CN110627543B - Method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment - Google Patents
Method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment, which comprises the following steps of firstly adjusting the water content of crop straws to 60-80%, adjusting the pH value to 6-8, and adding 1-2% of urea; then adding a plectrum densatus liquid microbial inoculum with the mass ratio of 1-5% to perform solid state fermentation on the straws for 5 days; uniformly mixing the pre-fermented straw and the livestock and poultry manure according to the weight ratio of 1: 3-1: 6, and carrying out aerobic composting until the materials are completely decomposed; compared with the conventional compost, the invention can shorten the composting period by about 10 days and reduce CO in the composting process2The discharge amount is 30-50%, and the humus content is increased by 15-20%; the composting method of the invention not only can accelerate the degradation and conversion of the organic matters of the raw materials and shorten the composting and decomposing period, but also hasEffectively reducing carbon loss, obviously increasing the humus content of compost products, and improving the composting efficiency and the quality of the compost products; the method has the advantages of simple operation, environmental friendliness and the like, and can be applied to compost enterprises to produce organic fertilizers by using different livestock and poultry manure and straw raw materials.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment, and belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of agricultural solid wastes.
Background
With the rapid development of intensive agriculture in China, the production amount of agricultural organic solid wastes such as crop straws, livestock and poultry manure and the like is increased continuously, and the treatment difficulty is increased. In 2016, the yield of the main crops in China reaches 9.84 hundred million tons, and the yield of the livestock and poultry manure reaches 39 hundred million tons. The unreasonable treatment of agricultural organic solid wastes not only causes resource waste, but also becomes one of the main sources of agricultural non-point source pollution in China. Mixing straws and livestock and poultry manure and then carrying out aerobic composting is an important way for realizing reduction treatment and resource utilization of agricultural organic wastes. The decomposed compost product is rich in humus and is a high-quality organic fertilizer, and after being applied to farmlands, the content of organic matters and crop nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like in soil can be increased, the application amount of a chemical fertilizer is reduced, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be improved, the fertility level of the soil is improved, and the yield and the quality of crops are improved.
Crop straws are usually added into compost materials to serve as a conditioner, main components of the crop straws are difficult-to-degrade lignocellulose, and the cyclic conversion of carbon in the composting process is limited, so that the compost is long in decomposition period and low in humification degree, and the production benefit and the product fertilizer efficiency of agricultural waste compost are seriously affected. Become thoroughly decomposedThe compost only contains 10-40% of carbon derived from lignocellulose and is degraded and converted, wherein only 30% of the carbon finally forms stable humus, and the balance is mainly CO2Is released into the environment, resulting in carbon loss and insufficient humus content of the composting material (Jiang T, et al. Effect ofC/N ratio, incidence ratio and mobility content on ammonia and greenhouse gas emission reduction the composition. journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(10): 1754-. How to rapidly decompose lignocellulose and convert the lignocellulose into humus becomes a key for improving the composting efficiency and the product quality.
The research of improving the fermentation efficiency of compost by pretreating compost materials has been reported. At present, the compost material pretreatment mainly adopts a physicochemical means, for example, patent CN 107141047A discloses a composting method for promoting the decomposition of livestock and poultry manure through damp-heat pretreatment, which comprises the steps of mixing the livestock and poultry manure with a conditioner, heating the mixed material to 80-95 ℃, maintaining the high temperature for 1-4 h, cooling the material to 50 ℃, and then performing aerobic composting until the material is decomposed. However, the method needs to be provided with high-temperature heating equipment, and has the defects of high equipment requirement and large energy consumption.
Researches on the aspects of accelerating the composting and decomposing process and improving the humus content of products by microbial pretreatment of straws are still few, and the microbial pretreatment has the advantages of low cost, mild treatment conditions, no secondary pollution and the like. Traditionally, exogenous microorganisms are directly inoculated into a compost as a microbial inoculum, so that the degradation of lignocellulose can be accelerated, and the compost fermentation time can be shortened, but the effect is easily influenced by the competition of the environmental conditions of the compost and indigenous microorganisms of the compost, so that the material is not thoroughly decomposed (namely, only part of lignocellulose raw materials such as straws and the like are converted into humus, and most of the lignocellulose raw materials still exist in compost products), and the expected compost decomposition effect is difficult to achieve. In addition, the conventional compost microbial agent has complex composition, usually contains various bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, has complicated preparation process, and increases the compost production cost. Research reports that the high-temperature period of compost can be shortened by 8-13 d by pretreating rice straws with microbial inoculum, but the humus content of the compost is not improved (inkstone, Li Mian, Zhu)End defense, etc. influence of rice straw pretreatment on the high-temperature composting process of pig manure [ J]Agricultural environmental science bulletin, 2018,37 (9): 2021-2028). The microbial preparation used in the method comprises various microorganisms such as bacillus, actinomycetes, saccharomycetes, filamentous fungi and the like, the preparation process is complex, and the microorganisms mainly mineralize lignocellulose into CO2And H2O, rather than towards humus, results in compost that does not achieve the desired effect of increasing humus content.
Common lignocellulose degrading bacteria used for composting, such as white rot bacteria and bacteria, thoroughly degrade lignocellulose by producing a series of enzymes, and the function of the plenopus densatus for degrading lignocellulose is mainly realized by the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals, so that the degree of mineralization on the lignocellulose is low. At present, the application of the mythimna compacta in the field of compost is not reported.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry excrement by microbial pretreatment, which can not only shorten the compost maturity period, but also reduce CO in the composting process2The discharge amount of the organic matters in the materials is effectively reduced, the carbon loss is reduced, the humus content of compost products is obviously increased, and the composting efficiency and the quality of the compost products are improved.
The invention is realized by the following steps: a method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a liquid microbial inoculum of the mythimna compacta by activated culture, seed culture and expanded culture;
(2) adjusting the water content of the crop straws to 60-80%, adjusting the pH value to 6-8, and adding 1-2% (w/w) of urea into the crop straws by mass percent; in the step, urea is used for providing a nitrogen source for the growth of the Pleurotus densatus, and straws are used for providing a carbon source;
(3) inoculating a plectrum densidus liquid microbial inoculum into the straws according to the mass ratio of 1-5%, and putting the straws into a fermentation box for solid state fermentation for 5 days at the temperature of 20-30 ℃ to obtain pre-fermented straws;
(4) after the pretreatment is finished, mixing the pre-fermented straws and the livestock and poultry manure according to the mass ratio of 1: 3-1: 6 to obtain a fermented material, carrying out aeration and oxygen supply on the material in a blast or turning manner, and carrying out aerobic composting until the material is completely decomposed; the complete decomposition refers to the reduction of the temperature of the stack to the ambient temperature.
Furthermore, in the composting method for promoting the decomposition of the livestock and poultry manure through the microbial pretreatment, the viable count of the liquid microbial inoculum of the Pleurotus densatus in the step (1) is not less than 2 multiplied by 108CFU/ml。
Further, in the composting method for promoting decomposition of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment, the crop straws in the step (2) are one or more of wheat straws, rice straws, corn straws, sorghum straws and rape straws.
Further, in the composting method for promoting the decomposition of the livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment, the length of the crop straw in the step (2) is 1-3 cm.
Further, in the composting method for promoting decomposition of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment, the livestock and poultry manure in the step (4) is one or more of pig manure, cow manure, chicken manure, duck manure and sheep manure.
Further, in the composting method for promoting decomposition of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment, the straw and the livestock and poultry manure in the step (4) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 3-1: 6.
Furthermore, in the composting method for promoting the decomposition of the livestock and poultry manure through the microbial pretreatment, the aerobic composting in the step (4) refers to aerobic composting by blowing and/or turning in a groove type, a strip pile type, a drum type, a bin type or a tower type, and the aerobic composting is a conventional method in the field, such as a composting method disclosed in the literature of 'organic solid waste aerobic high-temperature composting treatment technology' (Huang Guofeng et al, China ecological agriculture bulletin, 2003,11(1):159 and 161).
Compared with the prior composting method, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) after the pre-treatment of the Pleurotus densatus, a large amount of pore structures appear in the crop straws, the effective surface area is increased, the crystallinity and the polymerization degree are reduced, the utilization of the indigenous microorganisms of the compost on the lignocellulose organic matters is promoted, the temperature rise process of the compost is accelerated, and the composting period is shortened by about 10 days.
(2) Preprocessing crop straws by pleophyllum densum to generate precursor phenolic substances of humus, wherein the phenolic substances are precursors of the humus and provide substrates for composting microorganisms to synthesize the humus, the humus synthesis is started at the temperature rise stage, the humus content is increased by 15-20%, and CO is reduced2The release amount is 30-50%, and the mineralization degree of organic matters is effectively reduced.
(3) The pretreatment of the Pleurotus densatus improves the abundance of the microbial system of the compost, and increases the number of bacteria in the compost by 1-2 orders of magnitude.
(4) The microorganism pretreatment method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, no need of special equipment, no pollutant generation in the treatment process, capability of avoiding the problems that the traditional microorganism inoculant is easily influenced by composting conditions and competes with indigenous microorganisms of the compost, and remarkable improvement of the composting efficiency and the quality of compost products. The method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment has good application value, and compost enterprises can utilize the technology to carry out reduction treatment on livestock and poultry manure and crop straws and organic fertilizer production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 scanning electron microscope images of pre-treated wheat straw (experimental group) and control wheat straw (control group) of Mycoleptodonoides pteronyssinus;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the temperature of the compost of wheat straw pretreated by Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (experimental group) and conventional compost (control group);
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the humus content of wheat straw compost pretreated with Pleurotus densatus (experimental group) and conventional compost (control group);
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the bacterial abundance of the Pleurotus densatus pretreated wheat straw compost (experimental group) and the conventional compost (control group).
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the following figures and examples:
sources of microorganisms referred to in the examples:
myxophyrina (Gloeophyllum trabeum) is a conventional strain, and the strains used in the examples are those disclosed in the literature "synthetic analysis of the microorganisms of Schizophyllum commune and other wood-based microorganisms with a reduction of specific stress-modification of the microorganisms of the present invention" (Zhu et al, Biotechnology for Biofuels,2016,9: 42); stored by a biomass transformation research laboratory of the cyclic agriculture research center of the academy of agricultural sciences of Jiangsu province.
Media referred to in the examples:
solid medium: potato 200g/l, glucose 20g/l, agar 15g/l, water 1l, natural pH.
Liquid culture solution: potato 200g/l, glucose 20g/l, water 1l, natural pH.
The plastic fermentation box used in the examples was a plastic square box K-50L sold by Jiangsu Linhui Plastic products Co.
The composting box device (static composting box) used in the examples is disclosed in the document "ultra-high temperature pretreatment device and its effect of promoting aerobic composting of chicken manure and rice straw" (Caoton et al, Proc. Agreement Engineers, 2017,33(13): 243-250). The compost box is a cube with the side length of 60cm and is formed by splicing 5 stainless steel plates, and 2 foam plates with the thickness of 3cm are arranged on the inner wall and the bottom of the box for heat preservation; the top is provided with a detachable foam plate cover, vent holes with the diameter of 2cm are uniformly distributed at the bottom and the top of the box, and the area of the vent holes is about 1/4 of the area of the bottom of the box.
In the embodiment, the livestock manure is taken from the Liuhe animal experiment base of agricultural academy of sciences of Jiangsu province.
Example 1
The preparation method of the liquid microbial inoculum of the plenopus densatus comprises the following steps:
(1) activation culture: inoculating Pleurotus Citrinopileatus Sing to solid culture medium, and standing at 28 deg.C for 5 days;
(2) seed culture: washing the Pleurotus densatus thallus on the solid culture medium in the step (1) with sterile physiological saline, performing vortex oscillation for 5min to obtain thallus suspension, inoculating into 100ml of liquid culture solution, performing shake culture at 28 ℃ for 24h by a shaking table and at the oscillation speed of 200rpm to obtain seed solution;
(3) and (3) amplification culture: inoculating the seed solution obtained in the step (2) into 1L of liquid culture solution according to the volume ratio of 10%, carrying out amplification culture under the conditions of shaking culture for 48-72 h at 28 ℃ by a shaking table and the shaking rotation speed of 200rpm, and then storing the obtained liquid microbial inoculum of the Pleurotus densitus at 4 ℃ for later use. The content of the mythimna separata in the obtained mythimna separata liquid microbial inoculum is 2 multiplied by 108CFU/ml。
In specific implementation, as long as the viable count of the Pleurotus densatus in the liquid microbial inoculum is ensured to be not less than 2 multiplied by 108CFU/ml (e.g., 3.5X 10)8CFU/ml) can achieve the purpose of the invention.
Example 2
The method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure by applying the liquid microbial inoculum of the mythimna fragrans in the embodiment 1 to carry out wheat straw pretreatment comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment: adding 1% of urea into 10kg of wheat straws crushed to the length of 1-3 cm according to the mass ratio, adjusting the water content to 70%, and adjusting the pH value to 7. Inoculating the liquid microbial inoculum of the plenopus densitus obtained in the example 1 into 10kg of wheat straws according to the mass ratio of 2%, fully stirring, and putting into a 50L plastic fermentation box for solid state fermentation, wherein the fermentation time is 5d, and the fermentation temperature is 30 ℃; after the pretreatment is finished, the detection results of various parameters of the straws are shown in tables 2 and 3.
(2) Stacking: after the pretreatment is finished, uniformly mixing the pretreated wheat straws and fresh pig manure with the water content of 70% according to the mass ratio of 1:3, adjusting the water content to be 60%, and adjusting the C/N ratio to be 25 by adding urea or glucose;
(3) composting: and (3) transferring the mixed material obtained in the step (2) into a static compost box (the material sample loading amount is 35kg) for composting, turning the compost when the temperature rises to be higher than 50 ℃, turning the compost every 3d for 1 time, and turning the compost every 7d when the temperature is reduced to be lower than 50 ℃ until the temperature of the compost is reduced to the ambient temperature, thus finishing the composting.
The composting method is a conventional composting method in the field, such as a method disclosed in the literature 'organic solid waste aerobic high-temperature composting treatment technology' (Huang Fang et al, China ecological agriculture bulletin, 2003,11(1): 159-.
Monitoring the temperature of the compost every day after the composting in the step (3) is startedDegree and CO2And (4) collecting stockpile samples every 5 days for measuring the content of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and humus and the germination rate of seeds.
The method for measuring the composting temperature comprises the following steps: the temperatures of the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the compost are respectively measured by mercury thermometers every day, the average value is taken as the actual temperature of the compost, and meanwhile, the environmental temperature of the composting site is monitored.
The method for measuring the total carbon and the total nitrogen content comprises the following steps: air-drying and grinding the fresh sample, and sieving the fresh sample with a 80-mesh sieve for later use, wherein the total organic carbon is determined by a potassium dichromate oxidation method, and the total nitrogen is determined by a Kjeldahl method.
The method for measuring the content of humus comprises the following steps: 2g of compost sample 20ml of extract (0.1mol/l NaOH and 0.1mol/l Na)2P2O7Volume ratio of 1:1), oscillating for 2h at room temperature, centrifuging at 4000rpm for 10min, extracting supernatant, removing filter residue, and measuring humus in the sample by using a TOC instrument.
The method for measuring the germination index of the seeds comprises the following steps: mixing and oscillating a fresh compost sample and water according to a mass-to-volume ratio of 1:10 for 2 hours, and filtering supernate for later use; putting a piece of filter paper with a proper size into a clean and sterile culture dish with the diameter of 9cm, putting 20 pakchoi seeds on the filter paper in order, accurately sucking 3ml of filtrate into the culture dish, culturing for 96h at 25 ℃ under a dark condition, measuring the germination rate and the root length of the pakchoi seeds, and taking deionized water as a blank control. The calculation formula is as follows: GI ═ (compost-treated seed germination rate × seed root length)/(control seed germination rate × seed root length) × 100%.
In the specific implementation process, the straw in the step (1) can also be one or more of straw, corn straw, sorghum straw and rape straw, the addition amount of urea is 1-2%, the water content is adjusted to be 60-80%, the pH value is 6-8, and the inoculation amount of the liquid microbial inoculum of the Pleurotus densatus is 1-5% by mass, so that the purpose of the invention can be realized.
In the specific implementation process, the livestock and poultry manure in the step (2) is one or more of pig manure, cow manure, chicken manure, duck manure and sheep manure, the straw and the livestock and poultry manure are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3: 1-6: 1, and the water content is adjusted to be 50-65%, so that the purpose of the invention can be achieved.
Example 3
This example is a comparative example, and the composition and method of compost raw materials and the measurement method are the same as those of example 2, except that the microbial pretreatment step (i.e., step (1) and step (2)) in example 2 was omitted, and conventional compost was directly conducted as a control, and example 2 was used as an experimental group to compare the properties of wheat straw before and after the pretreatment, and the temperature change of materials during the composting, the germination index of seeds, CO2Discharge, humus content and microbial count.
The basic properties of the compost raw material of this experimental example are as follows:
TABLE 1 basic Properties of the composting Material
The experimental results are as follows:
1. the contents of various phenolic substances before and after pretreatment of wheat straw by the Pleurotus densatus were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 phenolic content (ng/mL) before and after pretreatment of wheat straw with Mycoleptodonoides
Compared with a control group, the wheat straws pretreated by the plenopus densatus in the experimental group obviously increase the yield of 9 phenolic substances, and the phenolic substances are precursor substances for humus formation and provide substrates for the humus formation of compost.
2. Surface appearance of wheat straw before and after pre-treatment of Pleurotus densatus
The surface morphology of the wheat straw before and after the pretreatment of the Pleurotus densatus in example 2 was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the obtained electron micrograph is shown in FIG. 1. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the surface of the control group of wheat straw was smooth and neat, and the structure was compact and regular, while the surface structure of the wheat straw pretreated with Mycoleptodonoides was significantly destroyed, pores and cracks appeared, and the internal structure was exposed.
3. The crystallinity and polymerization degree of the wheat straw during the pretreatment were measured, and the results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 crystallinity and degree of polymerization of wheat straw before and after pretreatment with Pleurotus densatus
As can be seen from Table 3, the crystallinity and the degree of polymerization of the wheat straw are reduced by pretreating the wheat straw with the mythimna fragrans, the crystallinity and the degree of polymerization of the wheat straw in the experimental group are respectively reduced by 28.7% and 47.9% compared with those in the control group, and the reduction of the crystallinity and the degree of polymerization of the wheat straw enables the wheat straw to be more easily degraded and utilized by indigenous microorganisms of compost in the subsequent composting process, so that the composting decomposition process is accelerated.
4. The temperature of the test and control stacks was measured daily during composting and the results are shown in table 4 and figure 2.
TABLE 4 compost temperature profiles for two treatment regimes
According to the requirement of compost sanitation indexes, the compost enters a high temperature period when the temperature of the compost reaches 50 ℃, and pathogenic bacteria in the compost can be effectively killed after the temperature of the compost is continuously kept for 5-7 days above 50 ℃, so that the materials are thoroughly decomposed. The experimental group reached 50 ℃ at the stack temperature of 3d, the high temperature period lasted 17d, and the maximum temperature reached 71 ℃, while the control group reached 50 ℃ at the stack temperature of 6d, the high temperature period lasted 12d, and the maximum stack temperature was 66 ℃. Meanwhile, the composting period of the experimental group is only 27d, which is far lower than that of the control group 37 d. Therefore, the pretreatment of the experimental group of the pleophyllum densum can accelerate the temperature rise of the compost, increase the duration time of the high-temperature period, improve the temperature of the compost in the high-temperature period, obviously shorten the composting period and accelerate the decomposition of the materials.
5. The experimental groups were tested at 5d intervals during composting and the Germination Index (GI) of the seeds was kept up against the compost of the groups, and the results are shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 seed Germination Index (GI) during composting
The Germination Index (GI) of the seeds can indicate the phytotoxicity level of compost samples, one of the important indexes of compost maturity is that the Germination Index (GI) of the seeds reaches more than 80%, the GI value of an experimental group is higher than that of a control group in the composting process, the GI of the experimental group approaches 80% on the 5 th day of the composting, and the GI of the control group is less than 50%. GI of the experimental group reaches more than 80% after 10 days of composting, while GI value of the control group is only 52.8%, and GI of the control group reaches 80% after 15 days of composting. The pretreatment of the Pleurotus densatus in the experimental group obviously improves the maturity of the subsequent compost products and shortens the maturity period.
6. Collecting CO released by experimental group and control group by static box every day in composting process2Determination of CO by gas chromatography2The concentrations were averaged and reported in Table 6.
TABLE 6 two composting modes CO2Average daily and cumulative emissions of
As can be seen from Table 6, the average CO per day for the experimental groups2The emission was 8.2g/d/kg, the cumulative emission for 40 days of composting was 328.4g/kg, and the control group had CO2The daily average discharge was 13.7g/d/kg, and the 40-day cumulative discharge was 546.5g/kg, from which it can be seen that: experimental group CO2The daily average discharge amount and the accumulated discharge amount are respectively reduced by 40.1 percent and 39.9 percent relative to the control group, which shows that the wheat straws pretreated by the mythimna compacta in the experimental group can obviously reduce CO in the composting process2And (4) discharging, reducing the mineralization degree of organic matters in the compost and reducing the loss of carbon in the materials.
7. Humus content and microorganism amount of experimental group and control group in composting process
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the synthesis of humus in the experimental group was already started at the early temperature-raising stage of composting, the humus content was increased, and increased by 15.0% -20.3% in the middle and later stages compared with the control group, which shows that the wheat straw pretreated by the Pleurotus densatus promotes the degradation of lignocellulose in the compost and improves the humification degree of organic matters in the compost. As an organic matter, the humus can greatly improve the fertilizer efficiency of the fertilizer and provide certain nutrient substances for the growth of crops. As can be seen from FIG. 4, compared with the control group, the number of composting bacteria in the experimental group is increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude, which shows that the wheat straws pretreated by the plenopus densatus promote the growth of lignocellulose degrading bacteria in the compost, and the abundance of the microbial flora of the compost is improved.
Example 4
In this example, the method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure by performing straw pretreatment by using the liquid microbial inoculum of the Pleurotus densatus in example 1 is also applied, and the experimental group comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment: adding urea into 10kg of straws crushed to 1-3 cm in length according to the mass ratio of 2%, adjusting the water content to 80%, and adjusting the pH value to 7.5. Inoculating the liquid microbial inoculum of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus Sing obtained in example 1 into 10kg of straw by mass ratio of 4%, stirring thoroughly, and placing in a 50L plastic fermentation box for solid state fermentation at fermentation temperature of 28 deg.C for 5 d;
(2) stacking: after the pretreatment is finished, the pretreated straws and fresh chicken manure with the water content of 72 percent are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 5, uniformly mixing by a manual or mechanical method, and adjusting the water content to 55 percent and the C/N ratio to 25;
(3) composting: and (3) transferring the mixed material obtained in the step (2) into a static compost box (the material sample loading amount is 35kg) for composting, turning the compost when the temperature rises to be higher than 50 ℃, turning the compost every 3d for 1 time, and turning the compost every 7d when the temperature is reduced to be lower than 50 ℃ until the temperature of the compost is reduced to the ambient temperature, thus finishing the composting.
The composting box device in the step (3) is disclosed in a document 'ultra-high temperature pretreatment device and the aerobic composting effect of promoting chicken manure and rice straw' (Caotong et al, Proc. Agreement Engineers, 2017,33(13): 243-one 250). The compost box is a cube with the side length of 60cm and is formed by splicing 5 stainless steel plates, and 2 foam plates with the thickness of 3cm are arranged on the inner wall and the bottom of the box for heat preservation; the top is provided with a detachable foam plate cover, vent holes with the diameter of 2cm are uniformly distributed at the bottom and the top of the box, and the area of the vent holes is about 1/4 of the area of the bottom of the box.
The composting method in the step (3) is referred to in the literature of 'organic solid waste aerobic high-temperature composting treatment technology' (Huang Fang et al, China ecological agriculture bulletin, 2003,11(1): 159-.
After composting began, the temperature of the compost and CO were monitored daily2The discharge amount of the compost samples were collected every 7 days, and the total organic carbon, total nitrogen and humus contents were measured by the method described in example 2.
Meanwhile, straw compost pretreated by commercial straw microbial inoculum is taken as a control group, the pretreatment method, the microbial inoculum addition amount, the composting raw material composition, the method and the measuring method are the same as those in example 3, and the material temperature change, CO and the like in the composting process under two pretreatment conditions are compared2Discharge and humus content.
The straw microbial inoculum is a microbial liquid microbial inoculum sold in Nanjing Ning grain bioengineering Co., Ltd, the main components of the straw microbial inoculum comprise various conventional microorganisms such as bacillus, high-temperature actinomycetes, saccharomycetes, white-rot fungi and the like, and the effective viable count is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/ml.
The basic properties of the compost raw material of this experimental example are as follows:
TABLE 7 basic Properties of the composting Material
The experimental results are as follows:
1. the temperature of the test and control stacks was measured daily during composting and the results are shown in table 8.
TABLE 8 compost temperature profiles for two treatment regimes
As can be seen from Table 8, the experimental group reached 50 ℃ at the stack temperature 2d, the high temperature period lasted 15d, and the maximum temperature reached 70 ℃, while the control group reached 50 ℃ at the stack temperature 4d, the high temperature period lasted 11d, and the maximum stack temperature was 64 ℃. The composting period of the experimental group is 36d, which is lower than that of the control group 45 d. Therefore, compared with the conventional microorganism pretreatment, the experimental group Pleurotus densatus pretreatment can accelerate the temperature rise of the compost, increase the duration time of the high-temperature period, improve the temperature of the compost in the high-temperature period and obviously shorten the composting period.
2. Daily determination of CO in the experimental and control groups during composting2The release was recorded as an average value, and the results are shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9 two composting modes CO2Average daily and cumulative emissions of
As can be seen from Table 9, the average CO per day for the experimental groups2The discharge amount is 10.8g/d/kg, the accumulated discharge amount of the compost for 40 days is 432.0g/kg, and the carbon loss rate is 23.7 percent. CO of control group2The daily average discharge is 16.3g/d/kg, the accumulated discharge of 40 days of composting is 652.2g/kg, and the carbon loss rate is 34.8 percent. Experimental group CO2The cumulative discharge amount was reduced by 33.8% relative to the control group, and the carbon loss rate was also lower than that of the control group. This demonstrates that pretreatment of straw with Gloeophyllum trabeum in the experimental groups significantly reduced CO during composting compared to conventional microbial pretreatment2And (4) discharging, reducing the mineralization degree of organic matters in the compost and reducing the loss of carbon in the materials.
3. Humic substance content of experimental group and control group in composting process
TABLE 10 humus content of compost material in two composting modes
As can be seen from Table 5, the humic substances of the experimental group and the control group are increased, the humic substances of the experimental group and the control group are higher than those of the control group in the composting process, and the humic substances of the experimental group are higher than those of the control group by 18.5% when the composting is finished, which indicates that the improvement effect of the straw pretreated by the dense plectania armenii on the humification degree of the compost is more remarkable compared with the conventional microbial pretreatment.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and improvements can be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (4)
1. A method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
1) pretreatment:
adjusting the water content of crop straws to 60-80%, adjusting the pH to 6-8, adding urea which accounts for 1-2% of the mass of the crop straws and a mythimna thimna liquid microbial inoculum which accounts for 1-5% of the mass of the crop straws, and fermenting for 5 days at 20-30 ℃ to obtain pre-fermented straws; the number of viable bacteria in the Pleurotus densatus liquid microbial inoculum is not less than 2 multiplied by 108CFU/ml；
2) Mixing the pre-fermented straws with the livestock and poultry manure, and then carrying out aerobic composting until the materials are completely decomposed; the mass ratio of the pre-fermented straw to the livestock and poultry manure is 1: 3-6.
2. The method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment according to claim 1, wherein the crop stalks of step 1) are one or more of wheat straws, rice straws, corn stalks, sorghum stalks and rape stalks.
3. The method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure through microbial pretreatment according to claim 1, wherein the length of the crop straw in the step 1) is 1-3 cm.
4. The method for promoting compost maturity of livestock and poultry manure by microbial pretreatment according to claim 1, wherein the livestock and poultry manure in step 2) is one or more of pig manure, cow manure, chicken manure, duck manure and sheep manure.
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