CN110897092A - 一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法及其应用;阻断方法先将发酵原料浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中;然后用臭氧对经过浸泡后的发酵原料进行杀菌;最后将发酵原料与食用活性炭和食盐混合,并将混合物的pH值调节至4~5,于18~22℃条件下密闭发酵即可。采用本发明中的方法处理后,发酵原料中的细菌含量大大降低,并能减少细菌质粒含量,从根源上杜绝抗性基因的水平转移,可以避免发酵过程中抗生素的水平转移引起的抗性菌群扩大,降低发酵食品的安全风险。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品加工技术领域,具体涉及一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法及其应用。
背景技术
食品的发酵过程是获得性抗生素基因(AARGs)污染在发酵食品中发生水平转移和扩散的主要场所,是导致“发酵食品被认为是环境AARGs向人体转移抗生素抗性的主要载体”的重要原因。过去人们通常认为:食品原料中抗生素残留是导致食品中抗生素抗性菌产生的主要原因。然而,新的研究表明:环境中抗生素的残留水平对微生物几乎没有诱导抗性的风险,最大的风险就是对抗性细菌的选择。研究发现在食品生产过程中会产生许多新的抗生素抗性菌,这些抗性菌携带的AARGs主要来源于原料和加工环境污染的AARGs在加工过程中的水平转移。
发酵过程中多样化的微生物参与为蔬菜原料和发酵环境中污染的AARGs提供了水平转移和扩散的高风险生态环境。在动物源食品酸乳、干酪和肉制品的发酵过程中,肠球菌RE39中的AARGs可在肠球菌RE39、粪肠球菌JH2-2、肠膜明串珠菌、无害李斯特氏菌、乳酸乳球菌、乳酸杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌中水平转移;嗜热链球菌中的AARGs可在乳酸乳球菌、短乳杆菌和瑞士乳杆菌间进行水平转移;粪肠球菌F01中的AARGs可以在金黄色葡萄球菌80CR5、无害李斯特氏菌L17、肠膜明串珠菌M7-1、乳酸链球菌双乙酰亚种Bu2-60和粪肠球菌JH2-2间水平转移。因此,AARGs在发酵过程中的水平转移引起的抗性菌群扩大进一步加大了发酵食品中AARGs的潜在食品安全风险。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术,本发明提供一发酵食品被认为是环境AARGs向人体转移抗生素抗性的主要载体,以实现阻断抗生素抗性基因在细菌间进行水平转移的目的。
为了达到上述目的,本发明所采用的技术方案是:提供一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,本发明中的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法包括以下步骤:
S1:用碳酸盐溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2~2.5wt%的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的发酵原料按1g:3~5mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡1~2h后捞出沥干;
S3:用浓度为15~25ppm的臭氧对经过S2处理的发酵原料进行杀菌,杀菌时间为40~60min;
S4:将经过S3处理的发酵原料与食用活性炭按100:1~3的质量比混合,再加入食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至4~5,于18~22℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
在上述技术方案的基础上,本发明还可以做如下改进。
进一步,碳酸盐溶液为浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钠或碳酸钾溶液。
进一步,S2中发酵原料与稳定态二氧化氯溶液的料液比为1g:4mL,浸泡时间为2h。
进一步,S3中臭氧浓度为20ppm,杀菌时间为45min。
进一步,S3中臭氧杀菌在密闭环境下进行,杀菌过程中环境压力为0.5~1Mpa。
进一步,S4中发酵原料与食用活性炭的质量比为50:1。
进一步,食用活性炭为椰子壳活性炭、赤松炭或竹炭。
进一步,S4中食盐添加量为发酵原料质量的2~5%。
本发明中的阻断方法先用稳定态二氧化氯溶液对发酵原料进行浸泡处理,二氧化氯能氧化细菌细胞,改变细胞膜的渗透性,并进入细胞内破坏细胞质,分解细菌的RNA和DNA,使细菌质粒量降低,减少抗性基因水平转移的“元件”,从根源上降低抗性基因水平转移的概率。
发酵原料经二氧化氯处理后再用臭氧进行处理,臭氧可以直接作用于细菌的细胞壁和细胞膜中的肽聚糖、脂质以及蛋白质中的不饱和碳键,改变细胞壁和细胞膜的渗透性,细胞内物质外流,细菌细胞失活;同时臭氧还可以与水作用形成羟基自由基,羟基自由基具有将强的氧化性,其进入细菌细胞后破坏细菌DNA,使抗性基因水平转移失去载体,达到阻断抗生素抗性基因水平转移的目的。
本发明中将发酵原料与食用活性炭一起进行发酵,并控制发酵物的pH值为4~5,在此pH值下,抗生素与活性炭的石墨烯片层间可以通过π-π色散力相互作用,且此时抗生素的溶解度最小,疏水作用较强,因此活性炭对抗生素的吸附量达到最大。活性炭对芳香族抗生素的吸附作用原理主要有:1)活性炭表面的石墨烯片层的π电子和芳香环中π电子的色散力;2)羰基型表面基团作为供体和芳香环化合物结合,形成供受体复合物;3)静电作用以及氢键的形成。由于活性炭对抗生素具有较强的吸附作用,可以将发酵物中的抗生素吸附固定住,避免抗生素在细菌间进行水平转移,加你最终产品中抗生素的含量。
本发明的有益效果是:
经过本发明中的方法处理后,发酵原料中的细菌含量大大降低,并能减少细菌质粒含量,从根源上杜绝抗性基因的水平转移,可以避免发酵过程中抗生素的水平转移引起的抗性菌群扩大,降低发酵食品的安全风险。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。
实施例一:
一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:用浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钠溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2wt%左右的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的豇豆按1g:4mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡2h后捞出沥干;
S3:将经过S2处理的豇豆置于密闭容器中,并向密闭容器中充入浓度为20ppm左右的臭氧,使密闭容器中的压力为1MPa左右,在此条件下杀菌处理45min;
S4:将经过S3处理的豇豆与食用级椰子壳活性炭按100:2的质量比混合,再加入占豇豆质量3%的食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至5左右,于20℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
实施例二:
一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:用浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钾溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2.5wt%左右的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的萝卜按1g:5mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡1h后捞出沥干;
S3:将经过S2处理的豇豆置于密闭容器中,并向密闭容器中充入浓度为25ppm左右的臭氧,使密闭容器中的压力为0.5MPa左右,在此条件下杀菌处理60min;
S4:将经过S3处理的豇豆与食用级赤松炭按100:3的质量比混合,再加入占豇豆质量5%的食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至5左右,于18℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
实施例三:
一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:用浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钠溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2.0wt%左右的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的白菜按1g:3mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡1h后捞出沥干;
S3:将经过S2处理的豇豆置于密闭容器中,并向密闭容器中充入浓度为15ppm左右的臭氧,使密闭容器中的压力为1MPa左右,在此条件下杀菌处理45min;
S4:将经过S3处理的豇豆与食用级赤松炭按100:1的质量比混合,再加入占豇豆质量3%的食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至4左右,于22℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
对比例一
一种泡菜发酵方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:用浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钠溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2wt%左右的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的豇豆按1g:4mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡2h后捞出沥干;
S3:将经过S2处理的豇豆与食用级椰子壳活性炭按100:2的质量比混合,再加入占豇豆质量3%的食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至5左右,于20℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
对比例二
一种泡菜发酵方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:将清洗干净豇豆置于密闭容器中,并向密闭容器中充入浓度为20ppm左右的臭氧,使密闭容器中的压力为1MPa左右,在此条件下杀菌处理45min;
S2:将经过S1处理的豇豆与食用级椰子壳活性炭按100:2的质量比混合,再加入占豇豆质量3%的食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至5左右,于20℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
对比例三
一种泡菜发酵方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:用浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钠溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2wt%左右的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的豇豆按1g:4mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡2h后捞出沥干;
S3:将经过S2处理的豇豆置于密闭容器中,并向密闭容器中充入浓度为20ppm左右的臭氧,使密闭容器中的压力为1MPa左右,在此条件下杀菌处理45min;
S4:将经过S3处理的豇豆与占豇豆质量3%的食盐搅拌均匀,于20℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
对比例四
一种泡菜发酵方法,具体的为:将清洗干净的豇豆与占豇豆质量3%的食盐搅拌均匀,于20℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
结果分析
取实施一中发酵前的豇豆,以及实施例一和对比例1~4中发酵所得的泡菜,分别测定它们的磺胺类抗性基因(sul I、sul II、sul III)含量,结果列于表1。
表1磺胺类抗性基因含量(copies/mL)
从表中可以看出,采用本发明的方法发酵的泡菜抗性基因含量显著下降,表明本发明中的阻断方法对抗性基因的水平转移具有良好的阻断效果。对比例1~3的发酵方法虽然也可以一定程度上降低抗性基因的含量,但是下降并不明显,表明二氧化氯、臭氧处理以及与活性炭共同发酵是降低抗性基因含量的有效手段。对比例4未采用任何处理,发酵得到的泡菜抗性基因含量反而增加,是由于发酵过程中AARGs水平转移引起的抗性菌群扩大引起的。
虽然结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式进行了详细地描述,但不应理解为对本专利的保护范围的限定。在权利要求书所描述的范围内,本领域技术人员不经创造性劳动即可作出的各种修改和变形仍属本专利的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1:用碳酸盐溶液吸收二氧化氯气体,制备二氧化氯含量为2~2.5wt%的稳定态二氧化氯溶液;
S2:将清洗干净的发酵原料按1g:3~5mL的料液比浸入稳定态二氧化氯溶液中,浸泡1~2h后捞出沥干;
S3:用浓度为15~25ppm的臭氧对经过S2处理的发酵原料进行杀菌,杀菌时间为40~60min;
S4:将经过S3处理的发酵原料与食用活性炭按100:1~3的质量比混合,再加入食盐搅拌均匀,然后将混合物的pH值调节至4~5,于18~22℃条件下密闭发酵即可。
2.根据权利要求1所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:所述碳酸盐溶液为浓度为1mol/L的碳酸钠或碳酸钾溶液。
3.根据权利要求1所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:S2中发酵原料与稳定态二氧化氯溶液的料液比为1g:4mL,浸泡时间为2h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:S3中臭氧浓度为20ppm,杀菌时间为45min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:S3中臭氧杀菌在密闭环境下进行,杀菌过程中环境压力为0.5~1Mpa。
6.根据权利要求1所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:S4中发酵原料与食用活性炭的质量比为50:1。
7.根据权利要求1或6所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:所述食用活性炭为椰子壳活性炭、赤松炭或竹炭。
8.根据权利要求所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法,其特征在于:S4中食盐添加量为发酵原料质量的2~5%。
9.如权利要求1~8任一项所述的阻断发酵食品中抗生素抗性基因水平转移的方法在泡菜或咸菜制备中的应用。
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