CN110952524A - Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation and construction method thereof - Google Patents
Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation and construction method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110952524A CN110952524A CN201911086373.4A CN201911086373A CN110952524A CN 110952524 A CN110952524 A CN 110952524A CN 201911086373 A CN201911086373 A CN 201911086373A CN 110952524 A CN110952524 A CN 110952524A
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- tire
- hollow pile
- waste tire
- pile
- soft foundation
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- 239000010920 waste tyre Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/08—Improving by compacting by inserting stones or lost bodies, e.g. compaction piles
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/24—Prefabricated piles
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/52—Piles composed of separable parts, e.g. telescopic tubes ; Piles composed of segments
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating a soft foundation and a construction method thereof. The construction method comprises the following steps: geological exploration, prefabrication of a tire crown and a sleeve mold, setting of the tire sleeve mold, pulling out the tire sleeve mold, backfilling concrete in a hollow pile top and repeating the steps at intervals of 2-4.5 m. Compared with the traditional method for treating the soft soil foundation by adopting materials such as reinforcing steel bars, concrete and the like, the method reduces the cost of engineering materials and has economic and environmental protection benefits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of soft foundation reinforcement, in particular to a waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating a soft foundation and a construction method thereof.
Background
The concrete hollow pile is used as a common structural form for reinforcing a building foundation, has strong vitality, and the construction technology of the concrete hollow pile is continuously improved and developed. Although the traditional method for treating the soft foundation, such as the preloading method (the longest period), the vacuum preloading method (the long period), the electroosmosis method (the too high cost) and the like, can better reinforce the soft foundation to a certain extent, the traditional method has high cost, long construction period and unobvious effect, and thus the applicability of the project is not high.
When a traditional concrete hollow pile is sunk, soil around the pile is compacted or squeezed open, so that the soil generates horizontal displacement or vertical uplift, floating, pile position deviation and pile body buckling and breaking or influence on adjacent buildings, pipelines, roads and the like can be caused when the pile is close to the pressed pile, and most importantly, the construction period of the concrete hollow pile is long, the construction cost is high, a large amount of concrete is needed, and a large amount of sand and stone materials are also needed. The price of the sandstone materials is rising over and over again, and some areas even have the problem of increasing shortage of the sandstone materials, so that the substitute is urgently required to be searched.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention aims to provide the waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation, which is economical and practical, has good long-term stability and long service life.
The technical scheme is as follows: the invention relates to a waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating a soft foundation, which comprises a hollow pile and the soft foundation, wherein the hollow pile is pressed into the soft foundation at intervals through a tire sleeve mold and a piston, the hollow pile comprises a hollow pile top cover, a waste tire crown and cement slurry, the waste tire crown is stacked one by one and fixedly connected with the cement slurry, and the top of the hollow pile is provided with the hollow pile top cover.
The hollow piles are 3-10 m in length, 2-4.5 m in spacing and 3-4 cm in thickness. The waste tire crown is cut from a complete waste tire along the tread, leaving the crown portion thereof, and each crown is cut in half. The strength of the cement slurry reaches M10 or above, and a hollow pile with a waste tire crown as a core and the cement slurry as an inclusion is formed. The hollow pile top cover is made of concrete with strength higher than C20. The inner diameter of the hollow pile is divided into three types of 50cm, 70cm and 110 cm.
The tire cover die comprises an outer sleeve, an inner sleeve, a tire shoe, ribs and lifting holes, wherein the tire shoe is hinged to the bottom end of the outer sleeve, the outer sleeve and the inner sleeve are connected through the ribs, the lifting holes are formed in the ribs which are 20-25 cm downward from the top of the tire cover die, holes with the diameter of 1cm are reserved on the ribs on two sides and serve as the lifting holes, the cover die can be conveniently pulled out through a pile puller, and the pile puller adopts a hydraulic pile puller special for profile steel. The tire boots are composed of a plurality of pieces of trapezoidal carbon steel plates and are connected with the outer sleeves through hinges. The outer sleeve and the inner sleeve are made of Q235 carbon steel, the model number of the tire sleeve is 43cm x 50cm x 3.4cm x 0.1cm (the diameter of the inner shell x the diameter of the outer shell x the thickness of the cavity x the thickness of the inner shell), 63cm x 70cm x 3.3cm x 0.2cm and 103cm x 110cm x 3.2cm x 0.3cm, the lower end of the inner sleeve exceeds the outer sleeve by 30cm, and the inner sleeve is longer than the hollow pile by 50 cm.
The soft foundation is loose or medium sand foundation with relative compactness less than 55% or soft clay foundation between plastic and fluid plastic. The piston is marked with scales so as to facilitate the positioning and compaction of the tire crown of the waste tire, and the piston is in a semi-annular shape, is made of light polytetrafluoroethylene and has a length of 3-10 m.
The construction method of the waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation comprises the following steps:
(a) geological exploration: surveying the physical and mechanical characteristics of a soil layer of the soft foundation, and determining the diameter, the pile length, the pile spacing and the model number of a waste tire and a tire cover mold of the hollow pile;
(b) prefabrication of a tire crown and a cover die: manufacturing a matched tire sleeve mold according to the determined specification of the waste tire, cutting the complete waste tire tread, reserving the tire crown part, and cutting each tire crown into two halves to obtain the tire crown of the waste tire;
(c) and (3) arranging a tire cover die: closing the tire shoe at the bottom end of the outer sleeve on the surface of the inner sleeve, and pressing a tire sleeve mold into the designed depth of the soft foundation;
(d) crown setting: vertically hoisting a light piston with scales, plugging the crown of the waste tire into the tire sleeve mold one by using the piston, and judging whether the crown of the waste tire is in place or not according to the scales of the piston;
(e) injecting cement slurry: filling cement slurry around the crown of the waste tire, and immediately pulling out the tire sleeve mold through the lifting hole;
(f) pile top hollow backfilling concrete: removing pile core soil with the thickness of 50cm below the ground of the hollow pile, and recharging concrete with the strength higher than C20 as a top cover of the hollow pile to form a single hollow pile;
(g) repeating the steps (c) to (f) at an interval of 2-4.5 m until all required soft foundations are treated.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable characteristics:
1. the invention mainly utilizes the waste tires as the main material of the hollow pile, and compared with the traditional method of adopting materials such as reinforcing steel bars, concrete and the like to treat the soft soil foundation, the invention reduces the cost of engineering materials and has economic and environmental protection benefits;
2. the waste tire has the advantages of wear resistance, ageing resistance, excellent shock resistance and the like, has good deformation adaptability and long-term stability, and has long service life;
3. the insertion of the crown of the waste tire compacts the surrounding soil body, enhances the strength of the surrounding soil body, and simultaneously, the crown and the soil particle have larger contact surface and obvious friction effect;
4. the periphery of the tire is wrapped by cement grouting, so that the interaction between the waste tire and the soil body can be increased, and the overall bearing capacity of the hollow pile is improved;
5. the construction process is relatively simple and convenient, and is favorable for popularization and application of engineering;
6. the waste tires are adopted to replace the traditional concrete piles, and the problem that the sand and stone materials are gradually lacking is solved.
Drawings
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a hollow pile 1 according to the invention;
fig. 2 is a plan layout view of a hollow pile 1 according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the cutting of the crown 102 of a used tire according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a tire cover mold 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the tire cover mold 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the tire form 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the construction of the tire shoe 203 of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a schematic view of the structure of the piston 4 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The directions shown in the drawings of the specification are up, down, left and right.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, a static pile driver is used for pressing a tire sleeve mold 2 into a soft foundation 3, and pistons 4 with scales are used for plugging waste tire crowns 102 into the tire sleeve mold 2 one by one; then, cement grout 103 is filled around the crown 102 of the waste tire, and the tire sleeve mold 2 is pulled out through the hanging hole 205; and finally, taking out the pile core soil below the ground surface, and pouring concrete as a hollow pile top cover 6 to form the thin-wall hollow pile 1 with the length of 3-10 m and the thickness of 3-5 cm. The hollow pile 1 is 3-10 m in length and 50cm in inner diameter. The soft foundation 3 is a loose or medium-density sandy soil foundation with a relative compactness of less than 55% or a soft clay foundation between plastic and fluid plastic. The strength of the poured cement grout 103 reaches M10 or above, and the thin-wall hollow pile 1 with the waste tire crown 102 as a core and the cement grout 103 as an inclusion is formed.
As shown in fig. 2 to 3, the distance between the hollow piles 1 is 2 to 4.5m, the tire crown 102 of the waste tire is cut by the complete waste tire along the tire tread, the tire crown part is reserved, and each tire crown is cut into two halves. The width of the waste tire crown 102 is 20-30 cm, the diameter is 50-110 cm, and the thickness is 2-3 cm.
As shown in fig. 4 to 7, the outer sleeve 201 and the inner sleeve 202 of the tire sleeve mold 2 are both made of Q235 carbon steel, the model of the tire sleeve mold 2 is 43cm by 50cm by 3.4cm by 0.1cm (inner shell diameter by outer shell diameter by cavity thickness by inner shell thickness), the lower end of the inner sleeve 202 exceeds the outer sleeve 201 by 30cm, and the length of the inner sleeve 202 is 50cm longer than that of the hollow pile 1. The tire shoe 203 is composed of a plurality of trapezoidal carbon steel plates, the trapezoidal carbon steel plates are arranged at the bottom end of the outer sleeve 201 through a hinge 206, the rib 204 of the tire sleeve mold 2, the outer sleeve 201 and the inner sleeve 202 are made of the same steel plate, the steel plate is welded between the outer sleeve 201 and the inner sleeve 202, the strength of a welding joint is not lower than 90% of that of steel, the length is 40cm, and the width is 2 cm. The top end of the tire cover die 2 is exposed to the ground by 50cm, holes with the diameter of 1cm are reserved on ribs 204 on two sides of the position of 25cm respectively to be used as hanging holes 205, so that the tire cover die 2 can be conveniently pulled out by a pile pulling machine, and the pile pulling machine adopts a special hydraulic pile pulling machine for profile steel.
As shown in fig. 7, the waste tire crown 102 divided into two halves is pressed into the tire sleeve mold 2 through a piston 4 with scales, the scales are marked on the piston 4 to facilitate the positioning and compaction of the waste tire crown 102, the piston 4 is in a semi-annular shape, the material is light polytetrafluoroethylene plastic, and the length is 3-10 m. The range of the piston 4 is 0-10 m, and the precision is 1 cm.
Example 2
This example differs from example 1 only in that: the inner diameter of the hollow pile 1 is 70cm, the model of the tire cover die 2 is 63cm x 70cm x 3.3cm x 0.2cm (the diameter of the inner shell x the diameter of the outer shell x the thickness of the cavity x the thickness of the inner shell), and the rest structures and construction methods are the same.
Example 3
This example differs from example 1 only in that: the inner diameter of the hollow pile 1 is 110cm, the model of the tire cover die 2 is 103cm x 110cm x 3.2cm x 0.3cm (the diameter of the inner shell x the diameter of the outer shell x the thickness of the cavity x the thickness of the inner shell), and the rest structures and construction methods are the same.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a handle junked tire thin wall hollow pile of soft ground which characterized in that: including hollow pile (1) and soft ground (3), hollow pile (1) is impressed soft ground (3) through tire cover mould (2) and piston (4) interval, hollow pile (1) is including hollow pile top cap (101), junked tire child hat (102) and cement thick liquid (103), junked tire child hat (102) stack one by one and link firmly with cement thick liquid (103), hollow pile (1) top sets up hollow pile top cap (101).
2. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the hollow piles (1) are 3-10 m in length, 2-4.5 m in spacing and 3-4 cm in thickness.
3. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the scrap tire tread band (102) is cut from a complete scrap tire along the tread band, leaving a tread band portion, and cutting each tread band into two halves.
4. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the strength of the cement slurry (103) reaches M10 and above.
5. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the hollow pile top cover (101) is made of concrete with strength higher than C20.
6. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the tire cover die (2) comprises an outer sleeve (201), an inner sleeve (202), a tire shoe (203), ribs (204) and lifting holes (205), the tire shoe (203) is hinged to the bottom end of the outer sleeve (201), the outer sleeve (201) and the inner sleeve (202) are connected through the ribs (204), and the lifting holes (205) are formed in the ribs (204) at the positions 25-30 cm below the top of the tire cover die (2).
7. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the tire boots (203) are composed of a plurality of trapezoidal carbon steel plates and are connected with the outer sleeves (201) through hinges (206).
8. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the soft foundation (3) is a loose or medium-density sand foundation with relative compactness of less than 55 percent or a soft clay foundation between plastic and flow plastic.
9. The waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the piston (4) is marked with scales and is in a semi-annular shape, the material is light polytetrafluoroethylene, and the length is 3-10 m.
10. The construction method of the waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating the soft foundation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by comprising the following steps:
(a) geological exploration: surveying the physical and mechanical characteristics of a soil layer of the soft foundation (3), determining the diameter, the pile length and the pile spacing of the hollow pile (1), and the model of the waste tire and the tire cover die (2);
(b) prefabrication of a tire crown and a cover die: manufacturing a matched tire sleeve mold (2) according to the determined specification of the waste tire, cutting the complete waste tire tread, reserving the tire crown part, and cutting each tire crown into two halves to obtain a waste tire crown (102);
(c) and (3) arranging a tire cover die: closing the tire shoe (203) at the bottom end of the outer sleeve on the surface of the inner sleeve (202), and pressing the tire sleeve mold (2) into the designed depth of the soft foundation (3);
(d) crown setting: the light piston (4) with scales is vertically lifted, the crown (102) of the waste tire is plugged into the tire sleeve mold (2) one by the piston, and whether the crown (102) of the waste tire is in place or not is judged according to the scales of the piston (4);
(e) injecting cement slurry: cement grout (103) is filled around the crown (102) of the waste tire, and the tire sleeve mold (2) is pulled out through the lifting hole (205);
(f) pile top hollow backfilling concrete: removing pile core soil with the thickness of 50cm below the ground of the hollow pile (1), and recharging concrete with the strength higher than C20 as a hollow pile top cover (101) to form a single hollow pile (1);
(g) repeating the steps (c) to (f) at an interval of 2-4.5 m until all required soft foundations (3) are treated.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911086373.4A CN110952524B (en) | 2019-11-08 | 2019-11-08 | Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation and construction method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911086373.4A CN110952524B (en) | 2019-11-08 | 2019-11-08 | Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation and construction method thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110952524A true CN110952524A (en) | 2020-04-03 |
| CN110952524B CN110952524B (en) | 2024-04-19 |
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| CN201911086373.4A Active CN110952524B (en) | 2019-11-08 | 2019-11-08 | Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation and construction method thereof |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112127352A (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2020-12-25 | 盐城工学院 | Anti-clogging vacuum consolidation drainage and special-shaped pile forming soft soil reinforcing method based on waste tires |
| CN112431165A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-03-02 | 江苏科技大学 | Reinforcing device for ecologically reinforcing sandy coast side slope and construction method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1998006904A1 (en) * | 1996-08-13 | 1998-02-19 | Richard Marcel Camille Gay | Multi-purpose road safety system by a rampart of used tyres and implementing method |
| JPH1129927A (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 1999-02-02 | Mitsuo Kobayashi | Ground subsidence preventive foundation pile using old tire block |
| CN201395792Y (en) * | 2009-03-14 | 2010-02-03 | 吴明华 | Rubber pile toe of primary puncher |
| CN204475361U (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-07-15 | 沈阳建筑大学 | Prestressed damping formula Tyre structure ground |
| CN108560542A (en) * | 2018-05-03 | 2018-09-21 | 湖北工业大学 | A kind of waste tire cladding builds the two-directed reinforcement and its construction method of slag |
| CN211143045U (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2020-07-31 | 江苏科技大学 | Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation |
-
2019
- 2019-11-08 CN CN201911086373.4A patent/CN110952524B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1998006904A1 (en) * | 1996-08-13 | 1998-02-19 | Richard Marcel Camille Gay | Multi-purpose road safety system by a rampart of used tyres and implementing method |
| JPH1129927A (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 1999-02-02 | Mitsuo Kobayashi | Ground subsidence preventive foundation pile using old tire block |
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| CN204475361U (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-07-15 | 沈阳建筑大学 | Prestressed damping formula Tyre structure ground |
| CN108560542A (en) * | 2018-05-03 | 2018-09-21 | 湖北工业大学 | A kind of waste tire cladding builds the two-directed reinforcement and its construction method of slag |
| CN211143045U (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2020-07-31 | 江苏科技大学 | Waste tire thin-wall hollow pile for treating soft foundation |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 周剑伟等: "废旧轮胎桩靴现浇薄壁管桩施工技术及其工程应用", 《浙江交通职业技术学院学报》, vol. 12, no. 2, pages 29 - 32 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112127352A (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2020-12-25 | 盐城工学院 | Anti-clogging vacuum consolidation drainage and special-shaped pile forming soft soil reinforcing method based on waste tires |
| CN112127352B (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2021-09-21 | 盐城工学院 | Anti-clogging vacuum consolidation drainage and special-shaped pile forming soft soil reinforcing method based on waste tires |
| CN112431165A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-03-02 | 江苏科技大学 | Reinforcing device for ecologically reinforcing sandy coast side slope and construction method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN110952524B (en) | 2024-04-19 |
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