而限制金属分散度的提高,导致催化剂的催化活性不佳。本发明提供的金属纳米催化剂的制备方法是以一定配比的金属盐作为活性成分,氧化物或分子筛作为载体,在150~250℃条件下进行多元醇溶剂热反应,制得高分散的金属纳米催化剂,该方法简单快捷,比传统的制备方法所需温度(通常300℃以上)低很多,相对低温的制备环境以及多元醇作为溶剂都有助于金属在载体表面的高度分散。
优选地,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌。
优选地,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌或氯铂酸,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2-SiO2中的一种。
更优选地,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌或氯铂酸,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3、ZrO2-SiO2中的一种。
进一步优选地,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3;或所述金属盐为氯铂酸,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3。
优选地,步骤S2所述反应温度为200~250℃。
更优选地,步骤S2所述反应温度为200℃。
优选地,步骤S2所述反应时间为2h。
优选地,步骤S1所述的多元醇为乙二醇,多元醇作为还原剂,并且也作为溶剂,提高了金属的分散性,进一步提高催化剂的催化活性。
HZRP分子筛中Si/Al比值为38、100或400;HZRP分子筛购自南开大学分子筛厂。
优选地,步骤S2的具体操作为:
将步骤S1制得的悬浮液在氮气气氛中,150~250℃进行溶剂热反应1~3h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀水洗,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得金属纳米催化剂。
本发明保护上述制备方法制得的金属纳米催化剂。
本发明还保护上述金属纳米催化剂在加氢脱氧反应中的应用。
进一步地,所述的加氢脱氧反应为芳香族化合物的加氢脱氧反应。
更进一步地,所述芳香族化合物的加氢脱氧反应为酚类化合物转化为环烷烃的反应。
本发明所制备的金属纳米催化剂可应用于生物油中的酚类化合物转化为环烷烃的反应,催化活性强,可降低能耗,对环烷烃的选择性高,转化产物可以直接作为燃料使用。
优选地,包括如下步骤:将芳香族化合物溶解于正辛烷,加入金属纳米催化剂,220~280℃进行加氢脱氧反应4~6h,氢气的压力为1~2MPa,得到环烷烃;芳香族化合物与金属纳米催化剂的质量比为1:0.5~2。
优选地,所述芳香族化合物为酚类化合物或苯并呋喃。
优选地,所述酚类化合物为愈创木酚、苯酚、丁香酚、邻甲酚中的一种。
本发明提供的金属催化剂使得上述加氢脱氧的反应温度大为降低,低于现有技术的反应温度(≥300℃),从而降低了能耗,同时提高了对目标产物环烷烃的选择性。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
本发明以一定配比的金属盐作为活性成分,氧化物或分子筛作为载体,在150~250℃条件下进行多元醇溶剂热反应,制得金属纳米催化剂,比传统的催化剂制备方法(通常需300℃以上)所需温度低,相对低温的制备环境有助于金属在载体表面的高度分散;以多元醇作为溶剂,可以进一步提高金属的分散性,从而提高催化剂的催化活性,所制得的金属纳米催化剂可应用于生物油中芳香族化合物加氢脱氧转化为环烷烃,转化率可达99.9%,催化剂对目标产物环烷烃的选择性较高,可达到95%以上,转化产物可以直接作为燃料使用。
附图说明
图1为对比例2制得的金属纳米催化剂的扫描电镜图。
图2为实施例6制得的金属纳米催化剂的扫描电镜图。
图3为实施例6和对比例2制得的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2金属纳米催化剂的孔径分布图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的说明,但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。除非另有说明,本发明实施例采用的原料试剂为常规购买的原料试剂。
本发明提供了一种金属纳米催化剂及其制备方法和应用。以下实施例具体举例说明。
实施例1
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/Al2O3的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和Al2O3载体,溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和Al2O3载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,200℃反应2h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/Al2O3。
实施例2
一种金属纳米催化剂Pt/Al2O3的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.H2PtCl6·6H2O和Al2O3载体溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;H2PtCl6·6H2O和Al2O3载体的质量比为1:5;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,250℃反应3h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Pt/Al2O3。
实施例3
一种金属纳米催化剂Ni/Al2O3的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.NiCl2和Al2O3载体溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;NiCl2和Al2O3载体的质量比为1:7.5;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,200℃反应1h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ni/Al2O3。
实施例4
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/MgO的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和MgO载体溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和MgO载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,200℃反应2h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/MgO。
实施例5
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/ZrO2的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和ZrO2载体溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和ZrO2载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,200℃反应2h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/ZrO2。
实施例6
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/SiO2-ZrO2的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和SiO2-ZrO2载体溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和SiO2-ZrO2载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,200℃反应2h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/SiO2-ZrO2。
实施例7
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/SiO2-ZrO2的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和SiO2-ZrO2载体溶解于25ml的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和SiO2-ZrO2载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,250℃反应3h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/SiO2-ZrO2。
实施例8
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/HZRP的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和HZRP分子筛(Si/Al=38)载体溶解于25mL的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和HZRP分子筛(Si/Al=38)载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,200℃反应2h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/HZRP(Si/Al=38)。
将HZRP分子筛(Si/Al=38)载体替换为HZRP分子筛(Si/Al=100)载体,按照以上制备方法制得Ru/HZRP(Si/Al=100)。
实施例9
一种金属纳米催化剂Ru/HZRP(Si/Al=38)的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
本实施例的制备方法与实施例8相同,区别在于,步骤S2的反应温度替换为150℃。
实施例10
本实施例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S1的乙二醇替换为丙三醇。
对比例1
金属纳米催化剂Ru/SiO2的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.RuCl3和SiO2载体溶解于25mL的乙二醇中,得到悬浮液;RuCl3和SiO2载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液置于反应釜中,搅拌,通入纯氮气置换出釜内的空气,150℃反应2h,自然冷却后,离心,取沉淀用去离子水洗涤,60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,制得Ru/SiO2。
对比例2
金属催化剂Ru/SiO2-ZrO2的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.称取SiO2-ZrO2载体和RuCl3置于坩埚中,添加少量水进行等体积浸渍;RuCl3和SiO2-ZrO2载体的质量比为1:10;
S2.将坩埚边搅拌边进行加热(50℃),直至水分蒸干。再将坩埚置于60℃烘箱中干燥12小时,之后在550℃温度下进行煅烧4小时,再用氢气在500℃下还原4小时,得到金属催化剂Ru/SiO2-ZrO2。
对比例3
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S1的RuCl3和Al2O3载体的质量比替换为1:2。
对比例4
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S1的RuCl3和Al2O3载体的质量比替换为1:20。
对比例5
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S1的乙二醇替换为水。
对比例6
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S2的反应温度替换为80℃。
对比例7
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S2的反应温度替换为400℃。
应用
(1)催化剂催化性能评价方法
在50mL 316L材质的高温高压反应釜中加入20mL正辛烷作为溶剂,0.1g愈创木酚为原料,0.05g上述实施例1~10和对比例1~7金属纳米催化剂中的一种,温度240~280℃,1MPa氢气氛围下反应4小时。
(2)催化剂催化性能评价结果
表1实施例1~10和对比例1~7金属纳米催化剂催化性能
表2实施例7金属纳米催化剂对不同的芳香族化合物的催化性能
由以上表1和表2的金属纳米催化剂的催化性能测试结果可知,绝大部分酚类化合物的转化率可接近100%,环烷烃的选择性可达到95%以上。
需要说明的是,对催化芳香族化合物的加氢脱氧反应,本发明制得的金属纳米催化剂中,贵金属催化剂的催化活性更高,反应条件更加温和。这是由于贵金属具有优异的吸附和解离氢气的能力。在贵金属催化剂催化芳香族化合物的加氢脱氧反应中,苯环首先被加氢饱和转化为醚或醇的中间体,C-O键的键能均有不同程度的下降,反应活化能也随之降低,然后再发生后续的加氢脱氧反应。
形貌观察
观察和测定对比例2和实施例6提供的金属纳米催化剂的显微结构和金属分散度。可以看到,图1和图2中的浅色块状代表载体,深色小点代表Ru金属。图1为对比例2浸渍法制备的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂,图2为实施例6多元醇法制备的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂,可以看出多元醇法制备的催化剂具有很好的Ru金属分散性,Ru金属颗粒比现有制备的金属催化剂中的金属颗粒小得多,金属的高分散性能有效促进加氢脱氧催化活性。
性能测试
1、测试方法
(1)CO脉冲测试:在200℃用高纯He气流吹扫,待基线稳定降至50℃,再用CO-脉冲测待测金属的分散度和粒径。
(2)ICP元素分析测试:对固体样品进行酸消解处理转化为液体,再采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪对其中的金属元素含量进行计算。
2、测试结果
表3不同的催化剂Ru分散度的对比
表3为不同催化剂Ru分散度的对比,数据通过CO脉冲得到,结果表明,实施例1、4、6制得的催化剂的Ru分散度均大于对比例2、3、7,说明本发明的制备方法能提高金属分散度,并且实施例6多元醇法制备的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2中的Ru分散度大于对比例2浸渍法制备的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2,进一步验证了多元醇法能更好地提升金属分散度。
表4不同制备方法获得的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂的物理化学特性
比表面积由BET方法由测试软件直接得到。
总孔容积、孔径由BJH方法由测试软件直接得到。
Ru的负载量由ICP元素分析仪测试得到,对比例2制得的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2中Ru的负载量与实施例6中的基本相同,与理论的Ru 5wt%相差不多,说明两种方法都基本上将Ru完全负载在载体上。
由表4的结果可知,两种催化剂的物理化学性质相差不大,说明两种制备方法对于载体的影响较小,而对金属的影响较大,可从表3中的分散度数据得出。
图3显示了对比例2浸渍法制备的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂和实施例6多元醇法制备的Ru/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂的平均孔径基本相同,说明两种制备方法对于载体的影响较小。
显然,本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种金属纳米催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1.金属盐和氧化物载体或HZRP分子筛载体溶解于乙二醇或丙三醇中,得到悬浮液;金属盐与氧化物或分子筛载体的质量比为1:5~10;金属盐为氯化钌、氯铂酸、氯化镍中的一种;所述的氧化物载体为Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2、ZrO2-SiO2中的一种;
S2.将步骤S1制得的悬浮液在无氧氛围中,150~250℃进行溶剂热反应1~3h,制得金属纳米催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌或氯铂酸,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2-SiO2中的一种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌或氯铂酸,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3、ZrO2-SiO2中的一种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述金属盐为氯化钌,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3;或所述金属盐为氯铂酸,所述氧化物载体为Al2O3。
6.根据权利要求1~5任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2反应温度为200~250℃。
7.权利要求1~6任一项所述的制备方法制得的金属纳米催化剂。
8.权利要求7所述的金属纳米催化剂在加氢脱氧反应中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的加氢脱氧反应为芳香族化合物的加氢脱氧反应。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,所述芳香族化合物的加氢脱氧反应为酚类化合物转化为环烷烃的反应。
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