CN110663479A - High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice - Google Patents
High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice, which belongs to the technical field of rice cultivation, and comprises the following steps of (1) seedling cultivation management: placing seedling raising matrix in a seedling tray, wherein the soil depth is 2-2.5cm, uniformly sowing in the tray according to quantity, stacking hard seedling trays for vertical buds during darkening, carrying the seedling trays to a seedling bed for tray arrangement when the seedlings grow to the height of 0.4-0.6cm, and preparing for transplanting after 30 days of tray arrangement; (2) field management: transplanting by adopting a transplanter, wherein 4-6 seedlings are planted in each hole, so that the basic seedlings per mu at least reach 7.4 ten thousand seedlings, and when a nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of a tiller nitrogen fertilizer to an ear nitrogen fertilizer is (20-25): (25-30), wherein 20 kg of pure nitrogen is applied per mu, and the application amount of phosphorus fertilizers and potassium fertilizers is 9 kg/mu; the invention is used for cultivating the long-seedling-age seedlings with high yield and high efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rice cultivation, and particularly relates to a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice.
Background
Rice is the main food crop in China, and the total yield is the first of all the countries in the world. In recent years, with the continuous development of social economy and the adjustment of industrial structure, a great amount of labor force in the young and the old in rural areas is lost, and the labor force for agricultural production is seriously insufficient. Therefore, improving the level of agricultural mechanization and realizing the whole-course mechanization of rice production become important ways for relieving the shortage of agricultural labor and realizing the agricultural modernization. The previous research shows that the seedling age is the factor which has the greatest influence on the yield of the machine-transplanted rice, and the fertilizer application amount is the next factor, and the basic seedling has the smallest influence. The elasticity of the seedling age of the machine-transplanted seedling is small, and the suitable seedling transplanting period is 2.5-4 leaf period. The previous studies on the seedlings with the proper age are more concentrated, and the related studies on the seedlings with the proper age are less. However, because the harvesting period of wheat in the large-area rice and wheat double-cropping area is relatively late, farmers cannot guarantee that the seedlings with proper age are transplanted in a proper period, even the transplanting seedling age reaches about 30 days, so that the transplanting with super seedling age is caused, the potential development of rice production is limited, the development of a rice transplanting technology of a rice machine is restricted, and the total grain yield in the area is also influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, provides a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice, solves the technical problem that the high yield of super-seedling-age cannot be ensured in the prior art, and can continuously ensure high yield and high efficiency under the condition of long seedling age by using the rice transplanting method.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice, which comprises the following steps,
(1) and (3) seedling raising management: placing seedling raising matrix in a seedling tray, wherein the soil depth is 2-2.5cm, uniformly sowing in the tray according to quantity, stacking hard seedling trays for vertical buds during darkening, carrying the seedling trays to a seedling bed for tray arrangement when the seedlings grow to the height of 0.4-0.6cm, and preparing for transplanting after 30 days of tray arrangement;
(2) field management: transplanting by adopting a transplanter, wherein 4-6 seedlings are planted in each hole, so that the basic seedlings per mu at least reach 7.4 ten thousand seedlings, and when a nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of a tiller nitrogen fertilizer to an ear nitrogen fertilizer is (20-25): (25-30), applying 20 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, applying the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer at 9 kg/mu, applying the nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer at 30% of the total nitrogen application amount, applying all the phosphate fertilizer as the base fertilizer, and applying the potassium fertilizer base fertilizer and the spike fertilizer at 50% respectively;
the water management is the same as the conventional method, specifically, the depth of a field water layer is 1-2cm during transplanting, and seedling floating, seedling falling and seedling emptying are avoided; shallow water irrigation is carried out in the tillering stage, and the water depth is maintained to be 3cm +/-0.1 cm; cutting off water after enough seedlings, naturally drying the seedlings in the sun, and irrigating for 3-4cm until a small opening is formed in the field; and in the booting stage and the flowering filling stage, a dry-wet alternative irrigation method is adopted, and irrigation is stopped one week before maturity.
In order to realize the seedling raising of the seedlings with long seedling ages, in the step (1), the seedling raising step after the tray arrangement is specifically,
1-10 days after the tray is placed, watering is mainly performed by 'horse race water', the water submerges the seedling tray during irrigation, then the water is emptied, and watering is performed again to submerge the seedling tray when the bed soil in the tray is dried, the water is emptied, and the process is repeated;
and (3) 11-30 days after the tray is placed, adopting a dry-wet alternative method for water management, namely, feeding water to submerge the seedling tray, naturally draining, feeding water to submerge the seedling tray again, naturally draining, and repeating the steps until the seedling tray is transplanted.
In order to further improve the yield of the rice, in the step (2), when 4 or 5 seedlings are planted in each hole and nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of the tiller nitrogen fertilizer to the ear nitrogen fertilizer is 5: 5; in the design, the high yield and high efficiency of the rice with long seedling age are ensured through the cooperative arrangement of the operation of different nitrogen fertilizers and the matching of transplanting density.
In order to further improve the yield of the rice, in the step (2), when 6 seedlings are planted in each hole and nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer for the tiller to the nitrogen fertilizer for the ear is 4: 6; in the design, the high yield and high efficiency of the rice with long seedling age are ensured through the cooperative arrangement of the operation of different nitrogen fertilizers and the matching of transplanting density.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the step (2), when the nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the application amount of the base fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen application amount, and the tillering fertilizer is respectively applied for 5 to 7 days and 10 to 12 days after the planting by 50 percent.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the step (1), 120g of dry seeds are quantitatively sown on each seedling tray, the seedling tray is a hard disk, and the standard of an inner cavity is 58cm by 28cm by 2.8 cm.
As a further improvement of the invention, the nitrogen fertilizer is conventional urea and has a nitrogen content of 46%.
As a further improvement of the invention, the phosphate fertilizer is granular calcium superphosphate, and the effective P2O5 content is 12%.
As a further improvement of the invention, the potash fertilizer is granular agricultural potassium sulfate, the effective component of the potash fertilizer is K2O, and the content of the potash fertilizer is 52%.
According to the method, the high yield and high efficiency of the rice with long seedling age are ensured under the cooperative co-operation of different nitrogen fertilizer operation and different transplanting densities, and the method has important practical significance and economic value for guiding the mechanized production of the rice in the rice and wheat double cropping area; can be applied to the rice cultivation work in the rice and wheat double cropping area.
Detailed Description
A high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice, which comprises the following steps,
(1) and (3) seedling raising management: placing seedling raising matrix in a seedling tray, wherein the soil depth is 2-2.5cm, uniformly sowing in the tray according to quantity, stacking hard seedling trays for vertical buds during darkening, carrying the seedling trays to a seedling bed for tray arrangement when the seedlings grow to the height of 0.4-0.6cm, and preparing for transplanting after 30 days of tray arrangement;
the concrete steps after the balance is placed are as follows,
1-10 days after the tray is placed, watering is mainly performed by 'horse race water', the water submerges the seedling tray during irrigation, then the water is emptied, and watering is performed again to submerge the seedling tray when the bed soil in the tray is dried, the water is emptied, and the process is repeated;
and (3) 11-30 days after the tray is placed, adopting a dry-wet alternative method for water management, namely, feeding water to submerge the seedling tray, naturally draining, feeding water to submerge the seedling tray again, naturally draining, and repeating the steps until the seedling tray is transplanted.
(2) Field management: transplanting by adopting a transplanter, wherein 4-6 seedlings are planted in each hole, so that the basic seedlings per mu at least reach 7.4 ten thousand seedlings, and when a nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of a tiller nitrogen fertilizer to an ear nitrogen fertilizer is (20-25): (25-30), applying 20 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, applying the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer at 9 kg/mu, applying the nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer at 30% of the total nitrogen application amount, applying all the phosphate fertilizer as the base fertilizer, and applying the potassium fertilizer base fertilizer and the spike fertilizer at 50% respectively;
the water management is the same as the conventional method, specifically, the depth of a field water layer is 1-2cm during transplanting, and seedling floating, seedling falling and seedling emptying are avoided; shallow water irrigation is carried out in the tillering stage, and the water depth is maintained to be 3cm +/-0.1 cm; cutting off water after enough seedlings, naturally drying the seedlings in the sun, and irrigating for 3-4cm until a small opening is formed in the field; adopting a dry-wet alternative irrigation method in the booting stage and the flowering grouting stage, and stopping irrigation one week before maturity;
wherein, each seedling tray quantitatively broadcasts 120g of dry seeds, the seedling tray is a hard disk, and the standard of an inner cavity is 58cm by 28cm by 2.8 cm; the nitrogen fertilizer is conventional urea, and the nitrogen content is 46 percent; the phosphate fertilizer is granular calcium superphosphate, and the effective P2O5 content is 12%; the potash fertilizer is granular potassium sulfate for agriculture, and has an effective component of K2O with a content of 52%.
In order to further improve the yield of the rice, in the step (2), when 4 or 5 seedlings are planted in each hole and nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of the tiller nitrogen fertilizer to the spike nitrogen fertilizer is 5: 5; when 6 seedlings are planted in each hole and nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer for the tiller to the nitrogen fertilizer for the ear is 4: 6; when the nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the application amount of the base fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen application amount, and the tillering fertilizer is respectively applied for 50 percent in 5 to 7 days and 10 to 12 days after the planting.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
The three-factor design of seedling age, density and nitrogen fertilizer operation is designed in the experiment, wherein the seedling age is a main area, the density is a cracking area, and the nitrogen fertilizer operation is a small cracking area. Setting the seedling age for 30 days, designing the density to plant the row spacing of 30cm x 12cm (1.85 ten thousand holes are planted per mu) respectively, inserting 4 seedlings, 5 seedlings and 6 seedlings into each hole respectively, carrying out 3 treatments, designing the ratio of the base fertilizer to the spike fertilizer to be 0, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3 and 8:2 to be 6 treatments in total by nitrogen fertilizer operation, wherein the application amount of the base fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen application amount, respectively applying 50 percent of the tillering fertilizer in 5-7 and 10-12 days after planting, and considering the application period of the spike fertilizer according to the condition of the seedlings;
meanwhile, the method is designed to be suitable for 20 days of seedling age, 20 kilograms of pure nitrogen are applied to each mu, and the nitrogen fertilizer application is carried out 6:4 in comparison;
total 3 × 6+1=19 treatments, 3 replicates per treatment, total 57 cells, 12-15m per cell2And the area of the test field is 1 mu.
The test variety is the local main pushed variety Lijing No. 11, the seeding amount is 120g per dry variety, and the dry seedling is raised.
Returning the straws to the field, wherein the application amount of a nitrogen fertilizer in the field is 20 kg of pure nitrogen applied per mu, the application amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are 9 kg/mu, all phosphate fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers, the potassium fertilizer base fertilizers and the panicle fertilizers are respectively applied by 50%, and other field management is carried out according to the technical measures of high-yield cultivation of rice; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is conventional urea, and the nitrogen content is 46 percent; the phosphate fertilizer is granular calcium superphosphate, and the effective P2O5 content is 12%; the potash fertilizer is granular agricultural potassium sulfate, the effective component of the potash fertilizer is K2O, and the content of the potash fertilizer is 52%.
The content of experimental determination is as follows:
1. the quality of the seedlings (seedling height, leaf age, thick stem base, single plant root number, fresh and dry plant weight and the like) in 20 days and 30 days;
2. seedling rate and seedling rate of 20 days and 30 days;
3. the yield of each experimental treatment and its constituent analysis conditions;
TABLE 1 seedling quality
| Treatment of | Age of leaf | Miao height (cm) | Width of stem base (mm) | Crown weight (mg) | Root weight (mg) | Root-crown ratio | Rate of seedling formation | Seedling rate (seed ratio) |
| 20 days | 3.8 | 12.8 | 2.01 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 1.02 | 97.76% | 82.42% |
| 30 days | 4.4 | 17.1 | 2.46 | 29.9 | 13.5 | 0.45 | 91.28% | 67.30% |
As can be seen from Table 1, the quality of the seedlings with long seedling age is obviously reduced compared with the proper seedling age, and the seedling rate are also obviously reduced. The seedling root system vigor and root cap ratio of the seedling beyond the proper seedling age are reduced, the leaf area is large, the evaporation capacity is large, the tillering period is delayed, the tillering is reduced, the short ears of the plant are few, and the yield is reduced by continuously applying the conventional nitrogen fertilizer.
TABLE 2 Effect of different cultivation methods on yield and its constituent factors
According to analysis of the second table, under the same basic seedlings, the yield of the long seedling age tends to increase first and then decrease along with the increase of the proportion of the basic tillering fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer operation (7.4 ten thousand and 9.25 ten thousand seedlings reach the maximum value at 5:5 of the nitrogen fertilizer operation per mu, 625.1 and 643.86 kilograms per mu respectively, and 11.1 ten thousand seedlings reach the maximum value at 4:6 of the nitrogen fertilizer operation per mu, 631.02 kilograms per mu), compared with the conventional cultivation method (namely, the proportion of the basic tillering nitrogen fertilizer to the ear nitrogen fertilizer is 6:4 per mu, the yield is 619.18 kilograms per mu, which is far lower than that of the cultivation method provided by the invention (9.25 ten thousand basic seedlings per mu, the proportion of the basic tillering nitrogen fertilizer to the ear fertilizer is 5:5, and the yield is 643.86 kilograms per mu); compared with the conventional cultivation method for transplanting the seedlings at the proper age (namely the seedling age is 20 days, 7.4 thousands of basic seedlings per mu, and the ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer for the basic tiller to the nitrogen fertilizer for the ear is 6: 4), the yield is 613.25 kilograms per mu, and is lower than that of the cultivation method provided by the invention (9.25 thousands of basic seedlings per mu, the ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer for the basic tiller to the nitrogen fertilizer for the ear is 5:5, and the yield is 643.86 kilograms per mu). Therefore, under the condition of long seedling age, basic seedlings are increased and transplanted, tillering nitrogen fertilizer is reduced, a certain spike number is obtained on the basis of ensuring timely spike alignment and maturation, the spike number and the large spike are mainly based on the potential of digging the large spike, the spike number and the large spike are cooperatively attacked to obtain higher population glume amount, higher seed setting rate and thousand seed weight are kept, high-quality population structures can be modeled, and the material accumulation amount in the middle and later stages is increased to improve the total biological yield.
Through experimental comparative analysis, it can be seen that under the synergistic co-operation of different nitrogen fertilizer operation and different transplanting densities, high yield and high efficiency of long-seedling-age rice are ensured, and the method has important practical significance and economic value for guiding mechanized production of rice in the rice and wheat double cropping area; can be applied to the rice cultivation work in the rice and wheat double cropping area.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and based on the technical solutions disclosed in the present invention, those skilled in the art can make some substitutions and modifications to some technical features without creative efforts according to the disclosed technical contents, and these substitutions and modifications are all within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method of machine-transplanted rice with long seedling age is characterized by comprising the following steps,
(1) and (3) seedling raising management: placing seedling raising matrix in a seedling tray, wherein the soil depth is 2-2.5cm, uniformly sowing in the tray according to quantity, stacking hard seedling trays for vertical buds during darkening, carrying the seedling trays to a seedling bed for tray arrangement when the seedlings grow to the height of 0.4-0.6cm, and preparing for transplanting after 30 days of tray arrangement;
(2) field management: transplanting by adopting a transplanter, wherein 4-6 seedlings are planted in each hole, so that the basic seedlings per mu at least reach 7.4 ten thousand seedlings, and when a nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of a tiller nitrogen fertilizer to an ear nitrogen fertilizer is (20-25): (25-30), applying 20 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, applying the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer at 9 kg/mu, applying the nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer at 30% of the total nitrogen application amount, applying all the phosphate fertilizer as the base fertilizer, and applying the potassium fertilizer base fertilizer and the spike fertilizer at 50% respectively;
the water management is the same as the conventional method, specifically, the depth of a field water layer is 1-2cm during transplanting, and seedling floating, seedling falling and seedling emptying are avoided; shallow water irrigation is carried out in the tillering stage, and the water depth is maintained to be 3cm +/-0.1 cm; cutting off water after enough seedlings, naturally drying the seedlings in the sun, and irrigating for 3-4cm until a small opening is formed in the field; and in the booting stage and the flowering filling stage, a dry-wet alternative irrigation method is adopted, and irrigation is stopped one week before maturity.
2. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the step of raising rice seedlings after arranging the trays is specifically,
1-10 days after the tray is placed, watering is mainly performed by 'horse race water', the water submerges the seedling tray during irrigation, then the water is emptied, and watering is performed again to submerge the seedling tray when the bed soil in the tray is dried, the water is emptied, and the process is repeated;
and (3) 11-30 days after the tray is placed, adopting a dry-wet alternative method for water management, namely, feeding water to submerge the seedling tray, naturally draining, feeding water to submerge the seedling tray again, naturally draining, and repeating the steps until the seedling tray is transplanted.
3. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for machine-transplanted long-seedling-age rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), when 4 or 5 seedlings are planted in each hole and nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of nitrogen fertilizer for tiller to nitrogen fertilizer for spike is 5:5.
The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), when 6 seedlings are planted in each hole and nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the mass ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer for the tiller to the nitrogen fertilizer for the ear is 4: 6.
4. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for the long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: in the step (2), when the nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the application amount of the base fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen application amount, and the tillering fertilizer is respectively applied for 50 percent in 5-7 days and 10-12 days after the planting.
5. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for machine-transplanted long-seedling-age rice as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein in the step (1), 120g of dry seeds are quantitatively sown on each seedling tray, the seedling tray is a hard disk, and the standard inner cavity is 58cm x 28cm x 2.8 cm.
6. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice as claimed in any one of claims 1-4, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is conventional urea and the nitrogen content is 46%.
7. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the phosphate fertilizer is granular calcium superphosphate, and the content of available P2O5 is 12%.
8. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for the long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the potassium fertilizer is granular agricultural potassium sulfate, the effective component is K2O, and the content is 52%.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111466268A (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-07-31 | 扬州大学 | High-yield high-quality simplified fertilization method for preventing rice from premature senility in yellow river old sidewalk region |
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| CN103891567A (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2014-07-02 | 山东省水稻研究所 | Cultivation method for increasing yield of mechanically-transplanted rice with long seedling age |
| CN104303915A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2015-01-28 | 李世峰 | Water floating type seedling cultivation technology for mechanically transplanted rice |
| CN105130564A (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-12-09 | 江苏田娘农业科技有限公司 | Paddy-rice seedling substrate and preparation method thereof |
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103348888A (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2013-10-16 | 溧阳市作物栽培技术指导站 | Hard pan firm ground rice seedling raising method of mechanized rice transplanting |
| CN103891567A (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2014-07-02 | 山东省水稻研究所 | Cultivation method for increasing yield of mechanically-transplanted rice with long seedling age |
| CN104303915A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2015-01-28 | 李世峰 | Water floating type seedling cultivation technology for mechanically transplanted rice |
| CN105130564A (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-12-09 | 江苏田娘农业科技有限公司 | Paddy-rice seedling substrate and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111466268A (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-07-31 | 扬州大学 | High-yield high-quality simplified fertilization method for preventing rice from premature senility in yellow river old sidewalk region |
| CN111466268B (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2022-06-24 | 扬州大学 | High-yield high-quality simplified fertilization method for preventing rice from premature senility in yellow river old sidewalk region |
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