CN110961630A - Method for regulating dendritic crystal morphology of Al-Si alloy - Google Patents

Method for regulating dendritic crystal morphology of Al-Si alloy Download PDF

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CN110961630A
CN110961630A CN201911355558.0A CN201911355558A CN110961630A CN 110961630 A CN110961630 A CN 110961630A CN 201911355558 A CN201911355558 A CN 201911355558A CN 110961630 A CN110961630 A CN 110961630A
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dendritic crystal
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CN110961630B (en
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胡特
凡头文
王志鹏
汤贤
刘瑜
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Foshan University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30Process control
    • B22F10/36Process control of energy beam parameters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30Process control
    • B22F10/38Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/90Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00Processes of additive manufacturing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40Radiation means
    • B22F12/41Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • B22F12/43Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam pulsed; frequency modulated
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25Process efficiency

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Abstract

According to the method, the instantaneous temperature of the molten pool in the laser additive forming process of the Al-Si alloy is measured and the curve is analyzed, the average value Tav of the maximum value Tmax, the minimum value Tmin and the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool and the average cooling rate ξ of the cooling stage of the molten pool in a single pulse period are calculated according to the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool, the laser additive forming parameters of the Al-Si alloy are optimized, and the process parameters for obtaining the columnar dendritic crystal and the process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal are obtained finally, so that the morphology of the dendritic crystal of the Al-Si alloy is regulated and controlled, and the mechanical property of a formed part can be effectively improved.

Description

Method for regulating dendritic crystal morphology of Al-Si alloy
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of metal additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to a method for regulating and controlling the dendritic crystal morphology of an Al-Si alloy.
Background
The laser additive manufacturing technology is based on the principle of 'dispersion-accumulation', metal powder is melted and rapidly solidified through high-energy beam laser, and direct forming of high-performance complex metal parts is achieved through a way of channel-by-channel tower-by-layer accumulation, so that the laser additive manufacturing technology has extremely wide application prospects in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, biomedical treatment and the like. The aluminum alloy has low density, high specific strength, good plasticity, excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, is a nonferrous metal material which is most widely applied to industry and is widely applied to aviation, aerospace, automobiles, ships and mechanical manufacturing. The laser additive manufacturing technology is adopted to form the small-batch aerospace aluminum alloy complex parts, so that the material utilization rate is effectively improved, the manufacturing period is shortened, and the cost is reduced. In addition, the high cooling rate in the laser additive manufacturing process is beneficial to refining the solidification structure and improving the mechanical property.
Research has shown that laser additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys has the following characteristics: in the forming process, metallurgical defects such as spheroidization, oxidation, non-fusion, pores, microcracks and the like are easily generated; the macro structure is mainly thick columnar crystals grown in an epitaxial way, the micro structure is in a fine columnar dendritic crystal or cell crystal form state, and a precipitated phase is formed between the dendritic crystals along with chain eutectic; due to the effect of cyclic deposition and reheating, the structure is locally coarsened between layers and among tracks, and a layer belt structure along with a scanning track is formed; the as-deposited properties of the formed part are higher than those of conventional die cast parts. Compared with other alloy systems (such as titanium alloy, nickel-based alloy, high-strength steel and the like), the aluminum alloy forming process has the characteristics of narrow window and low maturity, and is mainly related to the characteristics of low melting point, high laser reflectivity, large heat conductivity coefficient, poor powder fluidity, easiness in oxidation and the like of the aluminum alloy.
The Al-Si system alloy is a typical cast aluminum alloy. The laser additive manufacturing of Al-Si series alloy is generally concerned by scholars at home and abroad. The Al Si12 alloy was formed by Dydonghua et Al using a laser additive manufacturing technique, and the results showed that the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the alloy were 476.3MPa, 315.5MPa and 6.7%, respectively. Takahiro et Al studied the influence of mechanical properties of Al-xSi binary alloy manufactured by Si content laser additive manufacturing, and found that as the Si content increases, more Si obstructs dislocation movement, the tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy increase, and the elongation rate decreases. Wang et Al studied the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-3.5Cu-1.5Mg-1Si alloy produced by laser additive manufacturing, found that the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of the alloy sample were 223 + -4 MPa, 366 + -7 MPa and 5.3 + -0.3%, respectively, and after T6 heat treatment, the alloy yield strength and tensile strength were further improved to 368 + -6 MPa and 455 + -10 MPa. Although the researchers mentioned above have conducted a lot of research on Al-Si alloys and provide good insights and theoretical bases for the texture and performance control of Al-Si alloys manufactured by additive manufacturing, there is still no effective method for effectively controlling the dendrite morphology of Al-Si alloys manufactured by laser additive manufacturing, which limits further industrial applications of Al-Si alloys manufactured by laser additive manufacturing.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for regulating and controlling dendrite morphology of Al-Si alloy, which can effectively regulate and control dendrite morphology of Al-Si alloy.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the following technical scheme is adopted in the application.
A dendritic crystal morphology regulation method for an Al-Si alloy comprises the following steps:
(1) setting main parameters of a laser additive manufacturing process, wherein the laser peak power P is 700-1000W, the scanning speed V is 6-14 mm/s, and the spot diameter D is 1.0-3.0 mm;
(2) carrying out laser additive forming on the Al-Si alloy by adopting the parameters set in the step (1), and recording the instantaneous temperature change of a molten pool of the Al-Si alloy in the laser additive forming process to obtain an instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool;
(3) calculating a maximum value Tmax, a minimum value Tmin, an average value Tav of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool and an average cooling rate ξ of the cooling stage of the molten pool in a single pulse period according to the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool obtained in the step (2);
(4) repeating the step (2) and the step (3) for 2 to 3 times, and obtaining a columnar dendritic crystal according to an instantaneous temperature change curve of a molten pool obtained each time, wherein when the Tmax is more than or equal to 2.2Tm and less than or equal to 3.2Tm, the Tav is more than or equal to 600 ℃, and the ξ is more than or equal to 3.5 multiplied by 103 ℃/s, a columnar dendritic crystal is obtained, and when the Tmax is more than or equal to 3.2Tm, the Tav is more than or equal to 400 ℃ and less than or equal to 600 ℃, the Tav is more than or equal to 3.5 multiplied by 103 ℃/s is more than or equal to ξ and less than or equal to 5.;
(5) according to the data information obtained in the step (4), one-step optimization of laser additive forming process parameters is carried out, and the main process parameters for obtaining the morphology of the columnar dendritic crystal are as follows: adopting continuous laser, wherein the laser power is 600-1000W, the laser scanning speed is 6-12 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 1-2 mm; the main process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal morphology are as follows: the laser waveform is square wave, the laser peak power is 750-900W, the pulse frequency is 50 Hz-10 Hz, the duty ratio is 0.5-0.9, the scanning speed is 8-12 mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10-18 g/min, and the spot diameter is 1.5-2 mm;
(6) and (5) selecting corresponding process parameters in the step (5) according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part to perform Al-Si series alloy additive manufacturing.
Further, in the step (2), a colorimetric pyrometer is adopted to record the instantaneous temperature change of the molten pool of the Al-Si series alloy in the laser additive forming process.
Further, the emissivity of the colorimetric pyrometer used was 1.05, the spot size was 1.0mm, and the single data acquisition time was 1 ms.
Further, in the step (6), corresponding process parameters in the step (5) are selected according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part, and an Al-Si series alloy additive manufacturing is performed by adopting a unidirectional scanning path.
The method has the beneficial effects that through measurement and curve analysis of the instantaneous temperature of the molten pool in the laser additive forming process of the Al-Si alloy, the average value Tav of the maximum value Tmax, the minimum value Tmin, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool and the average cooling rate ξ of the cooling stage of the molten pool in a single pulse period are calculated according to the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool, the laser additive forming parameters of the Al-Si alloy are optimized, and the process parameters for obtaining the columnar dendritic crystal and the process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal are finally obtained, so that the regulation and control of the morphology of the dendritic crystal of the Al-Si alloy are realized, and the mechanical property of a formed part can be effectively improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a metallographic image of a laser additive manufacturing sample of the Al-Si alloy obtained in example 1;
fig. 2 is a gold phase diagram of an Al — Si alloy laser additive manufacturing sample obtained by a conventional method.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A dendritic crystal morphology regulation method for an Al-Si alloy comprises the following steps:
(1) setting main parameters of a laser additive manufacturing process, wherein the laser peak power P is 700-1000W, the scanning speed V is 6-14 mm/s, and the spot diameter D is 1.0-3.0 mm;
(2) carrying out laser additive forming on the Al-Si alloy by adopting the parameters set in the step (1), and recording the instantaneous temperature change of a molten pool of the Al-Si alloy in the laser additive forming process to obtain an instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool;
(3) calculating a maximum value Tmax, a minimum value Tmin, an average value Tav of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool and an average cooling rate ξ of the cooling stage of the molten pool in a single pulse period according to the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool obtained in the step (2);
(4) repeating the step (2) and the step (3) for 2 to 3 times, and obtaining a columnar dendritic crystal according to an instantaneous temperature change curve of a molten pool obtained each time, wherein when the Tmax is more than or equal to 2.2Tm and less than or equal to 3.2Tm, the Tav is more than or equal to 600 ℃, and the ξ is more than or equal to 3.5 multiplied by 103 ℃/s, a columnar dendritic crystal is obtained, and when the Tmax is more than or equal to 3.2Tm, the Tav is more than or equal to 400 ℃ and less than or equal to 600 ℃, the Tav is more than or equal to 3.5 multiplied by 103 ℃/s is more than or equal to ξ and less than or equal to 5.;
(5) according to the data information obtained in the step (4), one-step optimization of laser additive forming process parameters is carried out, and the main process parameters for obtaining the morphology of the columnar dendritic crystal are as follows: adopting continuous laser, wherein the laser power is 600-1000W, the laser scanning speed is 6-12 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 1-2 mm; the main process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal morphology are as follows: the laser waveform is square wave, the laser peak power is 750-900W, the pulse frequency is 50 Hz-10 Hz, the duty ratio is 0.5-0.9, the scanning speed is 8-12 mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10-18 g/min, and the spot diameter is 1.5-2 mm;
(6) and (5) selecting corresponding process parameters in the step (5) according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part to perform Al-Si series alloy additive manufacturing.
Further, in the step (2), a colorimetric pyrometer is adopted to record the instantaneous temperature change of the molten pool of the Al-Si series alloy in the laser additive forming process.
Further, the emissivity of the colorimetric pyrometer used was 1.05, the spot size was 1.0mm, and the single data acquisition time was 1 ms.
Further, in the step (6), corresponding process parameters in the step (5) are selected according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part, and an Al-Si series alloy additive manufacturing is performed by adopting a unidirectional scanning path.
When the laser waveform is square wave, on one hand, the heat input of the molten pool is reduced, the cooling rate of the molten pool is improved (ξ can reach 105-106 ℃/s), the supercooling degree and the nucleation rate of the molten pool are improved, and the size of dendrite is further refined.
The method is mainly characterized in that under the action of continuous laser, a molten pool is in a quasi-steady state translational solidification mode along with the movement of laser, the molten pool has high temperature gradient, and the cooling rate is relatively slow (ξ is in the order of 103 ℃/s), so that relatively coarse columnar dendrites are formed.
By comparison, the method can effectively refine the dendritic crystal size, obtain a fine equiaxial dendritic crystal structure and improve the mechanical property of the Al-Si alloy.

Claims (4)

1. A dendritic crystal morphology regulation method for an Al-Si alloy is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) setting main parameters of a laser additive manufacturing process, wherein the laser peak power P is 700-1000W, the scanning speed V is 6-14 mm/s, and the spot diameter D is 1.0-3.0 mm;
(2) carrying out laser additive forming on the Al-Si alloy by adopting the parameters set in the step (1), and recording the instantaneous temperature change of a molten pool of the Al-Si alloy in the laser additive forming process to obtain an instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool;
(3) calculating a maximum value Tmax, a minimum value Tmin, an average value Tav of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool and an average cooling rate ξ of the cooling stage of the molten pool in a single pulse period according to the instantaneous temperature change curve of the molten pool obtained in the step (2);
(4) repeating the step (2) and the step (3) for 2 to 3 times, and obtaining a columnar dendritic crystal according to an instantaneous temperature change curve of a molten pool obtained each time, wherein when the Tmax is more than or equal to 2.2Tm and less than or equal to 3.2Tm, the Tav is more than or equal to 600 ℃, and the ξ is more than or equal to 3.5 multiplied by 103 ℃/s, a columnar dendritic crystal is obtained, and when the Tmax is more than or equal to 3.2Tm, the Tav is more than or equal to 400 ℃ and less than or equal to 600 ℃, the Tav is more than or equal to 3.5 multiplied by 103 ℃/s is more than or equal to ξ and less than or equal to 5.;
(5) according to the data information obtained in the step (4), one-step optimization of laser additive forming process parameters is carried out, and the main process parameters for obtaining the morphology of the columnar dendritic crystal are as follows: adopting continuous laser, wherein the laser power is 600-1000W, the laser scanning speed is 6-12 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 1-2 mm; the main process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal morphology are as follows: the laser waveform is square wave, the laser peak power is 750-900W, the pulse frequency is 50 Hz-10 Hz, the duty ratio is 0.5-0.9, the scanning speed is 8-12 mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10-18 g/min, and the spot diameter is 1.5-2 mm;
(6) and (5) selecting corresponding process parameters in the step (5) according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part to perform Al-Si series alloy additive manufacturing.
2. The method for regulating the dendritic morphology of the Al-Si system alloy according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), a colorimetric pyrometer is used for recording the instantaneous temperature change of a molten pool of the Al-Si system alloy in the laser additive forming process.
3. The method for regulating the dendritic morphology of the Al-Si system alloy according to claim 2, wherein the emissivity of a colorimetric pyrometer is 1.05, the spot size is 1.0mm, and the single data acquisition time is 1 ms.
4. The method for regulating the dendritic morphology of the Al-Si alloy according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), corresponding process parameters in the step (5) are selected according to the dendritic morphology required by the part, and an Al-Si alloy additive manufacturing process is performed by adopting a unidirectional scanning path.
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CN111965171A (en) * 2020-07-22 2020-11-20 江苏大学 Method for preparing functionally graded material based on closed-loop joint measurement and control system
CN112658281A (en) * 2020-12-23 2021-04-16 湖南大学 Method for improving internal quality of high-entropy alloy manufactured by laser additive manufacturing

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CN112658281A (en) * 2020-12-23 2021-04-16 湖南大学 Method for improving internal quality of high-entropy alloy manufactured by laser additive manufacturing

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