CN110873282A - 用于运行机动车的方法以及机动车 - Google Patents

用于运行机动车的方法以及机动车 Download PDF

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CN110873282A
CN110873282A CN201910811006.XA CN201910811006A CN110873282A CN 110873282 A CN110873282 A CN 110873282A CN 201910811006 A CN201910811006 A CN 201910811006A CN 110873282 A CN110873282 A CN 110873282A
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pressure vessel
temperature
pressure
fuel
motor vehicle
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CN110873282B (zh
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C·德特马
A·佩尔格
H-U·斯塔尔
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K15/00Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03Fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03006Gas tanks
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C5/00Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
    • F17C5/06Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with compressed gases
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K15/00Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03Fuel tanks
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
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    • F17C13/00Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
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    • F17C13/025Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the pressure as the parameter
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K15/00Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03Fuel tanks
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60K15/03Fuel tanks
    • B60K2015/03309Tanks specially adapted for particular fuels
    • B60K2015/03315Tanks specially adapted for particular fuels for hydrogen
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60K2015/03361Arrangements or special measures related to fuel tanks or fuel handling for checking the quality or quantity of fuel during filling of fuel tank
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    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60K15/00Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03Fuel tanks
    • B60K2015/03328Arrangements or special measures related to fuel tanks or fuel handling
    • B60K2015/03375Arrangements or special measures related to fuel tanks or fuel handling to improve security
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60YINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
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Abstract

本文公开的技术尤其是涉及一种用于运行具有至少一个压力容器的机动车的方法。该方法包括下述步骤:i)创建特性曲线族,该特性曲线族描述压力容器中介质在压力容器内不同位置处有关于压力变化的温度特性;ii)测量压力容器内一个位置处的温度;和iii)基于测量的温度和特性曲线族计算:至少一个温度极值和/或至少一个温度平均值。

Description

用于运行机动车的方法以及机动车
技术领域
本文公开的技术涉及一种用于运行具有压力容器系统的机动车的方法。本文公开的技术还包括机动车,其构造用于实施本文公开的方法的至少一种方法。具有压力容器系统的机动车本身是已知的。
背景技术
在填充压力容器系统的压力容器期间,由于燃料压缩而产生热量。因此在加燃料期间压力容器加热。如果超过压力容器的上限温度,则压力容器损坏的可能性增加。类似地,在从压力容器中提取燃料期间,发生膨胀冷却,其冷却压力容器。如果低于压力容器的下限温度,则压力容器损坏的可能性也增加。可通过缓慢填充或提取来降低压力容器的不允许地高的加热或冷却的风险。但在实践中车辆用户希望尽可能快地给压力容器加燃料并在高负载范围内提取相对大量的燃料。因此,存在尽可能快地用燃料填充在其它方面已知的压力容器或者尽可能快地从压力容器中提取燃料的需求。此外,在填充或提取期间以及基于分层,在压力容器中形成不均匀的温度场。如果仅确定压力容器中一个部位或几个部位处的温度,则只能不精确地确定总燃料密度或总燃料质量。
发明内容
本文公开的技术的优选任务在于,减少或消除已知解决方案的至少一个缺点或提出替代解决方案。本文公开的技术的优选任务尤其是,改进燃料的填充或提取,并且这优选对安装空间、重量、生产成本和/或车辆安全性没有影响或仅有不明显的影响。此外,一个任务是,更精确地确定存储燃料的密度或质量。其它优选任务可由本文公开的技术的有益效果产生。所述一个或多个任务通过独立权利要求的技术方案解决。从属权利要求构成优选实施方式。
本文公开的技术涉及一种具有加压容器系统的机动车(如轿车、摩托车、载货车)。这种车辆例如可以是配备有燃料电池系统作为能量转换器的车辆。
压力容器系统用于存储在环境条件下为气态的燃料。压力容器系统例如可用于借助压缩天然气(CNG)或液化天然气(LNG)或氢气运行的机动车中。压力容器系统与至少一个能量转换器流体连接,该能量转换器构造用于将燃料的化学能转换成其它能量形式。
这种压力容器系统包括至少一个压力容器、尤其是复合外包压力容器(=COPV)。压力容器例如可以是低温压力容器(=CcH2或COP)或高压气体容器(=CGH2)。
高压气体容器设计成在环境温度下持续地在约350barg(表压:超过大气压的部分)、更优选约700barg或更高的标称运行压力(也称为标称工作压力或NWP)下存储燃料。低温压力容器适合于即使在远低于机动车运行温度的温度下也可以在上述运行压力的情况下存储燃料。
本文公开的系统还包括至少一个控制器。该控制器还构造用于执行本文公开的方法步骤。为此,控制器可以基于所提供的信号至少部分并且优选完全地闭环控制或开环控制系统的致动器。控制器至少可影响压力容器系统。替代或附加地,控制器也可集成在另一控制器、如上级控制器中。该控制器可与机动车的其它控制器相互作用。
本文公开的技术尤其是涉及一种用于运行具有至少一个压力容器的机动车的方法。该方法包括下述步骤:
创建特性曲线族,其描述压力容器中介质在压力容器内不同位置处有关于压力变化的温度特性;
测量压力容器内一个位置处的温度;和
基于测量的温度和特性曲线族计算:
i)压力容器中介质温度的至少一个极值,和/或
ii)压力容器中介质温度的至少一个平均值。
本文公开的特性曲线族尤其是可在为具有相同压力容器系统的机动车系列检测存储系统可靠性或机动车测试期间来创建。该特征曲线族表征压力容器中介质的热特性并且描述压力容器内不同位置处有关于存储燃料压力变化的温度特性。尤其是可通过不同实验和/或模拟来获得该特性曲线族。这种特性曲线族例如可以是多维查找表。
适宜的是,特性曲线族可根据以下参量来表征压力容器中介质的温度特性:
i)压力容器内的位置;
ii)压力变化速度;和
iii)环境温度。
压力容器内的位置在此是指压力容器内的如下部位(通常靠近压力容器壁),其温度应通过特性曲线族在考虑实际测量值的情况下计算或近似计算。例如已知在加燃料期间基于压力容器的压缩热而在与燃料箱阀相对置的端部处更强地加热。
压力变化速度或压力变化率在此是指压力容器中燃料的存储压力的变化率。在提取情况下,压力变化率受到燃料电池系统的运行策略影响。在加燃料期间,压力变化速度通常通过加燃料站的加燃料方法预定。加燃料例如可根据标准、如2016年的标准SAE J2601进行。特别优选可通过直接或间接检测加燃料的加燃料参数来检测压力变化速度。例如可通过通信接口通知机动车,加燃料以哪种压力曲线或以哪个压力斜坡进行。除了这种直接检测之外,车辆的控制器也可构造用于基于次级事实来推断加燃料或加燃料参数。
机动车可构造用于直接或间接检测环境温度。这种环境温度检测例如可通过机动车的温度传感器检测和/或无线地与机动车通信。
根据本文公开的技术,该方法包括步骤:测量压力容器一个位置处的温度。因此在机动车运行期间、尤其是在填充燃料和/或从压力容器中提取燃料期间测量实际温度。所述测量可借助至少一个温度传感器进行。有利的是,使用一个或多个温度传感器。例如温度传感器可设置在压力容器壁上。替代或附加地,温度传感器可设置在燃料箱阀中和/或设置在与压力容器内部流体连接的管路中。借助本文公开的技术可有利地实现最大填充和提取速率,而无需同时在压力容器的不同位置处安装多个温度传感器。
优选测量压力容器一个端部处、如其上设有燃料箱阀的端部处的温度。
本文公开的方法包括下述步骤:基于测量的温度和特性曲线族计算:
i)至少一个温度极值,和/或
ii)至少一个温度平均值。
所述至少一个极值可以是这样的值:
i)指示下限温度,在从压力容器提取燃料期间压力容器不得低于该下限温度;或
ii)指示上限温度,在以燃料填充期间压力容器不得超过该上限温度。
例如可预规定这种极限温度,以降低压力容器系统材料热学失效的可能性。
平均值例如可以是在不存在温差的情况下在填充或提取期间产生的存储燃料平均温度。该计算得到的平均温度例如可用于计算位于压力容器中的燃料密度或燃料质量。因此可更精确地确定燃料箱液位指示器的正确显示值。因此可减少基于燃料或压力容器的极大不同的加热所导致的测量不准确性。
换句话说,本文公开的技术基于下述思想:这样提取燃料,使得压力容器温度尽可能接近相应极值,但不低于它。同样在加燃料期间压力容器温度应尽可能接近极限温度,而不超过它。本文公开的技术在此考虑了在填充或提取期间压力容器中介质的温度分布。有利的是,根据本文公开的技术无需在每个压力容器的不同位置处安装多个温度传感器,而是使用压力容器特性曲线族,其通过测量和/或模拟获得。通过实验装置上的测量可为不同运行模式(如加燃料、提取)检测压力容器中介质的特定温度特性,其足够精确地表示整个压力容器中的温度,以识别相关的极限值超限。通过将实验中整个压力容器的测量结果与实际运行中(包括环境温度)的一个或多个测量点相关联,可创建校正值表(也称为特性曲线族),其根据运行模式从实际运行中的测量值确定压力容器其余部分的值。代替或附加于实验装置上的测量,也可通过模拟来获得特性曲线族。因此可有利地确定压力容器中介质的最高或最低温度。尤其是因此可确定所谓的冷点和/或热点,在其中压力容器壁特别冷或特别热。如果已知这种温度极值和其位置,则可更好地实施安全导向的运行策略。
因此,可以以相对低的成本实现相对高的安全性。尤其是可进一步降低由热效应引起的材料损坏的可能性。此外,可有利地改善燃料指示器的显示精度。
有利的是,本文公开的压力容器系统包括至少一个压力传感器,该压力传感器构造用于直接或间接地检测指示压力容器中压力或压力变化的值。
在创建特性曲线族时可使用本身已知的实验装置和统计方法。此外,已知用于导出特性曲线族的模拟模型。
附图说明
现在参考附图阐述本文公开的技术。附图如下:
图1是压力容器的示意性横剖视图;
图2是压力容器的两个不同位置处的压力曲线和温度曲线的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出压力容器的示意性横剖视图。压力容器包括一个此处圆柱形的中心部分和两个端部。在一个端部上示出填充和提取管路,通过该管路,燃料(在此为氢气H2)流入压力容器中。通过传感器在此在该端部附近检测燃料温度T1。此外,在与上述端部相对置的端部上检测燃料温度T2。此外,在此所示示例中还检测构件环境中的温度T构件环境以及环境温度T环境
图2示出压力容器的两个不同位置处的压力曲线和温度曲线的示意图,在所述位置上先前检测到温度T1和T2。可确定,在加燃料期间,温度T2比燃料箱阀附近的温度T1更强地上升。随着加燃料量的增加而出现最大温度偏差。在加燃料完成后,温度T1、T2再次逐渐趋同。
本文公开的技术可这样实现,即,例如在机动车中安装用于检测温度T1的温度传感器并且其测量实际的真实温度。其它点、如确定温度T2的点的其它温度曲线可通过对于相应压力变化情况的相应实验/模拟而存储在特性曲线族中。如果现在例如不应超过温度上限值或低于温度下限值,则可借助测量的温度和存储在特性曲线族中的温度偏差来推导热点或冷点中的实际温度,例如通过将温度偏差加到测量的实际温度上。得到的和例如可与上限值比较。同样,实际值本身也可用于与极限值进行目标-实际值比较。在这种实施方式中,特性曲线族用于确定偏差值。
在此所示示例中,假设使用恒定的加燃料斜坡或恒定的压力变化速度进行加燃料。但并非必须如此。同样,也可存储用于不同加燃料风格的特性曲线族。此外,在图2中仅阐释了加燃料。这同样适用于从压力容器中提取燃料,在这种情况下使用温度下限值。
本文公开的技术不限于具有一个压力容器的压力容器系统。同样,压力容器系统也可包括多个压力容器并且可为每个压力容器存储一个特性曲线族并且本文公开的方法可应用于每个压力容器。也可想到,多个压力容器构造成相同的并且同一特性曲线族表征它们的温度特性。在这种情况下,同一特性曲线族可用于两个压力容器。
本发明的上述描述仅用于说明目的并且不用于限制本发明。在本发明的范围中可在不离开本发明范围及其技术等价物的情况下实现各种改进和改型。

Claims (8)

1.用于运行具有至少一个压力容器的机动车的方法,包括下述步骤:
创建特性曲线族,该特性曲线族描述压力容器中介质在压力容器内不同位置处有关于压力变化的温度特性;
测量压力容器内一个位置处的温度;和
基于测量的温度和特性曲线族计算:
iii)至少一个温度极值,和/或
iv)至少一个温度平均值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述极值是下述值:
iii)该值指示下限温度,在从压力容器中提取燃料期间压力容器中的介质不得低于该下限温度;或
iv)该值指示上限温度,在以燃料填充期间压力容器中的介质不得超过该上限温度。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的方法,其中,所述平均值是在填充期间或在提取期间所存储燃料的平均温度。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,还包括步骤:基于计算的平均值调节燃料箱液位指示器。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述特性曲线族根据以下参量来表征压力容器的温度特性:
iv)压力容器内的位置;
v)压力变化速度;和
vi)环境温度。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,还包括下述步骤:
检测指示压力变化速度的值;和/或
检测指示环境温度的值。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,通过直接或间接检测加燃料的加燃料参数来检测压力变化速度。
8.机动车,包括至少一个压力容器和至少一个控制装置,所述控制装置构造用于实施前述方法之一。
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