CN111054394A - 一种p-n异质结光催化剂及制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可见光下分解水制氢的p‑n异质结光催化剂及制备方法和应用。本发明中的ZnIn2S4是由紧致排列的纳米片组成的三维花球形貌,这一结构限域了CoFe2O4提高了其分散性的同时也限域了H2O分子,提高了催化剂对H2O分子的吸附能力。催化剂对H2O分子较强的吸附能力保证了光催化分解水制氢过程中活性位点的充分利用和氧化还原反应最大程度的发生,这一特点大大提高了光催化制氢活性。该发明的制备过程简单易控、操作方便、重复性强,产品具有产率高、产品性能稳定的优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可见光下分解水制氢的p-n异质结光催化剂及制备方法和应用。利用简单的水热、高温煅烧、原位合成等系列方法制备了CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂,并将该光催化剂应用于可见光下分解水制氢。
背景技术
随着科技和工业的日益发展,在推动社会进步的同时,也给我们的生活带来了许多负面影响。目前我国能源体系存在不安全、不平衡、不可持续等突出问题。因此,开发利用安全、可靠的清洁和可再生能源,并提高其在能源结构中的比重,是实现经济社会可持续发展的一种重要保证。氢能被视为21世纪最具发展潜力的清洁能源,其来源广泛、能量效率高、能量密度高、可再生循环且本身无污染、可以达到零碳排放,排放物仅为水和热量。传统制备H2的方法有多种,但存在许多缺点和弊端,其中:水煤气制氢和石油裂解或CH4水蒸气重整制氢,其原料是化石燃料,本身是不可再生资源;电解食盐水制氢是氯碱工业的副产品,也有其局限性;电解水制氢原理简单,缺点是耗能大、制氢成本高。近年来,太阳光催化分解水制氢技术引起了科研工作者的广泛关注,也是当今能源领域研究的热点问题。
近年来,窄带隙的ZnIn2S4由于其形貌的多样性且能够高效地利用可见光在分解水制氢、CO2及Cr(VI)还原和选择性有机合成等领域迅猛发展。尤其在光催化制氢领域因具有如下独特优势吸引了众多研究人员:首先,ZnIn2S4与单金属硫化物如CdS、ZnS和Ag2S等相比,其双金属组分(Zn和In)间的协同作用以及丰富的边缘活性位点使其具有较好的光催化前景;其次,Zn-S和In-S的同时形成能优化材料的电子结构、平衡表面吸附/脱附自由能,进而具有较高的光催化活性。然而,ZnIn2S4的光催化能力往往比我们预期的要低,因此,需要对单一相ZnIn2S4进行修饰或者改性,提高其比表面积、加快光生载流子分离效率以及提高对可见光的吸收能力,从而提高光催化活性。而通过引入其他类型半导体与ZnIn2S4形成异质结是提高其光催化性能一种非常高效的途径。
尖晶石型CoFe2O4由于具有低成本、来源丰富和环境友好等优点而在光催化领域备受关注。此外,CoFe2O4具有较高的吸附能力,近年来在光催化领域被广泛应用。CoFe2O4和ZnIn2S4具有合适的能带结构,若将CoFe2O4成功与ZnIn2S4复合形成异质结,有望制备出具有高活性的光催化剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,并考察其在可见光下分解水制氢的性能。本发明中的ZnIn2S4是由紧致排列的纳米片组成的三维花球形貌,这一结构限域了CoFe2O4,提高了CoFe2O4分散性的同时也限域了H2O分子,提高了催化剂对H2O分子的吸附能力。催化剂对H2O分子较强的吸附能力保证了光催化分解水制氢过程中活性位点的充分利用和氧化还原反应最大程度的发生,这一特点大大提高了光催化制氢活性。该发明的制备过程简单易控、操作方便、重复性强,产品具有产率高、产品性能稳定的优点。
一种CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,主要包括如下步骤:
步骤S1:纯CoFe2O4的制备
将1-3mmol Co(NO3)2·6H2O和3-6mmol Fe(NO3)3·9H2O两种物质置于20-50mL去离子水中,室温下进行第一次搅拌15-30min使其完全溶解,随后加入0.5-1.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)进行第二次搅拌20-50min,用1-3M的KOH溶液调节上述混合溶液的pH=10-13后进行第三次搅拌1-3h,将获得的悬浮液移至25-100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在140-180℃的条件下反应6-12h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤数次,40-80℃的条件下真空干燥10-20h。最后,将获得的粉末在300-500℃的条件下高温煅烧1-5h即可获得CoFe2O4。
优选条件:
1-3mmol Co(NO3)2·6H2O,优选2.5mmol Co(NO3)2·6H2O。
3-6mmol Fe(NO3)3·9H2O,优选5mmol Fe(NO3)3·9H2O。
20-50mL去离子水,优选40mL。
所述第一次搅拌的时间为15-30min,优选30min。
0.5-1.5g PVP,优选0.75g。
所述第二次搅拌的时间为20-50min,优选30min。
1-3M的KOH溶液,优选2M。
pH=10-13,优选12。
所述第三次搅拌的时间为1-3h,优选1h。
25-100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜,优选100mL。
140-180℃的条件下反应6-12h,优选180℃和9h。
40-80℃的条件下真空干燥10-20h,优选80℃和12h。
300-500℃的条件下高温煅烧1-5h,优选500℃和2h。
步骤S2:CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备
将CoFe2O4置于Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、硫代乙酰胺三种物质的混合水溶液中超声分散,随后将获得的悬浮液移至聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在140-180℃的条件下反应10-16h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤、真空干燥后即可获得CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4粉末。
所述CoFe2O4的加入量为理论上生成ZnIn2S4质量的0.5%-2.0%,优选1%。
所述Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、硫代乙酰胺的摩尔比为1-4:2-5:8-12;优选1.439:2.439:10。
所述Zn(NO3)2·6H2O与混合水溶液中水的比例为1-4mmol:20-50mL,优选1.439mmol:35mL。
所述超声分散时间为20-60min,优选40min。
所述水热反应温度优选为160℃,反应时间优选为12h。
所述真空干燥条件为:40-80℃的条件下真空干燥12-24h,优选60℃的条件下真空干燥12h。
本发明的有益效果
本发明的目的是提供一种CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,并考察引入不同含量的CoFe2O4对可见光下光催化分解水制氢性能的影响。本发明所提供的光催化剂提高了对H2O分子的吸附能力进而保证了催化剂与H2O分子的充分接触、加快了光生载流子的分离效率提高了光催化活性,且光催化剂具有良好的化学稳定性。
附图说明
图1a是所制备催化剂的XRD图谱。如图1a,0.5%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4和1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4的复合光催化剂中观察不到CoFe2O4衍射峰的存在,这可归因于CoFe2O4的尺寸较小且含量较低。在1.5%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4和2%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4复合光催化剂的XRD衍射图中可以同时观察到CoFe2O4和ZnIn2S4的相应衍射峰。在复合物中,CoFe2O4的衍射峰发生略微偏移,说明CoFe2O4和ZnIn2S4之间不仅仅是简单的物理混合,两者之间化学键的相互作用导致衍射峰发生偏移。能量色散X射线光谱图1b中,证明了在CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4光催化剂中存在Co、Fe、O、Zn、In、S六种元素。图1测试结果初步证明了催化剂的成功合成。
图2a-b为ZnIn2S4的SEM图。图2c为CoFe2O4的SEM图。从图2a中可观察到,ZnIn2S4是三维花球状结构,图2b可以看出三维花球是由紧致排列的纳米片组成的,此结构可大大增强催化剂对H2O分子的吸附能力,使得光催化剂和H2O分子充分接触进行高效制氢。CoFe2O4为小尺寸纳米颗粒。为了证明CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4的成功合成,对复合型光催化剂进行了TEM分析。图2d是CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4的TEM图。通过图2d可观察到纯的CoFe2O4 NPs已经成功负载在三维花球ZnIn2S4上。综合图1和图2实验结果,充分说明了催化剂的成功合成。
图3a为所制备催化剂的固体紫外漫反射图。通过图3a我们发现相比于纯的ZnIn2S4,不同比例CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4光催化剂对可见光的吸收能力明显增强。图3b为ZIS的带隙谱图,通过图3b可以确定,纯的ZnIn2S4的带隙值约为2.08eV。图3c-d分别为所制备催化剂的光电流和阻抗谱图。图3c中,在所有制备的催化剂中,1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4(1%指理论上复合物中CoFe2O4的质量占ZnIn2S4质量的1%)光催化剂具有最大的光电流响应,与之相对于的是图3d中1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4光催化剂具有最小的圆弧半径,说明1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4光催化剂有效地抑制了光生载流子的重组,更加有利于光生载流子的高效分离,加快光催化制氢效率。
为了进一步确定价导带位置,我们进行了莫特肖特基测试,图4a-b为莫特肖特基测试谱图。由图可知,ZnIn2S4为n型半导体,CoFe2O4为p型半导体,基于此,CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4光催化剂为p-n异质结。根据相关文献和系列关系式,最终可估算ZnIn2S4和CoFe2O4的导带位置分别为-0.45V和0.49V,价带位置分别为1.63V和2.16V。
图5a-c分别为所合成催化剂分解水制氢性能示意图、循环实验图、循环前后的XRD图。通过图5a可以说明我们优化出的最佳比例1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4在可见光下具有最高的光催化分解水制氢活性。图5b表示1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4光催化剂在经过四次循环之后仍具有良好的稳定性。通过观察反应前后样品的XRD说明经过四次循环之后样品的晶相以及结构并没有发生明显的改变。
具体实施方式
实施例1
(1)纯CoFe2O4的制备
将2.5mmol Co(NO3)2·6H2O和5mmol Fe(NO3)3·9H2O两种物质置于40mL去离子水中,室温下搅拌30min使其完全溶解,随后加入0.75g PVP搅拌30min,用2M的KOH溶液调节上述混合溶液的pH=12后搅拌1h,将获得的悬浮液移至100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在180℃的条件下反应9h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤,80℃的条件下真空干燥12h。最后,将获得的粉末在500℃的条件下高温煅烧2h即可获得CoFe2O4。
(2)0.5%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备
将3.04mg CoFe2O4置于1.439mmol Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、2.439mmol In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、10mmol硫代乙酰胺三种物质的混合溶液(35mL H2O)中超声分散40min,随后将获得的悬浮液移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在160℃的条件下反应12h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤数次,60℃的条件下真空干燥12h即可获得0.5%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4粉末。
实施例2
(1)纯CoFe2O4的制备:同实施例1
(2)1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备
将6.08mg CoFe2O4置于1.439mmol Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、2.439mmol In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、10mmol硫代乙酰胺三种物质的混合溶液(35mL H2O)中超声分散40min,随后将获得的悬浮液移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在160℃的条件下反应12h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤数次,60℃的条件下真空干燥12h即可获得1%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4粉末。
实施例3
(1)纯CoFe2O4的制备:同实施例1
(2)1.5%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备
将9.13mg CoFe2O4置于1.439mmol Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、2.439mmol In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、10mmol硫代乙酰胺三种物质的混合溶液(35mL H2O)中超声分散40min,随后将获得的悬浮液移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在160℃的条件下反应12h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤数次,60℃的条件下真空干燥12h即可获得1.5%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4粉末。
实施例4
(1)纯CoFe2O4的制备:同实施例1
(2)2%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 p-n异质结光催化剂的制备
将12.18mg CoFe2O4置于1.439mmol Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、2.439mmol In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、10mmol硫代乙酰胺三种物质的混合溶液(35mL H2O)中超声分散40min,随后将获得的悬浮液移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在160℃的条件下反应12h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,最后用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤数次,60℃的条件下真空干燥12h即可获得2%CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4粉末。
Claims (8)
1.一种p-n异质结光催化剂,其特征在于,所述p-n异质结光催化剂为CoFe2O4/ZnIn2S4p-n异质结光催化剂,CoFe2O4纳米颗粒负载在三维花球ZnIn2S4上,ZnIn2S4是三维花球状结构,三维花球是由紧致排列的纳米片组成的,三维花球状结构限域了CoFe2O4,提高了CoFe2O4分散性的同时也限域了H2O分子,能够增强催化剂对H2O分子的吸附能力,使得光催化剂和H2O分子充分接触,在可见光下光催化分解水高效制氢。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,将CoFe2O4置于Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、硫代乙酰胺三种物质的混合水溶液中超声分散,随后将获得的悬浮液移至聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中,在140-180℃的条件下反应10-16h,然后随箱体冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤,真空干燥后即可获得p-n异质结光催化剂。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述CoFe2O4的加入量为理论上生成ZnIn2S4质量的0.5%-2.0%。
4.如权利要求3所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述CoFe2O4的加入量为理论上生成ZnIn2S4质量的1%。
5.如权利要求2所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、硫代乙酰胺的摩尔比为1-4:2-5:8-12;所述Zn(NO3)2·6H2O与混合水溶液中水的比例为1-4mmol:20-50mL。
6.如权利要求5所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、In(NO3)2·4.5H2O、硫代乙酰胺的摩尔比为1.439:2.439:10;所述Zn(NO3)2·6H2O与混合水溶液中水的比例为1.439mmol:35mL。
7.如权利要求2所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述超声分散时间为20-60min;所述水热反应温度为160℃,反应时间为12h;所述真空干燥条件为:40-80℃的条件下真空干燥12-24h。
8.如权利要求7所述的一种p-n异质结光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述超声分散时间为40min;所述真空干燥条件为:60℃的条件下真空干燥12h。
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